Ubume arc reflex. ring reflex. Physiology e-nervous system

Ngamnye kuthi ubuncinane kanye ebomini bakhe wenza ibinzana elithi "Mna a reflex", kodwa bambalwa abantu baqonde oko ikutshoyo. Phantse ubomi bethu yonke isekelwe ingqondo. Ebuntwaneni, ziyasinceda ukuba sisinde mdala - ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwaye uhlale usempilweni. ikhaliphe siyithobela, kuba siyaphefumla, ukuhamba, adle, nangaphezulu.

reflex

Reflex - yimpendulo yomzimba kwizivuseleli oluqhutywa yi-luvo. Abazibonakalisayo ekuqaleni okanye nokupheliswa nawuphi na umsebenzi: ukuhamba izihlunu, kwamadlala yonyango, utshintsho ilizwi nemithambo. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ngokukhawuleza lungisa kwimo yendalo esingqongileyo. Meaning ikhaliphe kubomi babantu kakhulu kangangokuba nokuba kubulawe lwabo buso (ukususwa ngexesha utyando, kwentlungu, ukufa kwamalungu omzimba, isifo sokuwa), kukhokelela ekubeni yokukhubazeka isigxina.

Isifundo se -nervous system central neuropathy ababandakanyekayo IP Pavlov and IM Section. Bashiya ulwazi oluninzi ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo oogqirha. Ngaphambili asizange ukwabelana abagula kunye Neurology, kodwa emva neurologists intsebenzo yabo yaqala ukuziqhelisa yedwa, ukuba nomzi amava kunye ukuhlalutya kuyo.

iintlobo ikhaliphe

ikhaliphe jikelele zahlulwe zibe ezinemiqathango kwemibandela. I kuvela kuqala ebomini babantu kunye kwinkqubo zinxulunyaniswa, kuba becala, noko akwenzayo. Ezinye izakhono wabufumana kwexesha, unyamalale, ingazeki indawo yazo, ezithathwe entsha, nofaneleke ngakumbi phantsi kweemeko. Ezi ziquka ukukhwela ibhayisikile, ukudanisa, ukudlala izixhobo zomculo, ishishini yobugcisa, uqhuba imoto, kwaye ngaphezulu. Ezi ikhaliphe maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba "mbono amakhulu '.

ikhaliphe zingqondweni njengoko ebekwe phantsi kubantu bonke ngokulinganayo, yaye apho kufuneka ukususela ekuzalweni. Bayaqhubeka ubomi, ekubeni ukuxhasa ubomi bethu. Abantu abaziqondi ukuba kufuneka uphefumle, ukunciphisa imisipha intliziyo, ukugcina umzimba wakho indawo yokuma ethile, blink, uthimla, njl Oku kwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo, ngokuba indalo uthathe unonophelo kuthi.

ngezigaba ikhaliphe

Kukho ukuhlelwa eziliqela ikhaliphe ezibonisa umsebenzi wabo okanye babonise inqanaba okuqonda. Umntu uzibhale ezinye zazo.

ukubaluleka biological waba ingqondo ekwanti:

• ukudla;
• ukhuseleko;
• sex;
• kukhombisa;
• ikhaliphe emisela omzimba (pozotonicheskie);
• ikhaliphe ukuhamba.

Ngokutsho indawo ezenza ndiyabona ziyakwazi ukuchongeka isivuseleli:

• exteroreceptors eziphezu ulusu kunye inwebu yangaphakathi;
• interoreceptors, ibekwe izibilini imithambo yegazi;
• proprioceptors ekwazi kwinwebu izihlunu, amalungu kunye nemisipha.

Ukwazi oku kuhlelwa ezintathu zingafakwa nayiphi reflex ukuchaza: ibizwa ezifunyenwe okanye enaso, apho umsebenzi osebenza nendlela ukubiza ngayo.

Amanqanaba arc reflex

Ukuze neurologists Kubalulekile ukwazi kwinqanaba apho reflex luvalwe. Kuyanceda ukuba ukuchonga ngcono kummandla ochaphazelekayo kunye ukuqikelela umonakalo kwimpilo. Ukwahlula ikhaliphe spinal, luvo motor leyo ibekwe umnqonqo. Abanoxanduva ukukhanda zomzimba, imisipha, umsebenzi amalungu zangasese. Ukunyuka ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu - kule Oblongata Medulla, wafumana amaziko bulbar elawula kwamadlala amathe, ezinye yobuso izihlunu, zokuphefumla kunye nentliziyo umsebenzi. Umonakalo eli sebe siphantse sibe nokubulala.

Le ubuchopho ivaliwe ingqondo mesencephalic. Ngokomthetho ke i arc reflex ye-luvo cranial. A umahluko kwakhona ikhaliphe diencephalic neuron epheleleyo ethi ibekwe kwi diencephalon. Kwaye ikhaliphe cortical, ezo zilawulwa yi-neuron. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko yafumana izakhono.

Qaphela ukuba isakhiwo arc reflex ebandakanya amanqaku aphezulu zizityalelo luvo kusoloko kubandakanya amanqanaba asezantsi. Oko ke umendo corticospinal uya kucanda an, embindini, nomtya eliphakathi lume spinal.

