Sufism - ntoni na? obangela eyimfihlakalo-obungqongqo in Islam. Indlela bulumko lakudala Islamic

Ubuthathaka - yintoni na? Kwizenzululwazi, akukho mbono ocacileyo kunye onobumbano wale nkqubo kunye nobuninzi bemfundiso yamaSilamsi.

Kwiminyaka emininzi yobukho balo, ayizange imkele kuphela ihlabathi lonke lamaSilamsi, kodwa likwazi ukungena eYurophu. Ama-Echoes of Sufism angatholakala eSpain, eBalkans naseSicily.

Yintoni Ubunzima?

Ubushushu buyingcali ekhethekileyo kunye ne-ascetic ekhoyo kwi-Islam. Abalandeli bakhe babecinga ukuba umntu unokuthintana ngqo noThixo, ufezekiswe kwizinto ezizodwa ezide. Ulwazi lobunzulu bobuThixo yinjongo kuphela apho iSufis ifuna khona ubomi babo. "Indlela" eyimfihlelo ibonakaliswe ekuhlambulukeni kokuziphatha nokuphuculiswa komntu.

"Umendo" weSufi wawunomzamo wokuqhubeka uthanda uThixo, obizwa ngokuthi iMakamat. Ngenxa yenzondelelo eyaneleyo, i-mukamat yayiya kuhamba kunye nokubonakaliswa kwangoko kwangexesha elifutshane. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ii-ecstatic states asingekho i-Sufis ekupheleni kwayo, ukuba ngubani omele alwele, kodwa wakhonza njengendlela yokwazi olunzulu ubunzulu bobuThixo.

Ukuxhatshazwa

Ekuqaleni, i-Sufism yayingenye yeendlela zokukholisa amaSulumane, kwaye kuphela kwii-8th-10 zeenkulungwane ezenza ukuba imfundiso ikhule ngokuzimeleyo. Emva koko i-Sufis inezikolo zayo zonqulo. Kodwa nangaloo mqathango, Ubuthathaka abuzange kube yinkqubo ecacileyo kunye ehambelana neembono.

Inyaniso kukuba ngamaxesha onke ekukholeni kwabo Ukunyamekela ngokunyanisekileyo kubangele iingcamango ezininzi zamandulo, i-Zoroastrianism, i-Gnosticism, i-theosophy yobuKristu kunye nengqiqo, emva koko idibanisa ngokulula kunye neenkolelo zendawo kunye nezithethe zamasiko.

Ubuthathaka - yintoni na? Le nkcazo inokusebenza njengolu hlobo lulandelayo : igama eliqhelekileyo elidibanisa amaxesha amaninzi, izikolo kunye namagatsha anemibono eyahlukileyo "yendlela efihlakeleyo", enomnqophiso oqhelekileyo kuphela - ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo kunye noThixo.

Izindlela zokufezekisa le njongo zazininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo-izivivinyo zomzimba, i-psychotechnics ekhethekileyo, ukuqeqesha ngokuzenzekelayo. Zonke zazo zakhiwe kwiindlela ezithile zeSufi, ezazisasazwa ngabazalwana. Ukuqondwa kwezi zenzo ezininzi zenze utshintsho olutsha lweentlobo zeengcamango.

Ukuqala kobuthathaka

Ekuqaleni, amaSuf ayebizwa ngokuba ngama-Muslim ascetics, ayenjalo, njengesiqhelo, afake iingubo zeboya "Suf". Ngenxa yoko igama elithi "tasawwuf". Leli lizwi lalibonakala kuphela kwiminyaka engama-200 emva kwexesha lomprofeti uMuhammad kwaye lithetha "ingcamango." Kule ndlela kulandela ukuba u-Sufism wabonakala emva kwexesha elide kuneendlela ezininzi ze-Islam, kwaye kamva waba ngumzuzwana kwabanye.

I-Sufis ngokwabo yayikholelwa ukuba uMuhammad, ngendlela yakhe yokuphila, wabonisa abalandeli indlela yonyani yokwenyaniso yophuhliso lokomoya. Ngaphambi kwakhe, abaprofeti abaninzi baseSilami banelisekile ngezinto ezincinci, ezenza ukuba bahlonipheke kakhulu kubantu.

