Ucalulo kunye typology yehlabathi

Ihlabathi mihla inkulu kakhulu kwaye zahlukene. Ukuba jonga i kwezopolitiko imaphu iplanethi yethu, sinokuqiniseka 230 kwamazwe kakhulu kwahluka enye kwenye. Ezinye zazo a kakhulu elikhulu ndawo, kwaye ukuba abangekho lonke, malunga nesiqingatha lizwekazi, zeminye imimmandla kunokuba ngaphantsi kwe omkhulu izixeko ehlabathini. Kwamanye amazwe, abemi ngamazwe, abanye wonke iingcambu zasekuhlaleni. Ezinye iindawo obuninzi, abanye kufuneka benze ngaphandle kwemithombo yendalo. Ngamnye kubo wahlukile kwaye neempawu zayo, kodwa izazinzulu baye bakwazi ukuchonga iinkalo eziqhelekileyo eziya kukwazi yokuhlanganisa karhulumente qela. Ngoko ke typology zamazwe yehlabathi lanamhlanje zadalwa.

Ingcamango yeendidi

Njengoko kwakusazeka, uphuhliso - oko kukuthi kunene ingacaci inkqubo, apho unokuthatha indawo kunene ngokwahlukileyo, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezichaphazela ngayo. Oku kubangelwa typology kunye nehlabathi. Ngamnye kubo kuphunyeziwe iziganeko ezithile zembali eziphembelele ngqo zazivelela yayo. Kodwa kwangaxesha nye ngexesha kukho iqela neziphawuli elingase akholisa ukubakho cishe ifanayo nakwezinye yengingqi imibutho. Ngokusekelwe kwezi ukufana ukwakha typology lwamazwe yehlabathi lanamhlanje.

Kodwa kucalulo ayide ikwazi isekelwe kuphela criteria omnye okanye ababini, ngoko iingcali Ndenza umsebenzi omkhulu yokuqokelelwa kwedatha. Ngokusekelwe kolu hlahlelo ngayo liqela ezifanayo adibanayo efanayo kwezinye kwilizwe ngalinye.

A ezahlukeneyo typologies

Neziphawuli ukuba abaphandi, akanako ezidityanisiweyo kwiqela elinye, njengoko bangamalungu kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zobomi. Ngoko ke, lo typology lamazwe ezisekelwe kwindlela yokugweba ezahlukahlukeneyo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukuvela zokuhlelwa ezininzi, leyo ixhomekeke into ekhethiweyo. Inxenye ke kubo nokuvavanya lwezoqoqosho nophuhliso, ngoxa abanye - kwezopolitiko nezembali imiba. Kukho abo zisekelwe umgangatho wokuphila kwabemi okanye indawo geographical kulo mmandla. Ixesha nako ukwenza utshintsho, kunye typology esisiseko zehlabathi bangatshintsha. Ezinye zazo lixesha, ngoxa abanye - ukuze sivele kuphela.

Umzekelo, ngaphezu kwekhulu kuye kwisahlulo kakhulu ngokwemixholo lobume loqoqosho nkulu ehlabathini (ubudlelwane emarikeni) kunye (isicwangciso) amazwe yobusoshiyali. Iqela eyahlukileyo ngexesha elifanayo esasikade amathanga yafumana inkululeko yabo eme ekuqaleni kophuhliso. Kodwa iziganeko eziye zenzeka kule eminyaka edlulileyo embalwa, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba uqoqosho bobusoshiyali iye yaba lixesha, nangona kunjalo kuhlala enkulu kumazwe aliqela. Ngoko ke, lo typology iye zidudulelwe kwisiqalo.

inani

It luqondwa ixabiso yokwahlula urhulumente uluvo oluthile ngenzululwazi. Ekubeni kwenza izazinzulu ukwakha uphando lwabo, nto leyo ebonisa impazamo kuphuhliso kunye neendlela siyiphephe kwabanye. Kodwa typology lwamazwe ehlabathini kwaye inexabiso elikhulu eluncedo. Ngokomzekelo, iZizwe eziManyeneyo - omnye wemibutho ezigqamileyo eYurophu ehlabathini - ngokwesiseko ukuhlelwa ekuphuhliseni iqhinga le inkxaso-mali kumazwe songqamano olubuthathaka kakhulu babuthathaka.

Kwakhona, eli candelo lwenziwa ngenjongo yokubala iingozi ezichaphazela uphuhliso loqoqosho xa iyonke. Oku kunceda ukuba ukubonisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuba lingakanani ukukhula zemali kunye nentsebenziswano onke amaqela emarikeni. Ngoko ke, akukho kuphela kubaluleke isondlo, kodwa lo msebenzi isicelo ngokunzulu kakhulu baqonda jikelele.

