Titanium - insimbi. iipropati titanium. Sebenzisa of titanium. KwiBanga kunye nokwakheka lwemichiza titanium

Ongunaphakade, twisisaka, isithuba, izinto ikamva - zonke ezi zinto kunye nezinye epithets eyabelwe ukuba imithombo ezahlukeneyo titanium. Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa olu eninzi; ngexesha elinye phezu ukukhululwa element ngohlobo olunyulu wasebenza oosonzululwazi eziliqela. Inkqubo ukufunda iimpawu zomzimba imichiza and definition isicelo yayo awukagqitywa namhlanje. Titanium - le yenkcenkce elizayo kunye nendawo yawo ebomini bomntu kodwa ichazwa ngokupheleleyo, enika Abaphandi banamhlanje umda omkhulu amathuba kunye nophando lwenzululwazi.

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element Chemical titanium (Titanium) ebizwa phawu Periodic Table D. I. Mendeleeva Ti. Akhiwe iqelana kwicala IV iqela kwexesha yesine, kwaye inani lezibuko 22. A into elula of titanium - white metal nesilivere, ayisindi kunye ixesha elide. Uqwalaselo yekhompyutha i-atom unalo isakhiwo ilandelayo: +22) 2) 8) 10) 2 , 1 2 ^{2 2} 3 ^{2 6} 2P 3P 3d ^{6 2 2} 4S. Ngenxa yoko, titanium uye eziliqela kunokwenzeka igcwala ithi-2, 3, 4, kwi iikhompawundi iyizinzise, kuba tetravalent.

Titanium - ingxubevange okanye esityhidiweyo?

Lo mbuzo umdla abaninzi. Ngowe-1910, isazi semichiza American Hunter yaba titanium lokuqala ecocekileyo. I-metal eziqulathwe% 1 kuphela ubumdaka, kodwa imali ayinamsebenzi yaye akubanga sinike ithuba uphando ngakumbi iimpawu zayo. Le ductility yale kwaphunyelelwa tolkopod amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo (lobushushu room), isampula brittle kakhulu. Eneneni, le nto ayikho izazinzulu abanomdla ngenxa ngamathuba ayo ukusetyenziswa kwabonakala akwaziwa kakhulu. Ukuntsonkotha zokufumana nokuphanda ngakumbi inciphise amandla isicelo sayo. Kuphela ngo-1925, ekhemisi evela Netherlands J de namaBhulu kunye A. van Arkel wafumana titanium metal, iimpawu eziye kwatsala ingqalelo iinjineli kunye nabayili ehlabathini lonke. Imbali isifundo lwesi sakhi luqala ngo-1790, kwaba ngeli xesha ngaxeshanye, ngaphandle kwelinye, izazinzulu ezimbini ufumane titanium njengento imichiza. Ngamnye kubo ufumana compound (oxide) iarhente, ngokusilela ukubuyisa metal ngohlobo ecocekileyo. Titanium uthathwa uvulindlela le IsiNgesi seal mineralogist uWilliam Gregor. Ngomhla ummandla kumarhamente yakhe, ibekwe isahlulo ntshona eNgilani, isazinzulu baqalisa ukufunda isanti abamnyama Menakena Valley. Iziphumo ze asebenzise umazibuthe ibe ulwabiwo iinkozo ecwebezelayo, ezo iikhompawundi titanium. Ngelo xesha linye semichiza German Martin Heinrich Klaproth wachaza into entsha esuka rutile bezimbiwa. Ngowe-1797, wabonisa ukuba ngaxeshanye ukuze izinto ezivulekileyo ziyafana. Titanium dioxide ngaphezu kwenkulungwane kwaba imfihlakalo ekhemisi ezininzi ukufumana metal olusulungekileyo wayengekho ngisho Berzelius. iiteknoloji Latest kwinkulungwane XX olukhawulezisiweyo kakhulu inkqubo yokufunda isiqalelo uthe kwaye babone icala lokuqala ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Kule scope esoloko ukwandisa. Nciphisa umda wayo kuphela ukuntsonkotha inkqubo yokufumana into efana titanium enyulu. Ixabiso kunye aluminiyamu but is kunokuba phezulu, ngoko ke asikwazi asuse i intsimbi yemveli aluminiyam ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.

