System eBretton Woods

Le nkqubo eBretton Woods yasekwa ngo-1944. Igama layo livela kuloo ndawo apho kwaqhutywa inkomfa, isixeko eBretton Woods. Abameli kumazwe ahlukeneyo ziye zagqiba ukuba kufanelekile ukwenza uhlengahlengiso ezithile kwindlela ekhoyo yobomi. Kwakhona kukho amalungiselelo i-International Monetary Fund (IMF) njenge elawulayo linoxanduva ukuphunyezwa kwezibonelelo ezingundoqo nkqubo.

Inkqubo yemali ngamazwe - iseti yonxulumano ezithe zabakho ngenxa ngetyala, zokuhlala kunye nezinye iintengiselwano ngokuthenga kunye nokuthengiswa kweempahla phakathi kwamazwe ahlukeneyo. Ukuqaliswa kwenkqubo entsha lwaqhutywa ukuze kuqinisekiswe oluzinzileyo izinga lotshintshiselwano, kwacetywa ukunika okubuyela kwimo yokuba lutshintsho ngokunciphisa ukubaluleka umgangatho yegolide.

I eBretton Woods Inkqubo yemali luphawulwa yi le mimiselo iphambili ilandelayo:

• Ukubambelela ibhanile gold, oko kukuthi, njengoko lwemali kweentlawulo phakathi kwamazwe ipasisiwe US American dollar, kwaye apha kuye omhle wesikiti kunye brand.
• ubo igolide abalondolozwa zemali. Oku kuthetha ukuba igolide zingafumaneka ukuze afumane imali yephepha ngeqondo ezinzileyo.
• Ukuqaliswa izinga lotshintshiselwano emileyo uhlobo zokutenxa ngokuvunywe kwisixa ekhulwini elinye.
• Ukuqinisekisa uzinzo kwekhosi. Sebenzisa ubuchule ezifana nokuvavanywa ngokutsha kunye ukwehla, nemiqulu eselugcinwe ephethwe ngurhulumente, xa kukho imfuneko.
• Kwaye ke, ukudalwa IMF kunye neBhanki yeHlabathi ukuze kuququzelelwe inkqubo intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe nokuxhasana omnye komnye.

Bekucingelwa ukuba kweli lizwe ukuze ukunyenyisa izinga lotshintshiselwano yibhanki eyongameleyo. Kwimeko apho kukho imeko ntle, umzekelo, ukukhulisa icandelo izinga ukubala ngomlinganiselo obungathethekiyo, yena likhuphe emarikeni inani elikhulu zemali, oku kunciphisa imfuno yona. Kwaye ke, le meko umva kwaqondakala xa uwe.

Xa kwenziwe i eBretton Woods Conference, ingcinga ephambili ukunika kaRhulumente ithuba self-ukuqhelana kwi oguqukayo iikhosi. Le ndima kuqala wakhonza umgangatho yegolide. Noko ke, amava lubonise ukuba ukusebenza indawo awunikwe siphila ixesha elifutshane, ngenxa yokuba ukususela ngowe-1950 kukho uphuhliso esebenzayo yeentlekele kwibakala lehlabathi.

Ngoko, xa kwiimalike zemali kabukhali Linyuke, urhulumente ukhetha enye yeenketho amabini asebenzayo ukujongana nale meko: noba bathembele ukusebenza umgaqo wolawulo-mali, okanye faka umlinganiselo omtsha esisigxina. Ukuba kukhetha indlela yesibini, kukho imfuneko yokuba kutshintshwe inkqubo zemali livimbela phindwa iziganeko ezibi kwixesha elizayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa sijamelene nengxaki enjalo, urhulumente akazange abe nobuganga ukwenza ukhetho oluthile ngokuthanda nokuba ukhetho. Ngapha koko, nayiphi na intshukumo enokukhokelela landa kakhulu inani abangaphangeliyo lizwe, apho urhulumente Ndandingekakulungeli.

I eBretton Woods inkqubo mali yayisekelwe utshintsho ngexesha units emali, ngelixa izinga lotshintshiselwano yegolide wahlala kwinqanaba elifanayo ngexesha lonke ixesha nokusebenza kwenkqubo. Uthetha malunga nokusetyenziswa kwawo kakubi amandla ezikhoyo, njengoko yolondolozo yegolide kuthathwa ukuba inkxaso ethembekileyo, ngenxa yokuba ixabiso layo ayilahleki ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo eBretton Woods esebenza kumazwe ilungu IMF ukuba phantse mathathu kunye neziphumo ezilindelekileyo akazange eze. Oku kubangelwa ngokuvunyiweyo, nokuya sabekwa ngexesha lombutho wayo. Le nkqubo sakhiwa iziseko nenqaba ye US dollar kunye nokuzinziswa nezinye iimali ngokunxulumene kulo. Nangona kunjalo, izinga lotshintshiselwano ezinzileyo ukuze kufikelelwa kuphela ngokunciphisa imali yelizwe esisiseko, okt i-US dollar. Ukuwa nkqubo kwenzeka ngenxa uphuhliso olusebenzayo kwamaxabiso kumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe.