Social Anthropology kunye namagalelo ukuze babonisane lwangoku

Sciences ukufunda uluntu, lusoloko lusekwe phezu kugcinwa bexesha kunye bakhaya. Ngoko ke, ukuba umphandi abe nenguqulelo enye yenzululwazi, ezifana isicwangciso yokuziphatha, inkcubeko kunye neenqobo, nokuba into isifundo sakhe. Wayehlala kuluntu enye, amlinda ngokungathi 'ngaphakathi', "look ngamagugu" Ozahlulayo imithetho kunye zokuxhathisa ezichaphazela abantu (amalungu oluntu).

Kodwa lo msebenzi aku- inzima, xa kwafika amanye amaqela abantu qelele ukwahlulwa kwezenkcubeko uphando ngayo. Oku kwaba uluntu case study of mihla aBemi Australian okanye abangekaphuhli tribal inkcubeko yamandulo amaGrike namaRoma. Maxa wambi nkqu lokukhuthazwa kukho ukuziphatha kwabantu aphakathi kubonakala kuthi bengasiqondi. Kule meko, a semvelaphi ekuhlaleni kufuneka okwethutyana "ukurhoxisa 'ukusuka kwimimandla yabo, ukufunda nokuqonda abo bahlala imithetho ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo namabinza. Le ndlela kubizwa ngokuba 'ukufunda esitulweni edesikeni. "

Ukufundwa Social, ezo wabaseki Mauss kunye Durkheim, nasekufundweni ehlala kunye neenkcubeko kamva yahlulelwe kwii ariya ezimbini eziphambili. Owokuqala linokuchazwa ngokuthi "evolyutsionalizm positivist". eziphambili abameli balo -. J. Fraser, E. Taylor kunye noMnu Morgan. Baya kwaphuma isikhundla ekuphuhliseni uluntu ukusuka elisezantsi iintlobo eziphezulu. Ngenxa yoko, "abantu bakudala", ezinye iinkcubeko baba ingongoma zabo kuphela, inyathelo, kwaye maxa wambi isiphelo ofileyo kuphuhliso lwabasebenzi.

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yamashumi yokufundwa ekuhlaleni liqulunqe ngokunzulu indlela eyahlukileyo - ". Ukuya zoo" neo-Kantian antiscientism ogama ababhali (R.Loui kunye nabanye), indlela ngaphambili Lo mkhuba uye waqhubeka kwi "ukuqonda", ekutolikwa (E. Evans-Pritchard, C. Geertz), "fanekisela" (V. Turner), "cognitive" uLungiselelo (S. Thaler, Meri Duglas). Xa isifundo kwe "ezinye" neenkcubeko umphandi kufuneka ukwala "isiboniso" womntu mihla, kodwa nokugcina intlonelo abantu uyafunda. Inyaniso yokuba ekuhlaleni akukho ingqiqo kwipropati yabucala, entsha exabisekileyo kunye nomsebenzi akumenzi amalungu eli hlabathi "nedolyudmi", ezinye ezibumnturha okanye "Martians". Qonda umntu ngexesha okanye inkcubeko ethile - indlela iphambili kolu xinzelelo.

Ukufundwa loluntu inzululwazi yoluntu kunye nempembelelo yawo kuloo mntu natyetyiswa kakhulu, kwaye sibulela umsebenzi uClaude Levi-Strauss. Wamisa noluntu ukuze eli gama ngokuthi structuralism. Ukuthatha njengesiseko ekumiseleni ixesha "cut", ISAZINZULU ekwahluleni "isakhiwo" - umzekelo, amabhinqa, isimo sengqondo ezinye iinkolo kunye nezinye ezifana "Ingxenye". indlela lokwakheka kwavusa izifundo ngokwesini (Mead), aze avunyelwe ukuba baphonononge kwaye ezinye "sub-culture" yoluntu lwethu owayephila izixeko ezikhulu (ngamaGoth, punks, amahippie kunye nabanye).

Ukufundwa Social na efuna ukufunda izakhiwo kunye neendlela, kodwa ulwazi lwabantu ngazo zonke spatiality yayo yoluntu. Ukuba sisondela ngamnye, njengoko ekuqaleni blank apho wabhala imithetho yakhe uluntu, siya ngaloo kulwenza ngayo. Umzabalazo obungunaphakade kunye nemvisiswano komntu kunye noluntu apho ahlala, izifundo ezisebenza ngokuzibandakanya kwabo - ezi izinto eziphambili ifundwe Ukufundwa ekuhlaleni. Kuluntu lwanamhlanje akukho "abantu bakudala" kunye "Orange County", kodwa inkcubeko ngalinye ufanelwe wentlonipho nokunyamezelana.