Inkqubo Central neuropathy luvo: isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza

ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo luvo izimpi ezahlukeneyo ibalulekile ebomini bomntu. Inkqubo luvo lomntu ngesakhiwo olunzima kakhulu kumzimba.

iingcamango Modern malunga imisebenzi e-nervous system

network unxibelelwano Complex, nto leyo luchazwa njengoko inzululwazi inkqubo eziphilayo luvo yahlulwe engundoqo kunye peripheral, ngokuxhomekeke indawo iiseli zemithambo-luvo ngokwabo. Eyokuqala ihlanganisa iiseli ibekwe ingqondo apha emqolo. Kodwa lolwabo luvo, apho ngaphandle benza inkqubo peripheral nervous (PNS).

inkqubo luvo (CNS) liphumeza imisebenzi engundoqo yokujongwa kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi, basebenzisane kunye nokusingqongileyo. I-luvo isebenza kumgaqo reflex. Reflex - uyimpendulo umntu aphazamiseke ilungu elithile. Ngqo inxaxheba kule nkqubo iiseli zemithambo apha ebuchotsheni. Emva kokufumana ulwazi oluvela luvo kwi PNS, zaye luyasetyenzwa ithunyelwe isantya kwi esilawulayo. Ngokwalo mgaqo wenza zonke ngokuzithandela kunye iintshukumo ihlale kuyo, ebona umsebenzi (umsebenzi kwengqondo), oyicingayo inkumbulo, njalo-njalo. D.

iindlela cellular

Enoba imisebenzi kwenkqubo esembindini neuropathy luvo kunye indawo cell, luvo kufuneka ezinye iimpawu abafana ngazo zonke iiseli zomzimba. Ngenxa yoko, neuron ngalinye lakhiwa:

• inwebu okanye inwebu cytoplasmic;
• kukho icytoplasm okanye isithuba phakathi iqokobhe kunye iseli engundoqo izaliswe kulwelo intracellular;
• mitochondria, nezinika amandla neuron ngokwayo, leyo efumaneka glucose neoksijini;
• microtubes - izakhiwo ezingcakacileyo, ukuba enze imisebenzi yenkxaso kwaye inceda iseli ukugcina iindlela eziziiprayimari;
• reticulum endoplasmic - networks lwangaphakathi, nto leyo iseli isebenzisa ukuba nokwanela.

iiseli zemithambo-luvo ngezigaba

iiseli zemithambo-luvo ukuba izinto ezithile ukuba zinoxanduva unxibelelwano lwabo kunye nezinye iiseli zemithambo-luvo.

Axons - iinkqubo eziphambili iiseli zemithambo-luvo, apho ulwazi idluliselwa yi kwisiphaluka uvaleke. Iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe amajelo transmission ephumayo yakha neuron, lo mkhulu Umzobo wesi wayo eyayizalwa.

Luvo - nezinye iinkqubo ze-neuron. Bona indawo yokufaka leesynapse - amanqaku ezithile apho kukho ukudibana iiseli zemithambo-luvo. Ngoko ke, i engenayo uphawu umnxeba transmission yababhali neuronal.

Ucalulo neempawu ziiseli zemithambo

iiseli zemithambo-luvo, okanye iiseli zemithambo-luvo, yahlulwe amaqela amaninzi kunye nomnye, ngokuxhomekeke yesifundo, ukusebenza, kunye nendawo kwi kwenethiwekhi.

Iziqalelo abanoxanduva ukuqonda ngokoluvo of ezenzeka ngaphandle (umbono, nokuva, Feel selungu lokuva, ivumba, njalo njalo. D.), ngaphandle kwebala Kubizwa. Iiseli zemithambo-luvo, ezo ezidityanisiweyo kuthungelwano ukunika imisebenzi motor kuthiwa motor. Kwakhona kwiNdibano yesiZwe kufuneka luvo Indibandiba enze imisebenzi ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Kuxhomekeka indawo neuron ngokunxulumene ebuchotsheni kwaye igunya elilawulayo, iiseli inokuba lokuqala, elesibini, njalo-njalo. D.