I zomzimba e-nervous system yomveleli ukuze reflex ngasinye iikopi zaso ajike eziliqela. Oku kugcina imisebenzi lomzimba, nkqu zokonzakala kunye nokugula.

Le arc reflex

arc reflex - kwenzwa ngokwentshukumisa ukudluliselwa umendo kumzimba Ukuzibona (receptor) ukulungiselela ukwenziwa. arc luvo reflex ibandakanya luvo kunye neenkqubo zabo, nto leyo ibe wesekethe. Le nto iye yaziswa imithi M.Hollom phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, oko uguqulwa ube "isangqa reflex." Kwagqitywa ukuba eli gama ngcono ibonisa iinkqubo ezithi zenzeke kule luvo.

Physiology ukwahlula monosynaptic, kwakunye zeeveki trehneyronnye arc maxa wambi wafumana ikhaliphe polisinapticheskie, oko kukuthi, kuquka luvo ngaphezu kwemithathu. I arc elula iqulathe luvo amabini: perceiver kunye enjinini. Ubume udlula inkqubo elide neuron ukuya kwisiza luvo, nto leyo edlulisela ukuba esihlunwini. Ezi ikhaliphe kuvame kwemibandela.

Amasebe arc reflex

Ubume i arc reflex lenziwa ngamasebe ezintlanu.

Lokuqala - i receptor ofumana ulwazi. Oku kungenziwa akhiwe zombini phezu komzimba (eluswini, mucosal), kwaye ubunzulu bayo (retina, imisipha, izihlunu). receptor Morphologically usenokukhangeleka inkqubo elide neuron okanye indibanisela iiseli.

ingxenye Second - sensitive luvo ifayibha, leyo adlulisele excitation kwi arc. Izidumbu zezi luvo zikwindawo ngaphandle inkqubo luvo (CNS), kumaziko lialio. umsebenzi yabo iyafana itolo kwisiphelo imizila kaloliwe. Oko kukuthi, i-luvo bahambise ulwazi ulwaziwey kubo, kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo enkqubo luvo.

ingxenye yesithathu - isithuba ukutshintshela ingqalelo kwimicu motor. Kuba kakhulu oko ikhaliphe apha emqolo, kodwa ezinye i arc esimbaxa kudlula ngqo ngokusebenzisa ingqondo, ezifana zokuzikhusela, obuthile, ingqondo ukutya.

Division wesine thaca ifayibha neyezihlunu iinkonzo zizimvo luvo evela luvo intambo motor emqolo okanye effector.

Okokugqibela, iyantlukwano sesihlanu - umzimba reflex umsebenzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo izihlunu okanye nobubovu, ezifana njengokhozo, intliziyo, isini, okanye ingaba amathe.

Iimpawu komzimba lamaziko-luvo

I zomzimba e-nervous system iyaguquguquka kumanqanaba alo ahlukeneyo. Isebe kamva kwasekwa, ezinzima kakhulu umsebenzi wakhe kunye ummiselo hormone. Kukho zimpahla ezintandathu ziqhelekilyo onke amaziko luvo, kungakhathaliseki ukuma:

1. Ndiqhuba excitation kuphela ukusuka receptor ukuya neuron effector. Physiologically, oku kungenxa yokuba leesynapse (iiseli zemithambo-luvo amanqaku uxhulumaniso) isenzo kwicala elinye kuphela kwaye ungayitshintshi.

2. Ukulibaziseka kwe-luvo excitation ukwadityaniswe nenani elikhulu luvo kwi arc kwaye, ngenxa yoko, le leesynapse. Ukuze nokulungelelanisa i neurotransmitter (imichiza stimulus), ukukhulula ube kwimfanta zobuchopho kwaye bachithe umdla kangaka, kuthatha ixesha ngaphezu ukuba pulses ukusasaza nje ecaleni ifayibha luvo.

3. excitations Summation. Oku kwenzeka xa isivuseleli obuthathaka, kodwa rhoqo kwaye ngesingqi phindo. Kulo mzekelo, umxolelanisi okongezeleke kwi inwebu zobuchopho de ayikho isixa esikhulu, yaye emva koko edlulisela ukubetha kwentliziyo. Umzekelo elula le nto - isenzo nangokuthimla.

4. Ukuguqulwa izinga excitation. Ubume arc reflex, kwakunye neempawu e-nervous system yokuba nkqu isingqisho kancinane isivuseleli sihambelana ezinye isantya - ukususela amahlanu amaxesha ezimakhulu mabini ngomzuzwana. Ngoko ke, izihlunu emzimbeni womntu kuyehla tetanic, ie discontinuously.

