Abakhi edume

Emva zonke ukubaluleka zokwakha lokwakha. Kunqabile bakhumbula nokuba xa ebetyelele idume ngenxa yobuhle bayo kunye nentsusa kwezakhiwo. Okwangoku, abakhi ezaziwayo-kakuhle neempembelelo ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko kungekho ngaphantsi kwe ababhali kunye namagcisa. Anciphisa izimvo ezidadayo emoyeni, ndibanike ifomu eziphathekayo. Izakhiwo zibonisa kakuhle ixesha, imo yakhe kunye bulumko elibalaseleyo, izinto yobuciko. Malunga nabantu, ebonisa ukuba ehlabathini, kwaye kuya kuxoxwa ngezantsi.

inspirer buchopho

Abakhi edume kakhulu elidlulileyo immortalized amagama abo, ukudala isakhiwo esihle, edume ubuhle kunye kwiinkulungwane ezininzi kamva. Omnye wabo - Giotto di Bondone. ngomzobi Italian kunye wezakhiwo, wazalwa ngo-1267. Waba nguvulindlela kubugcisa bezinto ezibonakalayo, wabeka isiseko yesikolo Italian yokudweba. Giotto esekelwe kunye icons imangaliseke uLeonardo da Vinci kunye uMichelangelo.

Maxa wambi wothulelw mbhali Chapel del Arena Padua, kodwa hayi bonke abaphandi bayavuma. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba Giotto wadala imizobo ukuba bahombise ezi yecawa. The main wizard indalo bokwakha - intsimbi kwinqaba Santa Maria del Fiore, Cathedral Florence kaThixo. Giotto akazange aphile ukugqiba ukwakha - ngo-1337, xa abhubhayo, yakhiwa kuphela kwenqanaba lokuqala lesakhiwo.

sazi enkulu

UMichelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) isoloko kuluhlu "nabayili abadumileyo ehlabathini." Yayingeyiyo Italian yaba nomkroli, sobulumko, igcisa kunye yimbongi. Phakathi imisebenzi yakhe bokwakha kubonakala ukuba Medici Izindlwana, Laurentian Library, sibonakala ibandla St. Lorenzo. Kwiprojekthi wakhe bakha baseRoma Palace of the eNdlu yeeNgwevu kunye Palace of the babebambelele. Kuyilo ezi zakhiwo UMichelangelo wasebenzisa umyalelo omkhulu, ngesandla sakhe ukukhanya waza wangena udumile. Umakhi babesebenza icebo Cathedral yayingeyiyo iSt uPetros eRoma. Namhlanje UMichelangelo kufanele wabiza omnye iinkosi mkhulu kwimbali yoluntu.

Gian Lorenzo kukuyo

bezakhiwo abadume Italy ayipheli apho. UMichelangelo ingqalelo le ezihlangwini Giovanni Lorenzo kukuyo (1598-1680). Wayengenguye nje wezakhiwo kodwa nomkroli kunye opeyintayo. Kukuyo azakubalulwa ukukwazi hlanganisa zonke ezintathu iintlobo zobugcisa, ngokudala isithuba olubonakalayo enye. Kunye Francesco Borromini kunye Pietro da Cortona, wazibeka iziseko zobuciko izakhiwo.

Enye imisebenzi ezinkulu kukuyo - project Square Saint uPetros. Kwivaranda phambi nendlu yayo odumileyo - kananjalo ngumqondo womzobi. Wayesebenza phezu sezakhiwo zonqulo. Xa uyila kukuyo lokugqibela ngokufuthi ndisebenzisa imithombo ukukhanya efihlakeleyo ukuphucula uluvo eveliswe nkonzo. Nguye ke umbhali ezininzi emithombo baseRoma, ngaphandle apho kunzima ukuthelekelela City obunguNaphakade.