Typology lamazwe ngokwemigaqo yophuhliso loqoqosho ehlabathini. uhlobo I

Eyona ziqhelekileyo kwaye asetyenziswa njalo ke ukuhlelwa kumazwe ngokutsho kwinqanaba lwentlalo noqoqosho yophuhliso. Ngenxa yale njengenqobo iintlobo ezimbini. Eyokuqala kuzo - lo amazwe aphuhlileyo. Le mimandla 60 ezahlukeneyo ukuba ube kumgangatho ophezulu wobomi abemi, amathuba ezinkulu zemali kunye nempembelelo kulo lonke ihlabathi ephucukile. Kodwa olu hlobo owahlukeneyo kakhulu kwaye kananjalo yahlulwe subgroups ezininzi:

• I njalo-ebizwa ngokuba 'Group of Ezisixhenxe "(France, USA, Japan, UK, Canada, Italy kunye Germany). Iinkokheli kula mazwe ayinakuphikiswa. Bona iingxilimbela kuqoqosho lwehlabathi, kuba kwingeniso enkulu yasekhaya ngamnye ngamnye (10-20 amawaka eerandi). Ukuphuhliswa inzululwazi nobugcisa kula mazwe lifaka phezulu. Imbali ibonisa ukuba elidlulileyo le "Big Ezisixhenxe" kuhlangene kunye amathanga, owabakhupha utyalo-mali ezinkulu zemali. Enye esifanayo - lodwa iinkampani kwi kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe.
• Small amazwe ezingenazo ezifana igunya, njengokuba benegunya ngasentla, kodwa indima yamazwe ngamazwe kwinqonga ayinakuphikiswa futhi zikhula wonke unyaka. GDP ngamnye ayahlukanga ukusuka manani ezinikwe apha ngentla. Apha ekunokuthiwa phantse onke amazwe aseYurophu Western, leyo akabizwa ngaphambili. Badla inxibelelanisa "omkhulu asixhenxe" kwaye ukwenza ubudlelwane yayo.
• nokuhlaliswa States 'ubungxowankulu, "oko kukuthi asakhulayo ukusuka kwexesha lobukoloniyali le IsiNgesi (Australia, South Africa, New Zealand). Ezi ubukhosi phantse nemoto feudalism, ngoko inkqubo yabo kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho wahlukile kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo oku kuquka naye amaSirayeli. inqanaba uphuhliso eliphezulu ngokwaneleyo.
• amazwe ico - oku iqela elikhethekileyo emva yiSoviet Union uwa ngo-1991. Kodwa inkoliso kwamanye amazwe aseMpuma Yurophu ukungena apha.

Ngoko ke, lo typology amazwe ngokungqinelana nenqanaba loPhuhliso enjalo lokuqala qela. Ezi nkokheli lilingana lonke ihlabathi, yaye uchaze iinkqubo kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele.

uhlobo lwesibini

Kodwa typology amazwe ngokungqinelana inqanaba lophuhliso loqoqosho ehlabathini kwaye ku- yesibini - yokuzenzela States. Uninzi ezweni kwiplanethi yethu kuhlala lunxulumano enjalo indawo, yaye ubuncinane isiqingatha labemi uhlala apha. La mazwe nabo zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezininzi:

• Key amazwe (Mexico, Argentina, India, Brazil). kushishino Sectoral apha ibhekiswa phambili kwinqanaba eliphezulu, kumazwe nayo le nto yokugqibela. Market nobuhlobo wenzile ephawulekayo iqondo uqolile. Kodwa GDP liphantsi kakhulu, nto leyo ethintela ilizwe ukuba bafudukele uhlobo eyahlukileyo.
• amazwe Asanda ngokwemveliso (South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, kunye nabanye). Imbali kula mazwe ibonisa ukuba ukuya ku-imi- 80 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, uqoqosho wabo ababuthathaka, abantu becala abazibandakanya kwezolimo okanye amashishini extractive. Oku kwakhokelela ukuba ngeyiphi inkqubo imalike ubudlelane lwemali nemiba. Kodwa ke yokugqibela leminyaka ibonisa ukuba la mazwe baye baqalisa ukuba baye bakhokela kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele, i-GDP yande kakhulu, yaye norhwebo zangaphandle basuswa imveliso kwimveliso Izakhiwo.
• amazwe ekuthumeleni oyile (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait kunye nabanye). Uninzi lwezi ithi ziye zimanyene kumbutho ngezizwe OPEC. Gross Domestic Product per capita kukuthi kakhulu phezulu, kodwa akafika kwinqanaba loluntu unxulumano wahlala iyibonisa elisezantsi kwinqanaba. Uqoqosho luyakhula ngokuncama kokuthunyelwa oyile engahluzwanga kunye neemveliso zivela kuyo.
• States kunye ukulibaziseka. Ezi ziquka isininzi kumazwe asaphuhlayo.
• kuphuhliswa kancane - kuba Asia (Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Nepal, Yemen), Afrika (Somalia, Niger, Mali kunye Chad), Latin America (Haiti). Oku kuquka zonke 42 amazwe.