Zemfuza luvo unoxanduva Yindibanisela molekyuli ezithile, apho abo bakha zobuchopho kunye nezinye kwinyama, kodwa iiseli zemithambo-luvo abanalo ukukwazi ukwahlula.

Oku kusekelwe kule ngxelo yaye abantu abaninzi kule ncwadi ukuba "iiseli zemithambo-luvo musa ukuntshula." Kakade ke, abakwazi ukwahlula luvo abakwazi ukuntshula. Kodwa njalo Ungayila eninzi uxhulumaniso olutsha zemithambo ukwenza imisebenzi enzima.

Ngoko ke, lo iiseli wotshi yalungiselelwa ukwenza rhoqo ulwalamano ezintsha ezintsha. Ngaloo kukhulise womnatha entsonkothileyo zemithambo zonxibelelwano. Ukudalwa uxhulumaniso olutsha ebuchotsheni kukhokelela kuphuhliso ingqondo, ukucinga. Muscle intelligence naye asakhulayo ngendlela efanayo. Ubuchopho ke lisenza kuphuculwe kuzo ukuqeqesha bonke umsebenzi motor ezintsha ezintsha.

Uphuhliso ubukrelekrele bengqondo, ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwasengqondweni kwenzeka luvo ngendlela efanayo. Kodwa ukuba kujoliswe kwinto enye, ezinye imisebenzi musa ukuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza kangaka.

ubuchopho

I ingqondo umntu omdala ubunzima malunga 1.3-1.5 kg. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba ukuya ku-22, ubunzima ngokuthe ngcembe kwandisa, yaye emva kweminyaka 75 uqala ukunciphisa.

nobuchopho I-avareji ngamnye iye ngendibaniso ngaphezulu kwe-100 ezigidi zombane, apho izihlandlo eziliqela luyayidlula uqhagamshelwano kuzo zonke izixhobo zombane ehlabathini.

Ukufunda kunye neenzame zokuphucula ukusebenza kwengqondo, abaphandi bachitha amashumi kunye amashumi ezigidi zeerandi.

iinxalenye lobuchopho, iimpawu zabo ezisebenzayo

Oku kusengenziwa ingqalelo ulwazi ngoku malunga ingqondo eyaneleyo. Ingakumbi xa ucinga ukuba ingxelo emalunga nenzululwazi imisebenzi iinxalenye ngamnye lobuchopho baye benza ukuba uphuhliso yeenkqubo zengqondo, neurosurgery.

Ubuchopho yahlulwe kwezi zigaba:

1. Yangaphambili. Yangaphambili idla kubangelwa nemisebenzi "ephezulu" engqondweni. Oku kuquka:

• uqabe isithinzi ngokungqalileyo, yimfanelo yayo ukulungelelanisa imisebenzi kwezinye iindawo;
• uqabe isithinzi zezomzuzwana, unoxanduva ukuva nokuthetha;
• uqabe isithinzi Parietal ilawula ulawulo motion kwaye siyazazi.
• uqabe isithinzi Occipital banoxanduva umsebenzi olubonakalayo.

2. Le ubuchopho ibandakanya:

• Thalamus apho processing kwenzeka phantse zonke iinkcukacha zibandakanyiwe yangaphambili.
• Le ngxenye ulawula ulwazi oluphuma kwinkqubo central neuropathy luvo kunye NS yawo.

