Wezopolitiko sobulumko Tomas Masaryk: engobomi, iimpawu imisebenzi kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Tomas Masaryk le Czech Republic ligorha wokwenene. Yena waye eyinganga yama mbutho, leyo ijonge ukuphumeza inkululeko for eCzechoslovakia. Ukudala imo, waba umongameli wayo wokuqala yaye walawula ukuyilwa ukususela ngo-1918 ukuya 1935.

Ukuphumeza yonke le ndoda edume yaba wabulela ukuba iimpawu zakhe ezibalaseleyo. Ukususela nqaku, ungafunda okuninzi malunga nemizalwane yakhe, isikolo, umfazi, imisebenzi yoluntu kunye nemibono yezopolitiko. kwabantu, Czech sobulumko watshintsha kakhulu ubomi babantu, kuba yintoni na ngokuba "nguyise."

usapho bulumko

Tomas Masaryk wazalwa ngo 03.07.1850, e Moravia (ngoko Austria Empire). Usapho lwakhe balo msebenzi eziqhelekileyo. Igama kaTata linguYosefu (wahlala 1823-1907). Xa uhlanga waba eSlovakia e Hungary. Igama lonina belinguYekoliya - Teresa (wahlala 1813-1887). Xa igama lakhe lobuntombi wazala igama Kropachkova kunye nobuzwe yaba lokuzalwa waseJamani of Moravia.

Josef Masaryk akabanga umhlaba kunye nekhaya labo. Kwiminyaka yakhe omncinci yena ukuba basebenze kwiifama ezinkulu, kwaye emva kokuzalwa Tomas waba coachman. Usapho Wayehlala endlwini nkonzo. UYosefu akazange aye esikolweni, ngoko ufunde nzima. Ngelo xesha wayengumntu nekratshi kakhulu ngesimilo nkqi, ukuba ningoyiki ukuphikisana kubaqeshi babo. Ngoko ke, kwafuneka ukuba ukutshintsha imisebenzi, ukusuka ubunini omnye komnye.

UThomas ngokwakhe wakhumbula ukuba uyise wakhe waba nako, kodwa umntu elula, ngoko ke kwindlu enkulu yaba unina. Kwiminyaka bakhe omncinane, UTeresa wasebenza njengoko umpheki izindlu sisityebi, nabakhonzazana, eVienna. Ngenxa yakubo sele Germanized ngokupheleleyo, wathetha yaye babhala kuphela German. Kamva, xa oonyana bakhe baba nomphakathi, wazama ukuthetha naye Slovak, kodwa yaba waba into embi.

Usapho wathetha German, kodwa uyise idla sidlule kwi-Slovak, kwakunye Tomas eyadini edlala kunye noontanga babo.

sifundo

Xa ndandineminyaka emithandathu Tomas Masaryk ndaya esikolweni esikolweni lali. Ubabonise inkqubela esikolweni, ngoko utitshala wacebisa abazali bakhe ukuba umthume kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Benza njalo. Inkwenkwe iziqu ngo-1863 waza wabuyela ekhaya. Apha waqala ukuncedisa utitshala, ukufunda umculo, ukufunda. Seminary The Teachers 'wathabatha iminyaka elishumi kuphela ubudala, yaye Tomas wayeneminyaka elishumi kuphela, ngoko ke unina ndagqiba kwelokuba ndimthumele kuye, eVienna ukwenza ngumfundi a nempilo yakhe.

Le iinkosi indlu Umfana wabaleka ezithile zijikeleze indlu. Xa omnye abafundi ezibiweyo bathengisa iincwadi zakhe. Yaba lo umququ yokugqibela, kwaye Masaryk oselula wabaleka ekhaya. Abazali bagqiba kwelokuba ndimthumele kuye njengento mkhandi ngogesi. Mna ke badlula omnye unyaka.

Indima ngumbingeleli kwilali kubomi Tomas

Kubomi wonke umntu omkhulu kukho amaxesha ezibonakalisa indlela yayo elizayo. Andiqondi ukuphepha ezi Tomas Masaryk. iinyani ezinika umdla malunga ngobomi bakhe abuyonto ngaphandle wakukhankanya umbingeleli lali. Yaba Franz Satori wanika umfana ukufunda iincwadi zakhe, wamfundisa Latin aza azeyisela abazali kwabo ukuba unyana wakhe ukufunda ngakumbi. Lo mfundisi wanceda lomfana iimviwo, kwaye waba nako ukubhalisa yesibini iklasi yesikolo waseJamani. Ngoko, xa eneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu waya kwisixeko Brno.

Abazali abazange ukuthumela imali inkwenkwe, ngoko kwanyanzeleka ukuba abe umqeqeshi yaye kamva waza kuba unyana intloko yamapolisa. Kwisikolo eziphakamileyo wafunda umfana simahla yaye nodumo olukhulu phakathi kwezinye abafundi bezikolo zamabanga aphakamileyo. Ngelo xesha, ukuba elikhuselweyo iimbono malunga ukuvuselela uhlanga Czech. Ngenxa ungquzulwano kunye nomlawuli Tomasz na izidanga kwesi sikolo.

Njengoko e Masaryk kwakukho igama yesibini

Umphathi wamapolisa, ngunyana kabani wafundisa Masaryk, ukuba wonyuselwa yaye bafudukela eVienna. Wanceda lo mfana ukuya Metropolitan Gymnasium. isoka lakhe izidanga 1872 eneminyaka engamashumi amabini anesibini. Ngaphezu koko, wakwazi kugqiba kwiYunivesithi yase Vienna, ukufunda ngexesha elifanayo kwi khono philological nentanda-bulumko. Xa iminyaka embalwa iza kuba unjingalwazi abancedisayo kwiYunivesithi yase Vienna bulumko.

