School Scientific of Management. abameli School of ulawulo zenzululwazi

iimbono Modern kwi ingcamango yolawulo, leyo wabeka isiseko lwesikolo yolawulo lwenzululwazi, zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Eli nqaku ibalisa kwizikolo ulawulo phesheya ekhokelayo, kunye abaseki zolawulo.

Imvelaphi isayensi

Management unembali ende, kodwa theory ulawulo baqala ukuphuhlisa kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX. Ukuvela kwinzululwazi ulawulo luthathwa njengengeniso Frederick Taylor (1856-1915 gg.). umsunguli yesikolo yolawulo lwenzululwazi, Taylor, kunye nezinye abaphandi laqalisa ukufundisisa iindlela kunye neendlela zolawulo.

iingcamango Revolutionary ngendlela yokulawula, ukukhuthaza yenzeka ngaphambili, kodwa ayikho imfuneko. Umzekelo, yimpumelelo kakhulu yaba iprojekthi noRoberta Ouena (ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX). imboni yakhe eScotland kuzisa inzuzo ngakumbi ngokudala indawo yokusebenza lokuba bakhuthaze abantu ukuba asebenze ngempumelelo. Abasebenzi kunye neentsapho zabo banikwe lwezindlu, umsebenzi iimeko ezingcono, sakhuthaza amabhaso. Kodwa ke oosomashishini belo xesha abakakulungeli ukuba balandele uThami.

Ngo-1885, bekukho isikolo enokwehla, ogama abameli ngaxeshanye kunye nesikolo Taylor (Drucker, Ford, Simons) babe noluvo lokuba ulawulo kuyinto ubugcisa. A ubunkokheli ophumelelayo kuphela zisekelwe kumava kunye intuition, kodwa akukho inzululwazi.

Kwaba kwi US ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX kwakukho iimeko kakuhle apho ekuqaleni ngendaleko lwezikolo zolawulo zenzululwazi. Kwilizwe lwentando yesininzi iye kwasekwa imarike enkulu yabasebenzi. Ukufikelela imfundo iye yanceda abantu abaninzi smart ukubonisa umgangatho wabo. Uphuhliso izithuthi, uqoqosho negalelo ekomelezeni bodwa nge-level multi nabezolawulo. Kufuneka iindlela ezintsha yobunkokheli. Ngowe-1911 incwadi yapapashwa Frederika Teylora "siseko yolawulo lwenzululwazi," wabeka isiseko uphando kwicandelo lenzululwazi amatsha - ulawulo.

School of Management Science Taylor (1885-1920 biennium).

Uyise lolawulo mihla Frederick Taylor ecetywayo wawucacisa yonke imithetho mbutho eyiyo umsebenzi. Ngoncedo, eveza ingcamango uphando lo msebenzi kufuneka ifundwe ngeendlela zobunzululwazi.

• amatsha Taylor zoba iindlela zempembelelo, wage ukusebenza, ezinye kunye ikhefu kwimveliso, ixesha, ummiselo, ukhetho noqeqesho lwabasebenzi, ukuqaliswa amakhadi kwemithetho umsebenzi.
• Kunye abalandeli Taylor wabonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa imigqaliselo, imilinganiselo kunye ngokuhlahlela kuya kukunceda ukuba lula umsebenzi wezandla wenze kube ephelele ngakumbi. Ukuqaliswa Iikhowudi ephunyeziweyo kunye nemigangatho ukuba ukukhulisa kwimivuzo yabaqeshwa ngakumbi kakuhle.
• Abaxhasi isikolo abazange ngoyaba into zabantu. iindlela Intshayelelo ukukhuthaza kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwandisa xa kukhuthazwa abasebenzi ukuba ukunyusa imveliso.
• Taylor niya kuxhaxhwa, nezenzo zabasebenzi, ezahlulwe iimbopheleleko zolawulo (umbutho kunye nocwangciso) yelona umsebenzi. abameli School of ulawulo yenzululwazi babekholelwa ukuba enze imisebenzi yezolawulo abantu kunye nale elithile. Bona babe noluvo lokuba lwee- kumaqela ahlukeneyo abasebenzi phezu kweqiniso oko bayakwazi ukwenza imibutho ngempumelelo ngakumbi.