Palladianets of Adams ubukhosi

Ngoku ukudlulisela isampuli eScotland kwinkulungwane XVIII. Apha 1728 wazalwa URobert Adam, omnye nabameli ebalulekileyo classicism yaseBritani. U fanele ukuba palladiantsev ubukhosi, abalandeli classicism kwangethuba bokwakha. iimpawu ezibophelelayo style baba wolingano engqongqo kunye nokusetyenziswa izimiso, elasekwa ithuba Antiquity.

Adam Indalo babe ngesandla ekhethekileyo ukuluqonda. Bona luphawulwa ndandifeketha nondiliseko, ukwenzeka izinto neogothic rhoqo. Lomhleli laqalisa ekuthiwa-isimbo-Adam. Wakwazi ukudibanisa izinto ezisisiseko classicism ngokukhululekileyo, njengoko nangona ixesha elide wahlala phakathi imisebenzi bamandulo kwaye akwazi ukucinga ngendlela kwabayili yayo.

Iye yasinda kwimo yalo yantlandlolo, kuphela nje ezimbalwa obukhulu bobugcisa Adam. Phakathi kwazo kukho kwindlu yabucala Kedleston Hall kufuphi nedolophu Derby. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, umakhi wayesebenza ikakhulu Edinburgh. Xa ngeprojekthi yakhe kwakhiwa isakhiwo eyunivesithi esixekweni.

abakhi Famous Russian

Kwaye kwilizwe lethu, malunga nexesha elinye wasebenza Vasily Bazhenov. Architecture umhlaziyi, utitshala kunye artist, yena wayemthanda classicism waza wazibeka iziseko pseudo Russian. Bazhenov wadala ezinye izakhiwo ezihamba eMoscow St Petersburg. Enye izakhiwo idumileyo elikomkhulu namhlanje - Pashkov House - zakhiwa kuyilo yakhe. Nanamhla oku phantse akazange enze nto isebenza Bazhenov.

Inzululwazi yokuqala eSt Petersburg waba Domenico Trezzini. Akutsho wabaphefumlela ubomi entsha nakubugcisa Russian, bephethe nayo yesiko yaseYurophu. Trezzini Ungumbhali inani elikhulu izakhiwo ukudala inkangeleko aziqhelileyo St. Petersburg kuthi. Ezi ziquka Summer Palace of uPetros Great, uPetros noPawulos Cathedral, isakhiwo Iikholeji ezilishumi elinambini apho eyunivesithi ibekwe namhlanje.

E St. Petersburg, kwiminyaka ezahlukeneyo babesebenza kunye labazobi odumileyo Russian uNikolay Aleksandrovich eLvov, Alexander Glebovich Uspensky, Mihail Grigorevich Zemtsov kunye nabanye. Owokugqibela ezi yaba umfundi Trezzini. Zemtsov waba umakhi yokuqala Russian aloo mzi i Neva. Phakathi indalo yakhe ekuqaleni ezimbejembeje bobabo Church of St. uSimeyon noAna, le ndachithelwa "Intaba Gold" e Lower Peterhof Park, iprojekthi Anichkov Palace kwaye yakhiwe ngokupheleleyo emva komlilo yoTshintsho Cathedral.

abakhi Soviet

Uninzi bezakhiwo abadumileyo wezaBasebenzi USSR. Xa indawo rationalists, nelikhokelwa ngu UNikolai Ladovsky, zama ukufikelela cala ekubumbeni beza constructivists abo babecinga aesthetization onemfundo ebalulekileyo kokwakheka. abameli ezibalaseleyo yokugqibela bekukho abazalwana Vecino. A uphawu ebalulekileyo ngohlobo eMoscow washiya Mihail Vasilevich Posohin, owayesakuba ngokomakhi oyintloko kwengqukuva ukusuka kuma-60 ukuya ekuqaleni-80. Enkosi kuye, uvele Palace kwisixeko ngeenkongolo, isakhiwo CMEA, zemidlalo "Olimpiki" njalo-njalo.

lwabasunguli style

Home bezakhiwo adumileyo ixesha lethu ezahlukileyo imisebenzi eclectic lokugqibela. Ukuba indlela kwiiyadi umva le Renaissance namaxesha mihla ukujonga impela nje, izakhiwo namhlanje badla combine ezakha kumacala ahlukeneyo. Noko ke, eclecticism akazange azalwe kungekho: iye yafakwa iimpawu iintlobo, uninzi lwazo iphuhlise kwinkulungwane yokugqibela.