Kuba kuhlobo lwesibini iimpawu zezi ubuhlwempu, elidlulileyo bobukoloniyali, ungquzulwano rhoqo yezopolitiko, uphuhliso abahluphekileyo inzululwazi, amayeza kunye noshishino.

Ezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho typology yamazwe libonisa indlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphila iimeko zabantu abahlala kwindawo ethile kwintsimi. Omnye wemiba isigqibo kuphuhliso zeziganeko zembali kuba, njengokuba umntu nzuzo amathanga, kwaye enye ngeli xesha lonke izibonelelo zabo boyisa. Enye into ebalulekileyo sengqondo ngabantu ngokwabo, kuba kwamanye amazwe, weza amandla efuna ukuphucula imeko yabo, kwabanye - abakhathalele nje kakuhle-ntle yabo.

Ulwahlulo sabantu

Enye yezona ekuxabeleni imizekelo candelo na typology amazwe ehlabathini ngokwemigaqo yabantu. Oku bemfuno kakhulu kubaluleke kuba liselikho abantu kucingelwa ukuba eyona nto ibalulekileyo resource, leyo kuphela ezweni. Eneneni, ukuba abemi ukususela kunyaka nonyaka lifinyele, oko kunokubangela ukuba ekutshabalaleni yesizwe. Ngoko ke, lo typology amazwe ngokwenani kwehlabathi nayo ethandwa kakhulu. Rating kule mihla lumi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Indawo yokuqala bobabo inkokeli ekuzibonakaliseni --Peoples Republic of China abantu 1,357 billion ne .. Ukususela ngowe-1960 ukuya kowama-2015 inani labantu Chinese liye landa nge phantse billion, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni-nkqubo wesizwe ngokuphathelele nabantwana olomeleleyo. Ngoxa kumazwe amaninzi, abantwana abaninzi nje kuphela ezimhlophe, kodwa ixhaswe ngemali, e China oko akavumelekanga ukuba umntwana ngaphezu kwesinye entsatsheni. Kuphela ngo-2014 oko wazalwa apha abantwana abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-16. Ngoko ke, kumashumi eminyaka ezayo, China iye ngokuqinisekileyo ungalahli igunya layo.
• Second indawo e India (1.301 yeebhiliyoni. People). Ukususela ngowe-1960 ukuya kowama-2015 abemi beli lizwe liye linyuka phantse billion omnye. Kulo nyaka udlulileyo singabantwana ezigidi 26.6 bazalwa, ngoko ukususela ekuzalweni kule meko yaye zonke ezilungileyo kakhulu.
• Indawo yesithathu kwi US, kodwa umahluko labantu phakathi kwamazwe emibini yokuqala, yaye oku inkulu kakhulu - namhlane izigidi ezili-325 abantu abahlala eUnited States, apho ziyahlaziywa, kungekuphela nje ngenxa yokuba izinga lokuzala liphezulu (ngo-2014 - 4.4 million) kodwa kwakhona ngokusebenzisa yemfuduko (kunyaka weza 1.4 yezigidi apha).
• Indonesia kwakhona ayikwazi Ungakhathazeki malunga pool yabo gene, ekubeni ilikhaya kubantu abazizigidi 257. ukukhula Natural labemi aphezulu - 2.9 million (2014), kodwa ke abaninzi zama ukuba emke ekhaya kukhangela ubomi obungcono (bathutha amawaka 254,7 ngo-2014).
• Iinkokheli eziphezulu ezintlanu eBrazil. Inani labemi - 207,4 yezigidi. ukunyuka Natural - 2.3 million.

Kuluhlu, iRussia kwi ndawo 9 esinabantu - 146,3 yezigidi. yokukhula kwenani labemi Natural kwi Russian Federation yaba 25 amawaka abantu ngo-2014. Le incinane Inani labantu abahlala eVatican - 836, yaye ngokulula kunokucaciswa indawo iimeko.