Inendima ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni kobuSulumane babedlalwa ngokuthi "ahl as-suffa" - okuthiwa "abantu bhenkethi". Eli liqela elincinci labantu abahluphekileyo abaqokelele kwiMiskiti yamaMedina bachitha ixesha lokuzila nokuthandaza. Umprofeti u-Muhammad ngokwakhe wabaphathisa ngenhlonipho enkulu waza wathumela abanye ukuba bashumayele amaSilayam phakathi kwezizwe ezincinane zamaArabhu ezilahlekile entlango. Ngenxa yokuba bahlalutye kakhulu intlalontle yabo kwezo zihambo, i-formerce ascetics yayidla ngokulula indlela entsha yokuphila, eyabenza ukuba bayeke ukukholelwa kwabo.

Kodwa isithethe sokuxhamla kwiSilamsi asizange sife, sasinezikhundla phakathi kwabashumayeli abajikelezayo, abaqokeleli be-hadith (amazwi omprofeti uMuhammad), kunye nakumaKristu athile aguqulelwa kwi-Muslim Muslim.

Iintlobo zokuqala zeSufi zavela eSiriya nase-Iraq kwikhulu le-8 kwaye zikhawuleza zisasazeka kwi-Arabhu yase-Arabhu. Ekuqaleni, i-Sufis yayinzima kuphela ukugxininisa ngakumbi kwimimandla yokomoya yomprofeti uMuhammad. Ngexesha elide, ukufundisa kwabo kwakuthatha ezinye iinkolelo, kwaye ishishini eliqhelekileyo laba yizinto ezithandwayo ezifana nomculo, ukudansa, ngamanye amaxesha ukusetyenziswa kwe-hashish.

Ukuphikisana ne-Islam

Ubudlelwane beSufis kunye nabameleli bee-orthodox zeeSilamsi zihlala zilukhuni. Yaye ingongoma apha ayikho kuphela imingcele ebalulekileyo kwimfundiso, nangona yayibalulekile. I-Sufis ibekwa entliziyweni yamava kunye neembonakaliso zabo bonke abakholwayo, ngokungafani nabafundi, ababhalwa ngulo myalelo kaMthetho, kwaye loo ndoda yayingamthobeli kuphela.

Kwiminyaka yokuqala yokuqala yokwakhiwa kwemfundiso yeSufi, ukunyakaza okusemthethweni eSilamsi kwalwa naye ngamandla phezu kweentliziyo zamakholwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngokukhula kobutyebi balo, ama-orthodoxes eSunni ayanyanzelekile ukuba avume esi sikhundla. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka ukuba kwiintlanga ezikude zabuhedeni, amaSilamli ayengena kuphela ngoncedo lwabashumayeli beSufi, kuba iimfundiso zabo zaziqondwa ngakumbi ngabantu abaqhelekileyo.

Nangona kunjalo ama-Islam amaninzi ayengqiqweni, ukunyaniseka kwenzelwa ukuba lukhuni lube lukhula ngakumbi ngokomoya. Wenza abantu bakhumbule umphefumlo wakhe, ubulungiseleli bashumayela, ubulungisa kunye nabazalwana. Ngaphezu koko, i-Sufism yayingeplastiki, kwaye ke yayifaka zonke iinkolelo zendawo njengeponji, zibuyisela kubantu ababenokuchuma ngakumbi kwindlela yokomoya.

Ngekhulu le-11, iingcamango zobuSulumane zazisasazeka kwihlabathi lonke lamaSilamsi. Kwakulo mzuzwana ukuba u-Sufism ukusuka kwintetho yengqondo yaba yinto ethandwa ngokwenene. Imfundiso yeSufi ye "indoda epheleleyo", apho ukufezekiswa kufumaneka ngokukhwabanisa nokuziyeka, kwakukufutshane kwaye kuyaqondakala kubantu abahluphekayo. Kwabanika abantu ithemba lokuphila kwasezulwini kwixesha elizayo waza wathi ubabalo lukaThixo aluyi kubagqitha.

Okumangalisayo kukuba, ezalwe kwiintsholongwane zamaSilamsi, ubuninzi bamaSulumane abazange bafunde kakhulu kule nkolo, kodwa ngovuyo lwamkela izakhiwo ezininzi ze -ososophiki zobuGnostic kunye nobuKristu bengazi. Inendima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni imfundiso yadlalwa yifilosofi yaseMpuma, akunakwenzeka ukuchaza ngokufutshane zonke iintlobo zeengcamango. Nangona kunjalo, i-Sufis zihlala zicinga ngemfundiso yazo ukuba imfundiso yangaphakathi, imfihlelo, imfihlelo, i-Quran kunye neminye imilayezo abaprofeti abaninzi abaye bayishiya kwi-Islam ngaphambi kokufika kukaMuhammad.