3. I-gland ibandakanya:

• Le Medulla Oblongata, leyo inoxanduva lokulawula izingqisho yebhayoloji kunye nengqalelo.
• Isiqu Ubuchopho bangela amakhondo-luvo ukuba zixhomekeke unxibelelwano ingqondo kunye nezakhiwo umnqonqo, kukho uhlobo unxibelelwano phakathi kwenkqubo central neuropathy luvo.
• Cerebellum, ubuchopho okanye ezincinane, isahlulo seshumi se ubunzima ebuchotsheni. zifaka ezimbini ebuchotsheni ibekwe ngaphezu kwayo. Ukususela umsebenzi kwiCerebellum ixhomekeke ukudidiyelwa iintshukumo, ubuchule ukuze kubekho ulungelelwano esithubeni.

umnqonqo

Ubude avareji umnqonqo womntu omdala nama-44 cm.

It evela esikhondweni ingqondo udlula kwi magnum foramen kwi ukakayi. Uye kuma kwinqanaba vertebra empontshwa yesibini. Isiphelo umnqonqo ekuthiwa cone ebuchotsheni. It iphela nge zemali empontshwa kunye luvo sacral.

Ukususela amasebe umnqonqo ngaphandle kwama-31 ka-luvo lialio. Banceda ukudibanisa amalungu e-nervous system: engundoqo kunye neuropathy. Ngokusebenzisa ezi nkqubo yinxalenye yomzimba kunye nezibilini ukufumana imiyalezo evela kwi PSD.

Apha emqolo kukho kwakhona processing ephambili inkcazelo reflex, ngaloo ndlela nokukhawulezisa inkqubo kweempendulo yabantu kwizinto kwiimeko eziyingozi.

CSF okanye fluid ingqondo, eqhelekileyo ingqondo kunye umnqonqo, senziwa ingqondo sites olujikeleza slits ukusuka plasma yegazi.

Ngokuqhelekileyo oku kufuneka kube ukujikeleza okuthe gqolo. Liquor kudala njalo cranial yangaphakathi, owenza ukunceda kunye zikhusela. Uhlalutyo ubume CSF - yenye yeendlela elula ngoxilongo kwezifo NA.

Yintoni ebangela umonakalo kwinkqubo luvo yeGenesis ezahlukeneyo

Ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo luvo, ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha, yahlulahlulwe:

1. Predperinatalnye - ubuchopho Esibelekweni.
2. Osana - xa kusenzeka umonakalo ngexesha kweenkonzo kunye neeyure zokuqala emva kokuzalwa.
3. Kokubeleka - xa spinal intambo okanye ingqondo ukwenzakala kuyenzeka emva kokuzalwa.

Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo CNS yahlulwe:

1. Ezibuhlungu (ecaca). Kufuneka uthathe ingqalelo yokuba inkqubo luvo Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba izinto eziphilayo, kwaye ukusuka kwindawo umbono yendaleko, ngoko ke ingqondo kunye umnqonqo ikhuselwe kufuphi amaqokobhe okolomozgovye inyama fluid bone. Noko ke, kwezinye iimeko, le khuselo akwanelanga. Ezinye ukwenzakala nomonakalo kwinkqubo central neuropathy luvo. Ezibuhlungu spinal cord ukwenzakala kusenokwenzeka ukuba nemiphumela emibi vuhlayiseki. Amaninzi, oku ukukhubazeka, ukuba mandundu efanayo (Olu xwebhu luthunyelwa kunye ngokuthe ngcembe ngokufa off-luvo). Uphakamile umonakalo kwenzeke, i-paresis olunzulu (kunciphise amandla kwezihlunu). Yokulimala ziqhelekileyo zithathwa yokulimala evulekileyo kunye ezivaliweyo.
2. izilonda CNS Organic akholisa ukubakho ngexesha lokuzalwa komntwana kwaye kungakhokelela ekubeni abanedumbe lengqondo. Bona evela yokunqongophala kwe-oksijini (hypoxia) kuvuka. Kuyinto ngenxa yabasebenzi elide okanye intambo singabanjwa. Ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha hypoxia, abanedumbe lengqondo kuba izidanga ezahlukeneyo ubukhali ukusuka abanobulali ukuze kakhulu, nto leyo ihamba kunye yoma imisebenzi enzima kwenkqubo central neuropathy luvo. CNS stroke elandelayo kuchazwa organic.
3. izilonda luvo central zemfuza bazimisele ngenxa yemfuza kwi kwikhonkco yemfuza. Bona zithathwa ukuba abe ilifa. Eyona eqhelekileyo - syndrome Down kaThixo, Tourette engqondweni, Autism (disorder zemfuza-pathways) ukuba kwenzeka kungekudala emva kokuzalwa okanye kunyaka wabo wokuqala bezelwe. isifo Kensington kaThixo, Parkinson, kwaye i-Alzheimer mandundu ingqalelo ukuba kwenzeka ebudaleni oluphakathi okanye ubudala.
4. Encephalopathy - kaninzi kwenzeka ngenxa yokwaphuka isicwili sobuchopho izinto ezibangela izifo (Encephalopathy herpetic, meningococcal, cytomegalovirus).