Inkqubo owadalwa Taylor eyaziwayo lisebenza kubaphathi iingcambu ingca kunye sokunabela nokwandisa imveliso. Isikolo lolawulo yenzululwazi Taylor idale isiseko zenzululwazi endaweni zokusebenza ezaphelelwa lixesha. Kuba esikolweni abaxhasi banawo kubaphandi ezifana F. kunye L. Gilbert, G. Gantt, Weber, G. Emerson, H. Ford, G. Grant, OA Yermansky.

Uphuhliso lwesikolo ulawulo zenzululwazi

UFrank Lillian Gilbreth bafunda imiba echaphazela kwemveliso. Ukutshixa isindululo xa esenza imisebenzi ayesebenzisa camera movie kunye qambo ezizezayo isixhobo i-(mikrohronometr). Uphando bavunyelwe ukutshintsha ikhondo lomsebenzi, ngokususa iintshukumo ngokungeyomfuneko.

Gilbreath isicelo imigangatho kunye nezixhobo imveliso, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba ukuvela imigangatho yabasebenzi eziye zaphunyezwa isikolo ulawulo zenzululwazi. F. Gilbreth wafunda neemeko eziphembelela kwemveliso. Waziqhekeza ngokwamaqela amathathu:

1. Le izinto ezinxulumene nempilo, indlela yokuphila, inqanaba nokuma kwezenkcubeko nakwimfundo.
2. Ngezinto ezinxulumene nokusebenza iimeko, okusingqongileyo, izixhobo, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo.
3. Ngezinto ezinxulumene kwisantya: isantya, ukusebenza, ukuzenzekela, kunye nabanye.

Ngenxa yoko, Gilbert uphando bagqiba ukuba iintshukumo zezona zinto zibalulekileyo.

imigaqo yesikolo Basic ulawulo lwenzululwazi zaye zagqitywa Maksom Veberom. Le Isazinzulu eyila imigaqo ezintandathu ukuze ukusebenza eyiyo kwishishini, edulusele kwi ubengo, kuyalela, Ukwabiwa, iyantlukwano zabasebenzi, zobungcali ebhodi yolawulo, ummiselo kwemisebenzi subordinated ukuba injongo efanayo.

School of Management Science F. Taylor icala lakhe kwaqhubeka igalelo Genri Forda, zisebenzisane imigaqo Taylor, ukuba kumgangatho zonke iinkqubo ekuvelisweni ngokwahlula ukusebenza ngezigaba. Ford imishini ohambisana kwemveliso, amalungiselelo phezu kumthetho yokuthutha, apho iindleko zemveliso yehle ngomyinge izihlandlo 9.

Isikolo lokuqala yenzululwazi ulawulo zibe isiseko esiluqilima nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi yolawulo. Taylor School lunomahluko nje kuphela amandla amaninzi, kodwa ubuthathaka: isifundo lulawule engile ndlela ngomatshini, izizathu ngenxa ukwanelisa iimfuno ngevangeli zabasebenzi.

KoLawulo (classical) Uphando School of Management (1920-1950).

School zolawulo laqalisa uphuhliso imigaqo kunye nemisebenzi isikhokelo, cinga ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo ukuphucula ukusebenza ulawulo lweshishini yonke. A igalelo elibonakalayo kuphuhliso lwayo yenziwa yi A. Fayolle, D. Mooney, L. Urwick A. Ginsburg, A. Sloane A. Gastev. Ukuzalwa School Administrative linxulunyaniswa igama Anri Fayolya, wasebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwama-50 ukuze kuxhamle kwenkampani French entsimini processing of amalahle ore. Dindall Urwick wakhonza njengomcebisi kulawulo eNgilani. Dzheyms muni ayesebenza phantsi Alfred Sloan kwi "Motors General".

isikolo ulawulo Scientific and administrative yaphuhliswa kumacala ahlukeneyo, kodwa ezihlobeneyo. Abaxhasi yolawulo yesikolo ingqalelo njengoko injongo yayo engundoqo ukuphumeza ukusebenza wombutho xa lilonke, esebenzisa imigaqo jikelele. Abaphandi baye bakwazi ukujonga kwinkampani ngokwembono uphuhliso ixesha elide, kwaye ezichongwe eqhelekileyo zonke mveliso iimpawu kunye neepatheni.