Ifilosofi yoSuku

Ngokukhula kwenani labalandeli kwi-Sufism, kwicala lokuqonda lemfundo laqala ukukhula. Izakhiwo ezinzulu zonqulo kunye neengcali kunye nefilosofi azikwazanga ukuqondwa ngabantu abaqhelekileyo, kodwa banelisekile iimfuno zamaSulumane afundisiweyo, phakathi kwabo kwakukho abaninzi abanomdla kwi-Sufism. Ifilosofi ngamaxesha onke yayiqwalaselwa njengabaninzi abakhethiweyo, kodwa ngaphandle kokufunda ngokugqibeleleyo imfundiso yayo, ayikho nayiphi na inkululeko yonqulo.

Indlela eqhelekileyo kwi-Sufism ihambelana negama elithi "Great Shaykh" - i-mystic Ibn Arabi. Ipeni yakhe yimizi emibini eyaziwayo: "Iimpawu zeMeccan", eziqwalaselwe ngokufanelekileyo kwi-encyclopedia yeSufi ingcinga, kunye ne "Gemma of Wisdom".

UThixo e-Arabi inkqubo inezimbini ezimbini: enye ayinakuqonda kwaye ayinakuqonda (ibhethi), enye enye ifomu ecacileyo (zahir), ibonakaliswe kuzo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni, zenziwe ngomfanekiso wesimo. Ngamanye amazwi, zonke izinto eziphilayo kwihlabathi zizibuko kuphela ezibonisa umfanekiso we-Absolute, okwenene okugcinwa efihlakeleyo kwaye engaqondakaliyo.

Olunye uqeqesho oluqhelekileyo lwengqondo lobuShafism lwaluyi-vahdat ash-shuhud-imfundiso yobunye bokuba ubungqina. Yayilungiswa kwiklasi ye-XIV yi-Persian mystic Ala-Daula al-Simnani. Le mfundiso yathi injongo ye-mystic ayiyiyo inzame yokudibanisa nobuthixo, kuba akunakwenzeka, kodwa kuphela ukukhangela indlela yonyani kuphela, ukuba kuyimfuneko kangakanani ukuba inqule. Olu lwazi lwenyaniso luza kuphela xa umntu egcina ngokugqithiseleyo yonke imiyalelo yoMthetho oyiNgcwele abantu abaye bafumana kwiimbulo zomprofeti uMuhammad.

Ngaloo ndlela, i-Sufism, ifilosofi yayo yahluke ngokuchazwa ngamanga, iyakwazi ukufumana iindlela zokudibanisa ne-Islam Orthodox. Kungenzeka ukuba iimfundiso zika-As-Simnani kunye nabalandeli bakhe abaninzi baye bavumela ukuba u-Sufism uqhubeke nokuphila kwawo okunokuthula ngaphakathi kwehlabathi lamaSilamsi.

Iincwadi zeSufi

Kunzima ukuvavanya zonke iintlobo zeengcamango ezibangelwa nguMsundu kwilizwe lamaSilamsi. Iincwadi zeengcali zeSufi ziye zangena ngokufanelekileyo kwingqolowa yeencwadi zehlabathi.

Ngexesha lokuphuhliswa nokuphuhliswa kobuSulumane njengemfundiso, iincwadi zeSufi nazo zavela. Kwaye kwahluke kakhulu kulowo owawukho kwezinye iindawo zamaSulumane. Imbono ephambili yemisebenzi emininzi yayiyizame zokubonakalisa ubudlelwane bobuSulumane ne-Islam Orthodox. Injongo yabo yayikubonisa ukuba iingcamango zeSufis zihambelana ngokupheleleyo nemithetho yeKoran, kwaye izinto ezingafaniyo zingaphikisana nendlela yobomi beSilamsi yama-Orthodox.

Abaphengululi beSufi bazama ukuyichaza i-Qur'an ngendlela yabo, ngokugxila kwiindawo ze-ayatam-eziqhelekileyo zithathwa ngokungenakuqondakala engqondweni yomntu oqhelekileyo. Oku kwabangela ukuthukuthela okukhulu phakathi kwabaguquli be-orthodox abachasene ngokuthe ngqo naluphi na ukucinga okucacileyo kunye neengxelo xa ubeka izimvo kwiQuran.