Ubume yenkqubo peripheral nervous

PNS ifomu iiseli zemithambo ibekwe ngaphandle ngobuchopho kunye lomsele spinal. Le ibandakanya ganglia (cranial, lomqolo kunye yawo). Kwakhona kwi PNS, kukho 31 izibini luvo kunye kwalapho.

Ngengqiqo esebenza, i PNS inala luvo somatic ebonisa inkqubela injini kwaye banxibelelane receptors amalungu ingqiqo, yaye kwezityalo, athi abenoxanduva umsebenzi nezibilini. izakhiwo neuropathy zobuchopho ziqulathe injini, neerhali yawo sensetivnye.

iinkqubo arhabaxa

Izifo zeenkqubo esembindini neuropathy luvo zahlukile kakhulu kwindalo. Ukuba CNS ukuzilimaza basoloko inefuthe ezintsonkothileyo, jikelele, izifo PNS zidla wabonakalaliswa ngokohlobo iinkqubo ukudumba kwiinkalo ganglia. Xa yezonyango, loo ukudumba kuthiwa neuralgia.

neuralgia - umtshiso esibuhlungu kwindawo zoqokelelo ganglion, ukukhuthazwa nebangela reflex ulahlwa elibukhali. Ngu neuralgia ziquka polyneuritis, radiculitis, ukudumba okanye luvo empontshwa trigeminal, plexitis kunye like. D.

Indima iinkqubo esembindini neuropathy ehlise nasekusungulweni umzimba womntu

luvo - enye kuphela zeenkqubo umzimba womntu ezakunyuswa. Isakhiwo entsonkothileyo yenkqubo engundoqo neuropathy luvo yi zemfuza kwaye evolutionarily. Ubuchopho unalo impahla ekhethekileyo - INeuroplasticity. Yeyona ekukwazini iiseli CNS ukuthatha phezu nemisebenzi iiseli ezikufutshane kwabafileyo, ukwakha uxhulumaniso olutsha zemithambo. Oku kuchaza nesenzeko zonyango, xa abantwana izilonda eziphilayo ubuchopho iphuhlisiwe, abaqeqeshwe ukuhamba, intetho, njalo njalo. D., Abantu emva ngesibetho ngokuhamba kwexesha, buyisela ukukwazi ukuhamba ngokuqhelekileyo. Oku bonke angaphambi yi ukwakhiwa izigidi zamakhonkco ezintsha phakathi kwezahlulo esembindini neuropathy-luvo.

Yinkqubela izigulane ezahlukeneyo iindlela recovery emva kokonzakala zobuchopho azalwe kwakhona iindlela zophuhliso lwabasebenzi. Bona kusekelwe kwingqikelelo kusengqiqweni ukuba xa le nkqubo engundoqo kwaye neuropathy luvo uthole umenzakalo, iiseli zemithambo-luvo sisempilweni kwakhona bakwazi ukuphuhlisa izakhono zabo yi uhide.