Kule ncwadi, Fayol "General and Administration for Industry" Management lachazwa kuqala njengenkqubo leyo iquka imisebenzi emininzi (yocwangciso, umbutho, ezixhasayo, ulawulo kunye nolawulo).

Fayolle wenza 14 nezimiso evumela inkampani ukuze uphumelele:

• division of labour;
• yindibaniselwano igunya kunye noxanduva;
• nokugcina ingqeqesho;
• ubunye myalelo;
• indlela eqhelekileyo;
• i ngaphantsi iimfuno neminqweno yabo bebonke;
• emaholweni abasebenzi;
• mandla lonke;
• ukuxhumana;
• umyalelo;
• ubulungisa;
• uzinzo kwemisebenzi;
• evezayo;
• umoya corporate.

isikolo yabantu nobudlelwane (1930-1950 biennium).

Izikolo Classical yolawulo akuthethi ithathele ingqalelo enye izinto eziphambili lombutho ngempumelelo - into zabantu. Iintsilelo iindlela zangaphambili ukuba isikolo neoclassical. igalelo layo elibalulekileyo kulawulo kuphuhliso yaba ukusetyenziswa kolwazi malunga nobudlelwane nabanye. Intshukumo for ubudlelwane babantu kunye nenzululwazi yokuziphatha - oku isikolo lokuqala yenzululwazi ulawulo, owasebenzisa ukufikelela kwingcingane yokuhlalisana. Uphuhliso lwesikolo unxulumano abantu niqale ngabaphengululi ezimbini: Mary Parker Follett kunye Elton Mayo.

Miss Follett kuqala bafika kwisigqibo sokuba ulawulo kukuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi ngoncedo abanye abantu. Wakholelwa ukuba umphathi kufuneka ngokusesikweni kuphela ukuphathwa abangaphantsi, yaye kufuneka abe yinkokeli yabo.

Mayo wabonisa ngokubonisa ngee-eksperimenti ukuba imigaqo ecacileyo, imiyalelo kunye nemivuzo endilisekileyo azisoloko kungakhokelela imveliso yelizwe, kokuqwalasela umseki yolawulo yenzululwazi Taylor School. Relations kwiqela badla wagqwesa imigudu zolawulo. Umzekelo, izimvo oogxa ingayeyona ibalulekileyo ngakumbi inkuthazo umsebenzi kunokuba ekubaluleni umphathi okanye umvuzo wemali. Mayo wazalwa enkosi bulumko loluntu ulawulo.

amalinge akhe Mayo yenziwa iminyaka eli-13 ngo-mveliso in Horton. Ungqinile ukuba zengqondo utshintsho abantu ukuba basebenze isenokuba ngenxa yempembelelo qela. Mayo bacetyiswa ukuba basebenzise kulawulo zenkuthazo zokomoya, efana neyonxibelelwano umqeshwa kunye noogxa. Wabongoza iinkokheli ukuba anikele ingqalelo ubudlelwane kweli qela.

"Hortonskie amalinge" kwakukho kwasekuqalekeni:

• ukufunda yonxulumano ezidityanelweyo kumashishini ezininzi;
• Iqela accounting izenzakalo ngokwasengqondweni;
• efumanise ezixhasayo;
• Studies ubudlelane phakathi kwabantu;
• ukuchonga indima abasebenzi ngalinye ilungu kunye neqela elincinane kwiqela yokusebenza.

School of Yokuziphatha Sciences (1930-1950 biennium).