Ngokukhululekile kakhulu, ngokweengcali zamaSulumane, iiSufis nazo zibhekisela kwiidithithithi (iimfundiso malunga nezenzo kunye namazwi kaMprofeti uMuhammad). Abazange bakhathazeke kakhulu ngokuqinisekileyo kwalokhu okanye ubungqina balo, bahlawula ingqalelo eyodwa kuphela kwizinto zabo zokomoya.

Ubunqunu abuzange bukhanyele umthetho wamaSulumane (fiqh) kwaye wawuthatha njengento engatshintshiyo yonqulo. Nangona kunjalo, kwiSufis uMthetho iba ngakumbi ngokomoya kwaye iyancipha. Uyazigweba kwiinjongo zokuziphatha, kwaye ngoko akayikuvumela ukuba i-Islam ibe yinkqubo eqinile, ifuna ukuba abalandeli bakhe bazalisekise ngokucacileyo yonke imiyalelo yenkolo.

Ukunyamekela

Kodwa ngaphandle kobuNkokeli obunengqondo, obwakhiwa kwizinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zefilosofi nezenzululwazi, esinye isikhokelo semfundiso esakhulayo, okubizwa ngokuba yi-Sugism. Oko kukuthi, unokuqiqa, ukuba ukhumbule indlela ezidumileyo ngayo le mihla, ukusetyenziswa okuhlukahlukeneyo kwaseMpumalanga kunye nokucamngca okujoliswe ekuphuculeni oku okanye loo mbandela wobomi bomntu.

Kwi-pragmatic Sufism, izikolo ezimbini eziphambili ziyakwazi ukwahlukana. Baye bacebisa ngokweenkqubo zabo ezicwangcisiweyo ngokuthe ngqo, ukuphunyezwa kwazo kufuneka banike umntu ithuba lokuthetha ngokuthe ngqo kunye noThixo.

Isikolo sokuqala sasisungulwa yi-Persian mystic Abu Yazid al-Bistami, owayehlala kwikhulu le-IX. Iyona nto eyintloko yokufundisa kwakhe yayikukufumana inzondelelo enkulu (galabs) kunye "nokuxilwa nothando lukaThixo" (sukra). Wayexela ukuba ngexesha elide ukucinga ngobunye bobuThixo, umntu unokufikelela kwinqanaba elithile apho umntu "mna" "uphelile" ngokupheleleyo, utshabalalise oothixo. Kule ngongoma, iindima zitshintsha, xa umntu eba nguThixo, kwaye ubuqu buba ngumntu.

Umsunguli wesikolo sesibini naye waba yintsomi yasePersia, igama lakhe ngu-Abu-l-Kashima Junaida al-Baghdadi. Wayeqonda ukuba kungenzeka ukudibanisa kunye nobomi, kodwa wabongoza abalandeli bakhe ukuba baqhubeke, "ekudakiseni" "ukunyaniseka." Kule meko, uothixo waguqulela ubunjalo bendoda, waza wabuyela ehlabathini kungekhona nje kuphela ukuvuselelwa, kodwa unikwe amalungelo omesiya (itanki). Lo mtsha omtsha unokukwazi ukulawula ngokupheleleyo iinkcazo zakhe ezintle, imibono, iingcamango neemvakalelo, ngoko ke ngokufanelekileyo ngempumelelo isebenze kakuhle abantu, ikhanyise.

Izenzo kwiSufism

Iindlela zeSufi zazinjalo kangangokuthi kwakungenakwenzeka ukuzithoba phantsi kwanoma iyiphi inkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, phakathi kwabo unokwazi ukwahlula uninzi lwezona ziqhelekileyo, ezibaninzi ezisetyenziswayo.

Into eyaziwayo kakhulu yinto ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Sufi Circles. Benza kube lula ukuba bazive njengeziko lehlabathi kwaye bazive bejikeleze umjikelezo wamandla onamandla. Ukusuka ngaphandle kubonakala ngathi ukukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza amehlo akho evulekile kwaye izandla zakho ziphakanyisiwe. Olu luhlobo lokucamngca oluphela kuphela xa umntu ophelile ewela emhlabathini, ngaloo ndlela udibana ngokupheleleyo.

Ukongeza kwimijikelezo, i-Sufis yayineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqatshelwa koothixo. Le nto ingaba nokucamngca emide, ukuzithefumla ezithile , ukuthulisa iintsuku ezimbalwa, i-dhikr (into efana nokufunda ngokucamngca kweemantras), nokunye okuninzi.