5. umphumela reflex. I-luvo ye arc reflex zibe kwimeko yimincili kangangexesha elithile emva ekuyekeni isivuseleli. Ngenxa yoku, kukho iingcamango ezimbini. Eyokuqala ithi ukuba iiseli zemithambo ukuba adlulisele excitation yomzuzwana elide ngaphezu isivuseleli ngoko ixesha elide reflex. Elesibini isekelwe khonkcweni reflex leyo uvaliwe phakathi luvo ezimbini intermediate. Bona sikhupha excitation gama nje omnye wabo akakwazi ukujikelezisa ukubetha okanye kude kube akukho yangaphandle uphawu unyathela isilumkiso.

6. Uphazamisa amaziko luvo kwenzeka ngexesha zovuselelo elide ii-. Oku kuboniswa ukuhla kuqala, uze emva koko abanalo ngokupheleleyo uvakalelo.

arc yawo reflex

Xa Uhlobo luvo ukuba i excitation kwaye uqhuba ngokwentshukumisa luvo, elahliwe, somatic kunye arc yawo luvo. Eyona special kukuba reflex kuya esihlunwini skeletal aziphazamiseki, kwaye kufuneka ukuba ganglia yawo ukuba atshintshele. Onke amaziko luvo zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amathathu:

• Vertebral (spinal) ganglia zihlobene kwindlela novelwano luvo. Bona ibekwe ngapha nangapha yomqolo, uyila iintsika.
• nodes Prespinal ibekwe kude kwaye ukusuka kwikholam spinal, kwaye yabasemagunyeni. Ezi ziquka ganglion ciliary, iindawo wesibeleko enovelwano, le plexus elanga kunye ezalathelwe mesenteric.
• nodes Intraorganic azikho nzima unokuthekelela, ibekwe amalungu yangaphakathi: umsipha, inyumoniya, wamathumbu, kwamadlala yonyango.

Le yantlukwano phakathi kweenkqubo somatic kwaye yawo zimilile kakhulu kwi phylogeny, kwaye zinxulunyaniswa andise Velocity ngayo ingqondo kunye nemfuneko zabo.

Nokufezekiswa reflex

Ngaphandle kwi arc reflex ingena receptor ukukhuthazwa, nto leyo ebangela excitation kunye ukwenzeka ngokwentshukumisa-luvo. Isiseko sale nkqubo na utshintsho kwi yoxinaniso ikhalsiyam kesodiyam ion, leyo macala omabini yeseli ndizayo. Ukutshintsha inani anions kunye iyatshi- ibangela utshintsho kwindlela ekwazi yombane nasisihlo alahlwayo.

Ukusuka receptor nqgo, centripetally ashukumayo ungena afferent link reflex arc - node fluid. Nanyana nanzalo kuziwa umnqonqo ukuya umphakathi ezibuthathaka, uze sokuyivula kwiiseli zemithambo-luvo motor. Le ikhonkco usembindini reflex. nuclei iiNkqubo motor le umnqonqo ibekwe kunye nezinye iingcambu kunye kuthunyelwa actuators ahambelanayo. Imicu kwemisipha ziyatyeba kuphela motor uqweqwe.

Sebhawudi izinga ukubetha ixhomekeka kuhlobo luvo kwaye zingaqala 0.5 ukuya kwi-100 eemitha ngomzuzwana ngamnye. Excitation ke zidluliselwe luvo omelene ngenxa kweqokobhe ubukho bucala iinkqubo ukusuka omnye komnye.

Meaning reflex inhibition

Ekubeni ifayibha luvo uyakwazi ukugcina ukuphazamiseka elide, i-elekhtrons yindlela ebalulekileyo olulungisiweyo eziphilayo. Ngenxa kuye, iiseli zemithambo-luvo musa namava ukudinwa rhoqo overstimulation. Iinkcukacha afferentation, apho waqonda kunye elekhtrons obandakanyeka ekubunjweni ikhaliphe moya kwaye lisusa nemfuneko inkqubo luvo ukuhlalutya imisebenzi ezizisekondari. Oku kubonelela ikhaliphe ulungelelwaniso, umz, ukuthabatheka.

Ingxelo afferentation kwakhona uthintele andise neemvakalelo luvo kwezinye izakhiwo e-nervous system, lo gama kugcinwe intsebenzo yabo.

Ngokulungelelanisa umsebenzi luvo

Xa umntu esempilweni onke amalungu benza kakuhle yaye wavuma. Bona baphantsi inkqubo efanayo nolungelelaniso. Ubume arc reflex - olu Eyonanto ibalulekileyo, nto leyo engqina ukuba ulawulo olulodwa. Njengazo naziphi na ezinye inkqubo, umntu, kakhulu, kukho inani imigaqo okanye imithetho esebenza ngayo:

• Ukuhlangabezana (la mandla kwiziqephu ezahlukileyo eze ukuya kwenye inxalenye CNS);
• zokukhanya (elide ukuluma enkulu ebangela excitation kweziza ezikufutshane);
• kuphindaphindeko (inhibition ezinye ingqondo);
• ngendlela eqhelekileyo lokugqibela (ngokususela luvo ukungangqinelani imali afferent ukuya efferent);
• (Inkqubo self-ummiselo ngokusekelwe kwinani pulses ezifunyenweyo generated) ingxelo;
• ekhonyayo (phambi eyona nto ibalulekileyo excitation, leyo esilala enye).