Iinkqubo eziphambili umsebenzi cell

Iseli - iyunithi esisiseko sazo zonke izinto. Kwimeko yayo ixhomekeke iqondo msebenzi, ukuze zikwazi ukumelana neemeko zokusingqongileyo. iiseli subordinated iinkqubo ebalulekileyo regularities ezithile. Inqanaba lomsebenzi yokumpompoza nganye kuxhomekeke izigaba umjikelo wobomi. Zizonke ezimbini bodwa: interphase neyantlukwano (M isigaba). Eyokuqala kuthatha ixesha phakathi lokusekwa iiseli kunye nokufa okanye ulwahlulo. Ngexesha interphase ngenkuthalo ukuqhubeka phantse kuzo zonke iinkqubo zobomi enkulu iiseli: ukutya , ukuphefumla, ukukhula, ukuba nochuku, eshukumayo. Iseli ukuzala wenziwa kuphela kwisigaba M.

amaxesha interphase

Nangona ukukhula iseli phakathi kwamacandelo yahlulwe ngezigaba ezininzi:

• presynthetic okanye G-isigaba 1 - sigaba sokuqala: Yindibanisela umthunywa RNA, iiprotheni kunye nezinye izinto cellular;
• zokwenziwa okanye isigaba S: kabini ye DNA;
• postsynthetic, okanye G-2 Inqanaba: ekulungiseleleni mitosis.

Ukongeza, ezinye iiseli liyayeka ukuba bazohlule emva iyantlukwano. Kuwo akukho interphase phakathi G-1. Zibizwa-kuthiwa kwisigaba yokuphumla (G-0).

lokugaya

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, iinkqubo ubomi iiseli ze kakhulu inxalenye ithathe indawo siphila interphase. Eyona kubo nethe. Ngenxa it kwenzeka indlela lwangaphakathi ezahlukeneyo nje kuphela kodwa iinkqubo intercellular udityaniso noqhagamshelo isakhiwo kumzimba eyahlukileyo.

lokugaya has a cebo. iinkqubo ubomi iseli kuxhomekeka kwi ukuthobela yayo, ukunqongophala naluphi na uhlobo zokuphula zibe kuyo. Na umcimbi phambi kokuba ifuthe kokusingqongileyo intracellular, kufuneka angene ngalo ndizayo. Emva koko ke zithe zathotyelwa phantsi processing ethile kwinkqubo lokondla okanye uphefumlayo. Xa isigaba esilandelayo ukuzilungisa iimveliso kubangela asetyenziswa Yindibanisela izinto ezintsha okanye inguqu kwezakhiwo ezikhoyo. Eseleyo emva zonke utshintshwano iimveliso pathways eziyingozi iiseli okanye nje akufuneki nto, ukucima bume lwangaphandle.

Nokwenziwa kunye dissimilation

Ulawulo utshintsho engaguquki utshintshwano kwezinye izinto zibe nabanye ababandakanyekayo enzymes. Bazirhumela ngakumbi ngokukhawuleza ukuhamba iinkqubo ezithile, ngamanye isenzo zokuthundeza. "Namafutha" nganye enjalo kuchaphazela kuphela inkqubo yotshintsho ezithile lokulawula kwicala elinye. Izinto asanda kwakhiwa ebangela ukuba ezinye enzayim negalelo inguqu ngakumbi.

Kulo mzekelo, zonke iiseli iinkqubo ebalulekileyo ngendlela enye okanye enye ezidityanisiweyo kunye neendlela ezimbini malunga: nokwenziwa kunye dissimilation. Kuba exchange kwezinto zabo yentsebenziswano, ukulungelelana, okanye Ukuxabana sisiseko. izinto ezahlukeneyo evela ngaphandle zitshintshele yi enzyme wesiko kwaye eziyimfuneko kwiseli. Ezi utshintshwano eyenziweyo kuthiwa nokwenziwa. Ukongeza, kuba ngayo ezinjalo zifuna amandla. Umthombo yaso inkqubo dissimilation, okanye intshabalalo. I-arhente lokubola ihamba ukukhutshwa eneji efunekayo ukuze iiseli kungavela iinkqubo zolawulo ezisisiseko zobomi. Dissimilation ikhuthaza ukuyilwa kukho izinto ezilula ngakumbi, ezithi ke ngoko zisetyenziselwa ehlaziya elitsha. Inxalenye iimveliso yokubola ndlela ziboniswa.

Iinkqubo umsebenzi cell enxulumene rhoqo kunye eseleyo kuyondelelaniswe kunye yokubola. Ngoko ke, ukukhula kunokwenzeka kuphela ngakumbi ubukho nokwenziwa phezu dissimilation. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo seli ikhula ngonaphakade awukwazi, yabeka phantsi kwemida ethile, ngaphezu apho ukukhula oyekayo.

ukungena

Transport-bume okukufutshane kwezinto zibe iseli lwenziwa bayahlala ngenkuthalo. Kwimeko nimlahle transfer kwenzeka ngenxa kwe- kunye kucocwa. izithuthi Active siphelekwa inkcitho lwamandla kwaye kaninzi kwenzeka nangona iinkqubo ezithile. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, potassium unako ukungena. Bona lesitofu yeseli, nokuba ingqalelo kwabo kukho icytoplasm udlula kwinqanaba kokusingqongileyo.