Ngexesha lesikolo graduate wadibana nomfana yaseMelika Charlotte Garrigue. Yena ke intombi ka-New York bhanki. UTata nxamnye ulwalamano lwabo waza wabanika imvume yakhe umtshato kuphela emva kokuba Masaryk wala njengekhazi lazo. abantu abatsha bahlala ezifanelekileyo, esebenzisa Tomas ezingenayo. Ngoko kwakukho igama Tomas Garrigue Masaryk. Wathabatha igama ophakathi imbeko umfazi wakhe. Charlotte wamzalela abantwana abane kwaye bafunde Czech.

Umfazi wasilela yokunyula imali, kodwa yonke into zamnceda. Nkqu yena uye wahlala iinyanga eziliqela ejele Austria ngenxa yakhe imisebenzi yezopolitiko yendoda yakhe. Kunye nosapho Charlotte basemi akasishiyanga intombi kunye nto. Xa isibini Masaryk owayehlala eUnited States, uThomas wayesebenzela uyise womkakhe, wathetha kwizangqa, oosomashishini kunye abezopolitiko, kuquka enye i US abongameli uWoodrow Wilson.

umbuzo Czech

Ngenxa iimbono zakhe zezopolitiko, Tomas Masaryk ayikwazanga nethemba isithuba ngunjingalwazi eVienna. Ngokuba kuye, usindiso xa ngowe-1882 ulawulo komlawuli luya kuvula i- University of the Czech Republic. Wafudukela Czech Republic kwaye bathatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi emfundo, kuquka ukukhupha magazini "Ateneum".

Kwi-Czech Republic ngelo xesha, kwakukho amaqela amabini eziphambili - Czechs Young kunye starochehi. Abameli zombini imibutho baye ukwamkelwa kakubi imisebenzi kunye iingcamango bulumko. ixesha kwakhe elide akazange afune ukwamkela, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, Tomas wakwazi ukungqina ukuchaneka umbono wakhe futhi uphumelele igunya olunjalo uluntu ukuba omabini amaqela ufuna ukongeza igama lakhe kuluhlu zabo. Ngale ndlela ke, wayethembe ukuba baqokelele iivoti ezininzi kunyulo ukuya Imperial ePalamente.

Masaryk ndafuna ukuba bazise uluntu ukuba ukusekwa karhulumente Czech nolwimi lwalo kunye nenkcubeko. Noko ke, akazange ngokuchasene inkcubeko waseJamani, ekholelwa ukuba ukutyebiseka zeenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kwenza Czechs uhlanga phambili ngakumbi kwaye multi-amaninzi.

Ukususela ngo-1891, imigaqo-nkqubo amaxesha amaninzi kunyulwa epalamente (eCzech futhi zinkulu). Wathatha lo Realist Party, kunye Party ke Czech yaBantu.

eliphikisayo

Ekuqaleni leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, ezopolitiko enetyala waza wagwetyelwa ukufa, emtyhola umbuso. Kwi-Czech Republic yaphela ngexesha umsebenzi wayo. Tomash Masarik Kwanyanzeleka ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo.

Waye nxamnye nkqubo Austria kwi imfazwe. Masaryk wabona yaye indlela azame ngayo lo Czechs kulwa nokuxubana. Kungenxa yoko le nto wadala komhlaba anti-Austria.

Kulo mzekelo, Tomas Garik Masaryk ingacaci sengqondo eRashiya. Akazange abone ukuba lo ally ekudalweni karhulumente Czech, nangona wayesele apho, awaqhubana ngayo Mxim Gorky, Leo Tolstoy.

sizana wezopolitiko Ndabona UK, eFransi, USA. Kuyinto la magunya wayibona nokudalwa Czechoslovak yeBhunga yeSizwe, ephethwe Masaryk.

Ngowe-1917, yena wayehlala e Kiev, Apho iBhunga wakhe. Imigaqo-nkqubo ukuhambela eMoscow Petrograd, belilelayo ithuba ubungqina indlela iiBolsheviks wangumlawuli kuzo zonke izixeko ezintathu.

Njengoko intloko karhulumente

Tomas Masaryk neCzechoslovakia nokubunjwa kwakunxibelelene. Nkqu ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe, igama lakhe laba lehlelo ayegqunyelelwe ubuntu - kwakhe ingqalelo inkokeli yokomoya simahla yeCzechoslovakia.

Wezopolitiko yaba admirer lwenkcubeko Anglo-American. Wayefuna ukwenza idemokhrasi yamaqela ngamaqela melo. gameli Masaryk yaba ngesimilo humanistic. Wavumela ukusungulwa komgaqo-nkqubo we imo bambalwa yesizwe.

imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kukhokelele iminyaka 04.01.1934 de yahlaselwa istroke. Emva konyaka, eneminyaka engamashumi asibhozo anesihlanu eminyaka ubudala, wanikela ubukumkani kuye abafundi bakhe ngumlandeli E. Benes. 14.09.1937 kunyaka ophele ngobomi bakhe: Tomas Masaryk wafa, yaye kamva kunyaka yaphela urhulumente wadala.

ipolitiki memory

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ngexesha ubomi Tomas Masaryk yaba isiteketiso - kwathiwa "Bawo." Kwinkumbulo yakhe, imali ekhutshwe, ogama izitalato ezininzi Hodonin kukho imyuziyam zanikezelwa kule ndoda mkhulu, kwaye kwaSirayeli, Umzi indawo e Tel Aviv ithiywe emva kwakhe.

In mihla ezimeleyo Czech Republic Ude uMyalelo, leyo yasekwa kwinkumbulo amanani amakhulu oluntu kunye nezopolitiko karhulumente.