Imvelaphi yegama

Menakin - igama lokuqala titanium, eyasetyenziswa de-1795. Injalo loo nto, ngokutsho ukubandakanya indawo, wabiza element omtsha W. Gregor. Martin Klaproth unika isiqalelo ngo-1797 igama "Titan". Ngeli xesha, nogxa wakhe French, ephethwe yi kakhulu abanempembelelo yemichiza A. L. Lavuaze ucele le into entsha yafunyanwa ngokungqinelana iipropati zabo ezisisiseko. Isazinzulu German bungayelelani ngale ndlela, ngokufanelekileyo wacinga ukuba kwisigaba sokufumana zicwadi kunzima ukuchonga zonke iimpawu obekwayo into, nokuba ukubonisa kubo kwisihloko. Noko ke, simele siqonde ukuba umsebenzisi-olukhethiweyo Klaproth elide ingqinelana ngokupheleleyo metal - kubhaliwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kugxininiswe zesayensi mihla. Kukho iingcamango ezimbini eziyintloko igama Titan. Metal ukuba kutyunjwe imbeko ukumkanikazi Titania elven (Character intsomi esiJamani). Eli gama Lubonisa zombini ndandifeketha kunye nearhente namandla. izazinzulu ezininzi batyekele ukusetyenziswa kwiintsomi zamaGrike, apho Titans enabizelwa oonyana zehlabathi uthixokazi onamandla Gala. Le nguqulelo ithi igama isiqalelo esivuliweyo ngaphambili - uranium.

Ukuba indalo

Kwezi isinyithi, nto leyo ngokwemigaqo zobugcisa ixabiso umntu, titanium ubekwa kwindawo yesine kwi kubungakanani kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Inxalenye enkulu yendalo luphawulwa intsimbi kuphela, nemagnesium aluminium. Uninzi isiqulatho titanium kwaphawuleka abangelwe Shell ezincinane kancinane umaleko yayo zakhiwe. Xa olwandle, umxholo nomongo iphantsi - malunga 0.001 mg / l. Chemical isiqalelo titanium iyasebenza kakhulu, ngoko ekwimo yayo enyulu akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuhlangana. Kwiimeko ezininzi, oko ekhoyo kwi iikhompawundi mpilo, kwaye Valence ezine. Inani kwezimbiwa titaniferous iyahluka ukusuka 63 ukuya 75 (ukusuka kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo), ngelixa langoku inqanaba uphando, izazinzulu bayaqhubeka ukufumanisa iindlela ezintsha iikhompawundi. Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo, eyona ibaluleke ngakumbi ezi izimbiwa zilandelayo:

1. Ilmenite (FeTiO _3).
2. Rutile (Tio _2).
3. Titanite (CaTiSiO _5).
4. Perovskite (CaTiO _3).
5. Titanomagnetite (FeTiO ₃ + Fe ₃ O ₄₎ kunye t. D.

Zonke nsimbi titaniferous ekhoyo yohlulwe ezisisiseko kunye ibhola ndawonye nobambe ibhola. Le sakhi nabafuduki buthathaka, ingahamba kuphela amatye kwamathole okanye namatye ukuhambisa daka ezantsi. Kulo semvelo, isixa-mali inkulu titanium eziqulethwe lisiza. Abameli eziphila izilwanyana element oluhlala emzimbeni sesigodlo, iinwele. Kuba umzimba iimpawu abantu titanium makabekho kwigumbi udakada, amadlala adrenal, ngumkhaya, lengqula ndlala.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Titanium - ayoni ukuba umbala yesilivere-omhlophe, ufana ngentsimbi. Xa amaqondo obushushu 0 ⁰ C ukuba ukuxinana 4,517 g / cm ^3. Le into enobunzima eliphantsi thermal, nto leyo uphawu zesinyithi kwealkali (isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, isodiyam, lithium, atom). Density titanium zisendaweni isikhundla oluphakathi phakathi kwe intsimbi kunye aluminiyam, lo gama ukusebenza kwayo iphezulu kunale izinto zombini. Iimpawu eziphambili zesinyithi, ezo ingqalelo ekumiseleni ubume isicelo yayo amandla isivuno kanye nekuba. Titanium aluminium kakhulu nge-12 amaxesha, ngentsimbi nobhedu - 4 amaxesha, lo gama kulula kakhulu. Le ductility osisiqu ecocekileyo kunye umda wayo isivuno kuvumela uqhubekeko amaxabiso aphezulu nezisezantsi ubushushu, njengoko kunjalo kwezinye zesinyithi, t. Ubuchule E. Riveting, elibenze, welding, ukuziqengqa. Uphawu ukwahlula of titanium - conductivity yayo abile kunye, ngaloo ndlela, le propati zigcinwa kwi lobushushu eziphakamileyo ukuya ku 500 ⁰ C. Xa mhlaba otsalayo yi paramagnetic titanium element, ukuba bangezi ndilenze libe njengesinyithi, akukho betekisi njengokuba ubhedu. eliphezulu kakhulu intsebenzo anti-umhlwa kwezokusingqongileyo ngqwabalala kunye neziphumo mechanical ezikhethekileyo. Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-10 yokuba emanzini olwandle ayizange iguquke imbonakalo kunye nokwakhiwa kwipleyiti titanium. Iron kule meko yayiza kutshatyalaliswa konakalisa ngokupheleleyo.