Enye yezona ndlela zithandwa bokwakha - high-zobugcisa. style Pioneer ibizwe Norman Foster (b. 1935) kunye yakhe 'Bureau of ezine. " He sungula moya e Hong Kong, "Millennium" ibhulorho kunye Gherkin eLondon. Ngexesha ukwakhiwa ukusetyenziswa yokugqibela-kuthiwa retina eyenziwe ngumzobi Russian Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov (1853-1939), lowo Foster, ngenxa wokwamkelwa kwakhe, iqwalasela umfanekiso wakhe oqingqiweyo. Shukhov wadala yokuqala lwemibhobho zethu oyile lizwe kunye izihluzi. Uzibiza ngokuba ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, umnatha steel iqokobhe emva kwexesha elithile abe ngomnye izinto ozithandayo abameli ophezulu-zobugcisa. Bureau Foster-yenzelwe isakhiwo eRashiya: kuvuselelwa kwisiqithi New Holland, ngoku phantsi ukwakhiwa MIBC "eMoscow-City".

Ngokuvumelana kunye nendalo

Mu kuya kwa nshita hi-zobugcisa, balizukisa yobuninzi inkqubela zeteknoloji, indlela linikeza bio-zobugcisa ukudala izakhiwo, hayi wayebambene nendalo, yaye ukuba uqhubeke nayo. Abaninzi bezakhiwo ezaziwayo-kakuhle namhlanje sinika imbeko kulo mbono. Umsunguli ithathwa ukuba isimbo Antonio Gaudi (1852-1926). Uninzi imisebenzi wezakhiwo odumileyo iSpanish ibekwe e Barcelona. umsebenzi wakhe - Güell Palace, Casa Mila, Casa Batllo - akunakwenzeka ukuba siphambanise ne nantoni na. Babebonakala ukuba sihleli, siyashukuma. Kwempefumlelo ngokuba inkosi yaso indalo. Ngenxa yoko, fluidity ngokukhethekileyo izakhiwo, ukunqongophala imigca ethe ngqo, iimilo okungaqhelekanga kunye nemifanekiso. Xa iprojekthi yakhe yokubala akhe indlu Family oyiNgcwele, ngaphandle efana inqaba isanti.

Umnqweno umanyano nendalo - uphawu olwahlula iiprojekthi ze labazobi abaziwayo abathatyathwa abalandeli Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). He kubhekwa enye amanani nempembelelo nakubugcisa amazwe. Reith wadala ingqiqo ka "organic bokwakha." Iingqiqo ngundoqo lethiyori ingqibelelo kunye nomanyano nendalo. Buildings ngu Wright, i iingxwaba-bume yendalo, bathi ebalasele open-plan, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zendalo, iimpawu zoyilo neyemboleko iitempile zamandulo Japanese.

Kwimpucuko kunye functionalism

Akukho nani kangako okuphawulekayo Le Korbyuze (1887-1965). Indalo kunye imisebenzi wezakhiwo French banika ihlabathi izakhiwo modernist kunye functionalism. Izakhiwo ezakhiwa Le Korbyuze ayikho kunzima ukufunda. Bona luphawulwa ziiyunithi sibala ngokomthamo, izongamele emhlabeni, uphahla, namathambeka, ukuphakama zibonwa,-ebizwa ngokuba ifomu free. Zonke ezi mpawu ziye ngokukhawuleza babe yinxalenye izakhiwo mihla.

Kakade ke, olu luhlu ngasentla nabayili zonke ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Esi siqendu sisifundileyo yile elide kakhulu, kwaye uluhlu rhoqo kuhlaziywa. bezakhiwo abadume ixesha esiphila kulo, ngokufuthi zibonisa nokudaliweyo ukuwubamba elidlulileyo, ngokungekho ziyatyeshelwa.