Iinkcukacha kwezinto ezichaphazela inqanaba apho permeability yeseli ndizayo. Ngaloo ndlela, izinto eziphilayo kweyela kukho icytoplasm elula ngaphezu ezingaphiliyo. Oku kuzakucwangcisa permeability kunye nobukhulu iimolekyuli. Kwakhona, iimpawu inwebu Sixhomekeke imeko komzimba esiseleni kunye neempawu zokusingqongileyo ezifana lobushushu nokukhanya.

ukudla

Ifayile yongeno ye zingangeni engqongileyo inxaxheba iinkqubo kakuhle-wafunda lobomi: cell nokuphefumla namandla alo. Le yokugqibela kusiwa nge pinocytosis kunye phagocytosis. Indlela zombini iinkqubo kuyafana, kodwa ngexesha pinocytosis entrained amasuntswana amancinci ngaphantsi ashinyeneyo. Ezi molekyuli lilo into inwebu adsorbed Urhintyelwe outgrowths ezizodwa, ndihlise kunye nabo iiseli. Isiphumo lijelo, uze kuvela vesicles inwebu equlathe amasuntswana ayinakutyiwa. Ngokuthe ngcembe, ukuba baxolelwe iqokobhe. Okulandelayo, amasuntswana abakhuselekanga kufutshane kakhulu kwinkqubo ekugayeni. Emva uthotho utshintshwano into zahlulwe phakathi lula esetyenziselwa Yindibanisela eziqalelo iseli kuyimfuneko. Kule nxalenye kwezinto ezinxulumene efunyenwe kwi-bume, ndingangi phantsi processing okanye ukusetyenziswa ngakumbi.

umoya

Power - ayikho inkqubo kuphela ikhuthaza imbonakalo iseli izinto eziyimfuneko. umoya akuboni nabo iyafana kakhulu. Siqulathe uthotho utshintshwano zilandelelana carbohydrate, lipids kunye acid, ezithi zivele ngenxa kwezinto ezintsha: icarbon dioxide namanzi. Eyona ndawo ibalulekileyo yale nkqubo ukuvelisa amandla, nto leyo igcinwa yi kwiseli ngokohlobo ATP kunye nezinye kusitsha.

Ngokuthatha inxaxheba oksijini

yabantu iinkqubo ubomi iseli, kwakunye nezinye izinto ezininzi, kukho nokuyicinga ngaphandle nokuphefumla aerobic. Eyona nto ephambili kuyimfuneko kuye i-oksijini. Nokukhululwa amandla ezifuneka kakhulu, kwakunye ukuyilwa kwezinto ezintsha kwenzeka ngenxa igcwala.

inkqubo yokuphefumla wahlulwe ngezigaba ezibini:

• glycolysis;

• sigaba oksijini.

Glycolysis - ukuqhekeka glucose xa kukho icytoplasm yeseli sisenzo enqanda ingekho i-oksijini. Kuyinto uthotho elinanye basabele ezilandelelanayo. Ngenxa omnye molecule glucose akhiwa molekyuli ezimbini ATP. Iimveliso ukubola ngexesha elifanayo eyele mitochondria apho eqongeni oxygen iqala. Ngenxa reactions eziliqela ukuvelisa carbon dioxide, iimolekyuli ATP ezongezelelweyo kunye atom hydrogen. Ngokubanzi, iiseli zivela molecule elilodwa glucose ATP iimolekyuli 38. Kungenxa isixa esikhulu amandla agciniweyo internal aerobic kwaye igqalwa kakuhle ngakumbi.

internal anaerobic

Ukuze iintsholongwane eziziimpawu olunye uhlobo ukuphefumla. Basebenzisa oksijini endaweni sulfates, nitrate, njalo njalo. Olu hlobo lokuphefumla engasebenzi kakuhle, Noko ke, idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kumjikelo lomba endalweni. eziphilayo anaerobic ngenxa yokuthimba isalfure biogeochemical umjikelo, nitrogen kunye sodium. Ngokubanzi, iinkqubo ezifanayo mpilo uphefumlayo. Emva kokuvalwa glycolysis benziwa izinto kungena indlela ibile, isiphumo apho inokuba utywala ethyl okanye lactic acid.

ucaphuka

Iseli njalo Ngokusebenza kunye nokusingqongileyo. Impendulo nemiphumela yeemeko ezahlukeneyo lwangaphandle ebizwa nochuku. Lubonakaliswa iiseli kurhulumente lotshintsho kwaye ukuvela basabele abawonwabeleyo. Uhlobo ephendula impembelelo yangaphandle kuyahlukana nedlela neempawu ezisebenzayo. iiseli Muscle ukuphendula ucutheko, iiseli ndlala - bakhulule yimfihlo, kwaye luvo - isizukulwana luvo uyibona. Loo ucaphuka oxhasa iinkqubo ezininzi nokomzimba. Enkosi kuwo, umzekelo, wathwala luvo ulawulo luvo basenokugqithisela kuphela excitation iiseli efanayo, kodwa kwakhona izinto ezifunekayo kwezinye iithishu.

division

Ngoko ke, kukho kwisiphaluka elibujikele. Iiseli iinkqubo ebaluleke kulo phindwa ngexesha lonke ixesha interphase kwaye izakuyekiswa nokuba ukufa kweeseli okanye ulwahlulo yayo. Self-yokwenzelwa isitshixo isindise ubomi lilonke emva yokuduka omzimba ethile. Ngexesha ukukhula iiseli udlula dissimilation nokwenziwa, esi sixa ikhula ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu komhlaba. Ngenxa yoko, iinkqubo ubomi yeseli kuhlile noko, qala inguqu enkulu, ekupheleni zazo zisekho iiseli akunakwenzeka, iya kwi candelo. iiseli ezintsha nokonyuka komthamo futhi umzimba ukuba kwakheka kwi ekupheleni kwenkqubo.

Kunzima ukuxelela zeziphi iiseli iinkqubo ze ebomini zizo ezibalulekileyo. Bonke ziyadlelana kukhona lutho bodwa omnye komnye. mechanism operation slim iimeko ekho esiseleni, kwakhona ukhumbula ubulumko kunye nobukhulu endalo.