Iipropati Thermodynamic of titanium

1. Density (at kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo) yi 4,54 g / cm ^3.
2. ulawulo lonyanzeliso - 22.
3. Metals Group - a elinjubaqa, ukukhanya.
4. Ubunzima atomic of titanium - 47,0.
5. Ukupheka point ⁽⁰ C) - 3260.
6. Izinyo volume cm ³ / Mol - 10.6.
7. Ingongoma ukunyibilika titanium ⁽⁰ C) - 1668.
8. ubushushu oluthile vaporization (kJ / Mol) - 422,6.
9. Le resistivity (20 ⁰ C) ohms * cm * 10 ^-6 - 45.

iipropati chemical

Ukuphuculwa nokumelana element ngenxa uluhlu kumphezulu ifilimu oxide encinane. Oku kuthintela (phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo) imichiza reaction kunye neegesi (oksijini, hydrogen) ibekwe emoyeni kwayijikeleza njengento ezifana titanium metal. iimpawu zayo ukutshintsha phantsi kwempembelelo lobushushu. Xa uvuka ku 600 ⁰ C, basabela phakathi ioksijini, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kusekwe titanium oxide (Tio _2). Kwimeko kukufakwa zegesi esesibhakabhakeni akhiwa iikhompawundi abuthathaka kuwo akukho ukusetyenziswa ayisebenzi kweli iwelding sizathu nawawokunyibilika le titanium eveliswa zidle. Ingaba inkqubo ingathityazwa abasabela ngayo dutywa hydrogen intsimbi, oko kwenzeka esebenzayo ngakumbi kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu (400 ⁰ C nangaphezulu). Titanium, ingakumbi amasuntswana emihle (imbasa okanye ucingo) into combusted phantsi umoya nitrogen. Le imichiza asabela phakathi kunokwenzeka kuphela xa amaqondo obushushu 700 ⁰ C, ngaloo ndlela bakha kwinkonkxa ephuculweyo. Iindidi ezininzi aluminiyamu metal nzima kakhulu kudla alloying element. Indlela abasabela ngayo halogens (chromium, bromo, iodo) ungena kuphela xa kukho ngumnxibelelanisi (lobushushu eliphezulu) nangokuxhomekeke nokusebenzisana into elomileyo. Oku velisa aluminium nzima kakhulu eliyinjubaqa. Nezisombululo ze asidi ezininzi kunye titanium alkalis iikhemikhali ngaphandle esebenzayo i-sulphuric bakwezolimo (ukubilisa elide), hydrofluoric, eshushu engumgquba (formic acid, oxalic acid).