Umculo waseSufi ube yiyona nto iyingxenye ebalulekileyo yezo zinto kwaye wayebhekwa njengenye yeendlela ezinamandla kakhulu zokuzisa umntu kufuphi noThixo. Lo mculo uthandwa kakhulu ngexesha lethu, ngokufanelekileyo uqwalasela ngenye yemisebenzi emihle yenkcubeko ye-Arabhu yase-Arabhu.

Sufi Brothershoods

Ngethuba lexesha, esifubeni se-Sufism, i-fraternities yaqala ukuvela, enenjongo yokunika umntu iindlela ezithile kunye nezakhono zokunxibelelana ngqo noThixo. Lo ngumnqweno wokufumana inkululeko yomoya ngokuchasene nemithetho ye-Islam ye-orthodox. Kwaye namhlanje kwi-Sufism kukho abaninzi abazalwana abanomdaka, behluke kuphela ngeendlela zokufezekisa ukuxuba nobomi.

Ezi ziqabane zibizwa ngokuba ngama-tariqats. Ekuqaleni, eli gama lisetyenziswe nasiphi na indlela esicacileyo ye "ndlela" yeSufi, kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, kuphela ezo zenzo ezazidibeneyo inamba enkulu yabalandeli baqala ukubizwa.

Ukususela ekubonakaleni kobuzalwana, i-institution ekhethekileyo yobudlelwane sele iqalile ukubonakala kuyo. Nabani ofuna ukulandela umendo we-Sufi, kufuneka akhethe umcebisi ngokomoya - uMurshid okanye uShakh. Kukholelwa ukuba akunakwenzeka ukudlula i-tariqa yedwa, ekubeni umntu ongenakho isikhokelo esichengeni ukulahlekelwa yimpilo, isizathu, kunye nokuba mhlawumbi ubomi. Endleleni, umfundi kufuneka alalele utitshala wakhe ngazo zonke iinkcukacha.

Ngexesha lexesha lokufundisa kwimimandla yamaSilamsi, kwakukho i-tariqahs enkulu kunazo zonke ezi-12, kamva zanikela ubomi kumasebe amaninzi asekondari.

Ngokuphuhliswa kokuthandwa kwale mibutho, ulawulo lwazo lwentlalo luye lwaqina. Inkqubo yobudlelwane "yabafundi-titshala" yatshintshwa ngumntu "omtsha-ntliziyo-ntliziyo", kwaye uMarid wayengaphantsi kwintando yothisha wakhe, kodwa kwimithetho esekwe kwisikhokelo sobuzalwana.

Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwemithetho yayigqibeleleyo kwaye ingeniswa ngokungenasiphelo kwiNtloko ye-tariqa - umgcini "wobabalo." Kwaye kubalulekile ukugcina ngokungqongqo umgaqo wobuzalwana kwaye ulandele ngokucacileyo yonke imigaqo yengqondo neyomzimba echazwe yile miselo. Njengokuba kuninzi eminye imiyalelo eyimfihlo, amasiko okuqalisa i-mystic asetyenziswe eTariqah.

Kukho amaqela awakwazi ukuhlala kwiintsuku zethu. Iyona enkulu kunazo zonke nguShaziri, Kadiri, Nakhshbandi kunye noTjani.

Usukelo namhlanje

I-Sufis namhlanje ibizwa ngabo bonke bakholelwa ekubeni banxibelelana ngqo kuThixo kwaye balungele ukwenza yonke imizamo yokufezekisa isimo sengqondo apho kuba yinyani.

Okwangoku, abalandeli be-Sufism abahluphekanga nje kuphela, kodwa nabo banomgangatho ophakathi. Ngokuphathelele kule mfundiso ayithinteli ekufezeni imisebenzi yabo yentlalo. I-Sufis ezininzi namhlanje zikhokela ubomi obuqhelekileyo beendawo zasemadolophini - uye emsebenzini kwaye ube neentsapho. Kwaye nokuba ngumntu omnye okanye omnye we-tariqa kwiintsuku zethu kudla ngokuba nefa.

Sufism Ngoko - ntoni na? Le mfundiso, leyo nanamhlanje iyaqhubeka zikhona kwihlabathi Islamic. Kwaye yeyona nto emangalisayo ukuba nje apho. umculo Sufi kuye kwakholeka nkqu baseYurophu, kunye nezenzo ezininzi kuqulunqwa sikhokelo iimfundiso, yaye namhlanje lisetyenziswa zizikolo ezahlukahlukeneyo esoteric.