isiqalelo ngasinye iyakwazi zokubumba into elula ukuba sikarhulumente free. Kule meko, intshukumo athom ziyafana, ukuba macala. Xa izinto ezintsonkothileyo imeko inzima kakhulu. Ibhondi imichiza kulo mzekelo, yezi, iimolekyuli ezintsonkothileyo iikhompawundi entsonkothileyo kwasekwa iibhondi covalent.
Kuthetha ukuthini igcwala
Kukho ezinjalo iikhompawundi apho electron ezo edyokhweni asasazwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngamanye ngexesha ukuyilwa kwezinto ezinzima elektroni Valence ukusuka atom ukuya atom. Yiyo le obungalinganiyo kwezinto ezinzima ekuthiwa igcwala okanye igcwala. Senziwe kunye isigxina i-atom kwi zinemoletyhule ebizwa ngesidanga igcwala ngayo izinto. Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo transfer electron ukusuka atom enye ukwahlula phakathi isidanga esibi okanye esihle. Kuzo zombini ezi meko isigqibo ukubuya element atom electron ezininzi eyenziwe igcwala karhulumente imichiza ngokulandelelana akhabayo kunye navumelanayo (E E + okanye -). Ngokomzekelo, omnye abhale K ithetha atom potassium uthumela electron enye. Kuyo nayiphi na ulungelelwaniso central nokuhlala atom carbon. Le valency i element ingqamana-4-m na ezimbaxa, kodwa iikhompawundi carbon ezahlukeneyo isidanga igcwala iya kuba ezahlukeneyo, loo nto iya kulingana -2,-phinde ngo 2, ± 4. Olu uhlobo amaxabiso ezahlukeneyo Valence kunye neqondo igcwala uyaqapheleka phantse naluphi ngokuhlangeneyo.
Ukumisela izinga igcwala
Ukuze ubone iqondo igcwala, kuyimfuneko ukwazi postulates esisiseko. Iintsimbi abakwazi ukuba isidanga thabatha, kodwa ke kukho iimeko enqabileyo xa intsimbi yenza ezimbaxa kunye nentsimbi. Xa inani iqela inkqubo ngamaxesha-athom elivumelana kunokwenzeka igcwala karhulumente aphezulu: carbon, ioksijini, hydrogen, kunye naliphi na ilungu. ingaphezulu Electronegative ne ukubana omnye komnye electron atom ufumana isigxina -1, -2, njl electron ezimbini Lo mthetho ayikho kusebenza atom efanayo. Umzekelo, unxibelelwano HH kuya kuba ilingana no 0. Unxibelelwano C-H = -1. The degree of igcwala le carbon kwi C-D = + 2. Omnye kunye nexabiso elinye insimbi kukhona amaqela yokuqala neyesibini kwenkqubo ngamaxesha kunye fluoro (-1). Kweli nqanaba hydrogen phantse zonke zithako +1 ngaphandle hydrides apho ke -1. Beengxenye ukuba ubukhulu non-rhoqo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukubala, ukwazi compound ifomula. Umthetho basic, ocacisa ukuba inani izidanga nayiphi molecule 0.
Umzekelo yokubala degree of igcwala
Cinga ubalo lwe iqondo igcwala ukuya kwekhabhoni Example CH3CL ezimbaxa. Thatha data olusisiseko: ngesidanga hydrogen +1, yeKhlorini y -1. Ukunenzela lula, siya kucinga x yokubala iqondo igcwala le carbon. Emva koko, ngokuba CH3CL iza kwenzeka equation x + 3 * (+ 1) + (- 1) = 0. Yenza imisebenzi elula arithmetic, oko kumiselwa ukuba iqondo igcwala le carbon iya kuba-phinde ngo 2. Le ndlela ungenza ebalelwe isiqalelo ngasinye kule ezimbaxa entsonkothileyo.