idiphozithi

Le yendalo ilmenite ekrwada ixhaphakileyo - koovimba ayo kuqikelelwa kwiitoni ezingama-800 ezigidi. Imali yesibambiso rutile uthobekile kakhulu ngakumbi, kodwa ke umthamo lilonke - lo gama kugcinwe ukukhula kwimveliso - kufuneka inike abantu kwiminyaka eli-120 izayo, sisinyithi, ezifana titanium. Ixabiso imveliso yokugqibela kuya kuxhomekeka imfuno kunye ukukhulisa workability imveliso, kodwa avareji yabo ku-1200 ukuya 1800 engange. / Kg. Nophuculo oluqhubekayo zobugcisa yehla kakhulu iindleko zonke iinkqubo kwezemveliso nokuphucula zazo kwangethuba. Le oovimba inkulu ekrwada titanium babe China ne-Russia, kunye nokuphuculwa kwezimbiwa izizixhobo ezingundoqo ezinokusetyenziswa zezi Japan, uMzantsi Afrika, Australia, Kazakhstan, India, South Korea, eUkraine, Ceylon. Iidipozithi imithamo yemveliso ezahlukeneyo kunye ipesenti titanium kwi nsimbi, iisaveyi zejoloji zisaqhubeka rhoqo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuba iqalise ukwehla kwexabiso lemarike intsimbi kunye nesicelo yayo ngokubanzi. Russia yeyona umvelisi esikhulu titanium.

indawo yolwamkelo

Kuba imveliso titanium dioxide, isetyenziswa kakhulu ngokuqhelekileyo, equlathe isixa ubuncinane ukungcola. Le efunyenwe ekwandiseni ilmenite okanye rutile ore ligxile. Unyango somlilo ubushushu yombane-arc kwenzeka esikrwada, nto leyo sikhatshwa ukuyilwa ngentsimbi ukwahlulwa zeBlack equlathe oxide titanium. Sulphate okanye chloride ndlela lokusetyenziswa kuqhubekeko iqhekeza simahla yentsimbi. Titanium oxide i ngumgubo obungwevu (bona. Le ifoto). Titanium metal efunyanwa ngonyango ngcembe.

Isigaba sokuqala inkqubo zeBlack sintering nangokuvela coke kunye chlorine umphunga. TiCl ₄ yaguquka kubangela wemagniziyam okanye isodium xa phantsi ukuya kwiqondo lobushushu 850 ⁰ C. Titanium isiponji (aneentunja mass edidekile) efunyenwe abasabela acid, okanye nyulu ngxa etshe. Kuxhomekeka ukusetyenziswa ngakumbi yezindawo, okanye intsila wentsimbi senziwa ngendlela ecocekileyo (ubumdaka ziyasuswa ngokutshisa ku-1000 ⁰ C). Kuba imveliso kwento kunye ubumdaka iqhekeza 0,01% iodide indlela esetyenziswayo. Oku kusekelwe kwinkqubo komphunga imfunxa titanium pretreated kunye halogen, umphunga yayo.

Fields of application

Ingongoma ukunyibilika titanium eliphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba but is inzuzo exabiseke kakhulu lula usebenziso nje izinto zokwakha. Ngoko ke, uyifumane isicelo omkhulu kushishino imikhumbi ke, kushishino lweenqwelo, imijukujelwa yokuvelisa, kwiiplanti zeekhemikali. Titanium rhoqo esetyenziswa dopant kwi aluminium ezahlukeneyo ukubonisa iimpawu eziphuculweyo yokuxhathisa ubushushu bobuso. nokumelana High kunye nokukwazi ukumelana iimeko ezininzi banqande ukwenza olu buyafuneka kushishino kwemichiza le. Titanium (aluminiyamu) zenziwe imibhobho, amatanki, izivingco, izihluzi, ezisetyenziselwa neyanamhlanje kunye nothutho asidi kunye nezinye izinto afana esebenzayo. Wafuna ukwakha izixhobo zokusebenza kwindawo yokusebenza kubushushu ephakamileyo. Imichiza titanium esetyenziswa ukwenza izixhobo zokunciphisa ixesha elide, ipeyinti, iplastiki kunye nephepha, izixhobo zotyando, ufaka, izacholo, izinto zokuhombisa, esetyenziswa kwishishini kokutya. Yonke imiyalelo kunzima ukuchaza. amayeza Modern ukhuseleko ngokupheleleyo eziphilayo usoloko esebenzisa titanium metal. Ixabiso - oku kuphela into echaphazela ububanzi elide isicelo lwesi sakhi. Bonakalisa sithi titanium - izinto ze elizayo, ukufunda ukuba abantu baya kungena kwisigaba entsha yophuhliso.