Ukwahlukanisa ngu ndawo

Le typology elimiweyo ndawo nalo kakhulu umdla. Iluthe urhulumente zibe ngamaqela 7:

• Iingxilimbela, ogama ndawo ingaphezulu 3 Mill. Kwiikhilomitha Square. Oku Canada, China, eUnited States, Brazil, Australia, India ne-Russia, eyiyeyona inkulu kummandla kunye kwindawo ezingama-17.1 yezigidi. Km ^2.
• Large - ukusuka km ukuya kwizigidi ezintathu ^{2 ..} amazwe Oku 21, kuquka Mexico, eMzantsi Afrika, Chad, Iran, Ethiopia, Argentina kunye nabanye.
• Ebonakalayo - 500 lamawaka 1 million km ^{2 ..} Kwakhona amazwe 21: Pakistan, Chile, Turkey, Yemen, iYiputa, Afghanistan, Mozambique, Ukraine kunye nabanye.
• Umyinge - ukusuka 100 ukuya-500 000 km ^2. 56 ithi: Belarus, Morocco, Japan, New Zealand, Paraguay, Cameroon, UK, eSpeyin, Uruguay kunye nabanye.
• Small - ukusuka ^km2-10 ukuya kwi-100 ^lamawaka. amazwe Olu 56: South Korea, Czech Republic, Serbia, Georgia, eNetherlands, Costa Rica, Latvia, Togo, Qatar, Azerbaijan kunye nabanye.
• Small - 1 ukuya kwi-10 000 km ^2. Oku 8 emazweni: Trinidad and Tobago, Samoa, naseSipro, Brunei, Luxembourg, Comoros, Mauritius kunye neCape Verde.
• Micro - ku-1 000 km ^2. 24 Ithi: Singapore, Liechtenstein, Malta, Nauru, Tonga, Barbados, Andorra, Kiribati, Dominica kunye nabanye. Eli lizwe incinane ehlabathini - eVatican. Lufikelela kuyo indawo weehektare 44, ibekwe ikomkhulu Italy - Rome.

Ngoko ke, isiseko typology amazwe ngokungqinelana ubungakanani behlabathi - indawo leyo zisukela ezikwere zeekhilomitha 17 yezigidi (saseRashiya) ukuya iihektare 44 (Vatican). La manani zinokutshintshwa ngenxa emkhosini iingxabano nokuba ngowokuqhutywa yintliziyo ngenkanuko yelizwe ngampela nokudala yabo karhulumente. Ngoko ke, ezi zixeliweyo zihlaziywa rhoqo.

Classification ngu sendawo

Kakhulu kuphuhliso urhulumente uyayisombulula indawo yayo. Ukuba sise ekudibaneni elwandle kweendlela, ngoko kwezoqoqosho kwinqanaba lunyuka kakhulu ngenxa cash flow ngeenxa umzila. Ukuba akukho ukungena elwandle, ezifana inzuzo mmandla esingaziboniyo. Ngoko ke, ngokutsho indawo okuyo kweli lizwe yahlulwe:

• Eziphantse - karhulumente, leyo ezibekwe liqela iziqithi, okwindawo a omfutshane umgama ukusuka kwenye nenye (Bahamas, Japan, Tonga, Palau, kwiPhilippines kunye nabanye).
• Island - ibekwe ngaphakathi kwimida enye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi ziqithi ukuba wayamene mpumalanga (Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, eFiji, United Kingdom, njalo njalo).
• Peninsular - abo akhiwe kwi peninsulas (Italy, Norway, India, iLaos, Turkey, UAE, Oman kunye nabanye).
• Maritimes - lawo mazwe bayafikelela elwandle (Ukraine, i-USA, Brazil, eJamani, China, eRashiya, Egypt kunye nabanye).
• Inland - hayi landlocked (eArmenia, Nepal, Zambia, Austria, Moldova, Czech Republic, Paraguay, kunye nabanye).

Typology amazwe esimi wehlabathi wamana enomdla kwaye zahlukahlukene. Kodwa ine- ngaphandle, nto leyo Australia, ngenxa yokuba ilizwe kuphela ehlabathini, elifumileyo ummandla lonke izwekazi. Ngoko ke ngokudibanisa iintlobo eziliqela.

