I eBretton Woods nkqubo: indlela konke oko yaqala

A Uluhlu ezithile iingcali uyazi ukuba kudala ngaphambi kokuba kubekho le nkqubo eBretton Woods, lo iplanethi ixesha asemgangathweni zegolide, xa imina ukuba zibe nokutshintshanisa ngokukhululekileyo igolide. Ulinganiso lweenkcukacha ngelo xesha kwakukho igunya eyomeleleyo ihlabathi, ukuze akwazi ukuthenga imisebenzi enjalo. Noko ke, yonke into yatshintsha ngo-1914, xa ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi 1st kwibala mali yeza US lwemali, leyo lwandile North kunye Latin America.

Ngowe-1922, i-umzamo yenziwa ukudala lwemali lwendalo kunye nomgangatho negolide ngokusekelwe iimodeli pre-imfazwe. Ngowe-1925, eNgilani wazisa umgangatho egolide imina leyo, igolide yafumana iimali reserve (US). Noko ke, ngo-1929, eMelika kwabakho eyenzeke ku istock exchange, kwaye ngo-1931 panic iqale kwimarike zemali London, nto leyo ekugqibeleni wathabatha iponti indima yesibini emva dollar. Ngowe-1931, 1933 kwi-UK kunye USA ngokulandelelana ziye zapheliswa umgangatho ngegolide, ie, amazinga otshintshiselwano waqala ezidadayo, leyo wakhonza njengesiseko iinkqubo forex elizayo. Izama ukwenza igolide currency zijikwe amazwe aseYurophu baye basilela (ngo-1936, ekuweni "Block Golden", nkqubo leyo iquka inani kumazwe, iFransi, iNetherlands kunye nabanye.).

Ekupheleni kwale novalo zenkulungwane yama-20 ngenxa ngeentlekele yezemali banesifo kunye kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ehlabathini kukho imfuneko ukwenzela ukuba luhlaziywe olukhulu kwinkqubo yezemali. Kwaye kule nkalo, le nkomfa eBretton Woods, apho kwagqitywa yiankile lwemali kumazwe 44 ukuya dollar, kwaye dollar enkantolo ngo-1944 - ukuya igolide ngomlinganiselo $ 35 nganye troy ounce (31.1034 grams). Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, i-US waba isabelo ezibalaseleyo zegolide yehlabathi, esalinikwayo ilizwe isiseko njengenkokheli yehlabathi. NgoDisemba 1944, inkqubo eBretton Woods waqalisa umsebenzi wayo.

Kule nkomfa ngo-1944 ukuba kwenziwe amalungiselelo ukumiselwa kwemibutho emibini eya ukwenza imisebenzi esomphathi, uze unike amazwe - nxaxheba yesivumelwano kuthetha ukuba nokuzinziswa lwemali kazwelonke. Zizo ezo International Monetary Fund kunye Bank International for Reconstruction and Development. Inkqubo eBretton Woods Kujongwe ukuba isixhobo lokugqibela ngeentlawulo ngamazwe luhlala igolide imali domestic orhwebelana ngokukhululekileyo, ukuba kwemali kufuneka izinga esisigxina ukuya dollar, njengoko iiBhanki ezingoovimba ukugcina eli zinga (+ - 1 per cent).

Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yee-70 ukuba oovimba zegolide lisasazwe kwezinye amaziko zemali (Europe, Asia), yaye ngaloo ndlela ke sichithakele theorem Triffin ukuba umba lwemali kufuneka uthelekiswe ngokuchasene koovimba igolide lizwe, nto leyo yenze lo mba. Inkqubo eBretton Woods waqala ukuphelelwa ukufaneleka kwayo, leyo waqinisa intelekelelo, hexa kulinganisa exchange bezinye iintlanga namazwe inxaxheba, umbhodamo lwemali 1967. Oku kudala imiqathango ukuze kutshintshwe ekhoyo inkqubo lawulo zehlabathi, apho le United States kwiminyaka emininzi kwenkxaso ngezigalo, njengoko zolondolozo zegolide, elingana ukukhutshwa zeedollar, kufuneka iminyaka emininzi apho.