Ukwahlukanisa GDP

imveliso yasekhaya Gross - zonke iimpahla onokubangela bengatshatanga kunyaka kwintsimi wayo. Le bemfuno iye yasetyenziswa ngasentla, kodwa kufuneka kuqatshelwe ngokwahlukileyo, njengoko izazinzulu zithi ukuba typology kwezoqoqosho GDP ihlabathi ndawo ukuba ibe eyodwa. Njengoko usazi, xa June 1 ngamnye ngonyaka, ngomhla uhlaziyo yi-World Bank kuluhlu lwamazwe phezu ekuthelekelelwa kwinqanaba ngalinye ye-GDP. iindidi Ingeniso zahlulwe iintlobo-4:

• Izinga eliphantsi (ukuya 1035 US iidola nganye capita);
• ingeniso ngezantsi avareji (ukuya ku 4085 eerandi kumntu ngamnye);
• iingeniso ngaphezu komlinganiselo (ukuya ku 12615 US dollar);
• kwinqanaba eliphezulu (12616 zeerandi).

Ngo-2013, i-Russian Federation, kunye Chile, Uruguay kunye Lithuania yadluliselwa iqela lamazwe ukuba abe kwinqanaba eliphezulu yengeniso. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, kukho umkhwa umva kwamanye amazwe, afana Hungary. Waphinda wabuyela kwinqanaba yokuhlela wesithathu. Ngoko ke, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba typology uqoqosho amazwe nemveliso wamazwe iyahlozinga kakhulu kwaye ihlaziywa qho ngonyaka.

Ukwahlulwa degree of ezidolophini

On iplanethi yethu ngaphantsi yaye ngaphantsi kuhlala imimandla ukuba ibingayi eyayihlala kuwo umzi. Inkqubo yophuhliso komhlaba ongazange zingabanjwanga yaye kuthiwa ezidolophini. I-UN uye waqhuba uphando kulo mmandla, oko kukhokelele zabuya kucalulo kunye typology yamazwe isabelo sabantu ezidolophini uluntu lulonke lwemo eyahlukileyo. Ihlabathi yanamhlanje yenzelwe ukuze mzi waba endaweni zoqhaphelo olukhulu zabantu. Nangona ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwezi zokuhlala, ezidolophini kumazwe ahlukeneyo abe nezinga eyahlukileyo. Umzekelo, Latin America kunye Yurophu inabantu kakhulu oluphahlwe nezi zokuhlala, kodwa Ekumazantsi Nesempuma Asia inabantu abaninzi basemaphandleni. Esi salathisi luhlaziywe kanye qho kwiminyaka emi-3. Ngo-2013, olu luhlu oluninzi lwangoku yapapashwa:

• Amazwe ne 100% ezidolophini - Hong Kong, Nauru, Singapore kunye Monaco.
• States ukuba ube ngaphezu kwama-90% - of San Marino, Uruguay, Venezuela, Iceland, Argentina, Malta, Qatar, Belgium kunye Kuwait.
• phezu kwezizwe-50% ezi 107 (Japan, Greece, eSiriya, Gambia, Poland, Ireland, Morocco, kunye nabanye).
• Ukususela-18 ukuya kuma-50% ezidolophini kubonakala kumazwe 65 (Bangladesh, India, Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, Afghanistan, Tonga kunye nabanye).
• Ngezantsi 18% kumazwe-10 - Ethiopia, Trinidad and Tobago, Malawi, Nepal, Uganda, Liechtenstein, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, St. Lucia, kunye Burundi, nto leyo iba 11.5% ezidolophini.

Russian Federation kolu luhlu izihlalo 51 kunye 74.2% kwabantu ezidolophini. Eli nani kubaluleke kakhulu kuba isisahlulo uphuhliso loqoqosho kweli lizwe. It buzinze kwizixeko ezininzi zemveliso. Ukuba abantu ikakhulu abathatha inxaxheba kwezolimo, nto ethetha abemi ephantsi-mali. Ukuba ukhangela manani, sinako ngokulula phawula ukuba amazwe atyebileyo abe onomlinganiselo ophezulu kakhulu ezidolophini, kodwa nezeefektri nazo.

Ngaloo ndlela, ihlabathi lizele ezahlukeneyo amazwe. Inani obupheleleyo bonke bephela afanayo omnye komnye. Nganye inkcubeko yalo kunye nezithethe, ulwimi lwabo kunye nengqondo. Kodwa kukho izinto olumanyanisa ithi ezininzi. Ngoko ke, ukuze kube lula kakhulu ukuba zihlelwe. Indlela ngokuba typology zehlabathi ibe (uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, ukukhula GDP, umgangatho wobomi, indawo, labemi, indawo geographical, ukufudukela) ehlukene kakhulu. Kodwa ke zonke steyitsi, ngokuzenza zibe eqhelekileyo ngakumbi yaye into ukuya kwenye.