Isiphelo ezi 50 - ixesha yokuzalwa ngokutsha wesikolo esikolweni lobudlelwane babantu of Sciences zokuziphatha. Indawo yokuqala ayiyanga iindlela ekwakheni ubudlelwane, kunye nokusebenza lomqeshwa kunye kwishishini liphela. iindlela zenzululwazi yokuziphatha kunye nolawulo lwesikolo ziye zakhokelela ukuvela imisebenzi yolawulo entsha - ulawulo lwemicimbi yabasebenzi.

Ngu manani ebalulekileyo yale ndawo zezi: Douglas McGregor, Frederika Gertsberga, Chris Argyris, Likert Rensisa. Into izazinzulu zophando ziye zibe ukusebenzisana kwezentlalo, izizathu, amandla, ubunkokheli, negunya, kwemibutho, unxibelelwano, umgangatho yokusebenza kunye nomsebenzi. Indlela entsha basusiweyo ubuchule ulwalamano-isakhiwo kumaqela swi ukunceda umqeshwa ukuba afezeke izakhono zalo. Ingcamango of Sciences zokuziphatha ziye zasetyenziswa ekudalweni imibutho kunye nolawulo. Bathini chaza injongo zezikolo: ukusebenza phezulu lweshishini ngenxa ukusebenza ophezulu lwabasebenzi.

Douglas McGregor iphuhlise ithiyori malunga iintlobo ezimbini zolawulo "X" kwaye "Y" kuxhomekeka kuhlobo ubudlelwane abasebenzi abaphantsi kwakho bakhe: yedwa nolunedemokhrasi. Isiphumo isifundo kwisigqibo sokuba ngempumelelo ngakumbi indlela lwentando yolawulo. McGregor wayekholelwa ukuba abaphathi kufuneka ukudala imeko apho umqeshwa akazange nje tirhisa umgudu ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo lweshishini, kodwa ukuphumeza iinjongo zakho.

igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso osesikolweni wengqondo Abraham Maslow, owadala iphiramidi kweemfuno. Wayekholelwa ukuba umphathi kufuneka ubone iimfuno phantsi kwaye khetha iindlela efanelekileyo ezixhasayo. Maslow iimfuno ezichongiweyo zamabanga esisigxina (effect) nezasesekondari (ezentlalo, udumo, ngokomoya), esoloko itshintsha. Le ngcamango yaba sisiseko abaninzi womzekelo namhlanje inkuthazo.

indlela School oluninzi (1950)

Igalelo engundoqo sikolo ukusetyenziswa imifuziselo zezibalo kulawulo kunye iindlela ngeendlela ubuninzi ekwenzeni izigqibo zolawulo. Phakathi abaxhasi yesikolo kubabela R. Ackoff, Bertalanffy, R. Kalman S. Forrestra E. bhe, S. Simon. Indlela yenzelwe wazisa ulawulo kwizikolo eziphambili zolawulo, iindlela kunye nezixhobo yeeSayensi ngqo.

Ukuvela esikolweni ngenxa kuphuhliso cybernetics kunye nemisebenzi yophando. Apha ngaphakathi esikolweni kubekho uqeqesho elizimeleyo - imfundiso izigqibo zolawulo. Studies kule ndawo zinxulunyaniswa nophuhliso:

• iindlela yokubumba nokungokwezibalo kuqulunqo izisombululo zeziko;
• ubuchule kokukhetha izisombululo kangangoko usebenzisa amanani, umdlalo kunye nezinye iindlela zenzululwazi;
• imifuziselo zezibalo for ngezenzeko kwindalo enokusebenziseka nje kuqoqosho;
• imodeli isikali, simulating inkampani okanye umntu ngokuqinileyo iimodeli balance iindleko okanye imveliso iimveliso, models okubonisa lophuhliso lwenzululwazi, olwenkcubekho, noqoqosho.

isikolo enokwehla

izikolo yenzululwazi Modern ayikwazi bacinge ngaphandle kwimpumelelo yesikolo ngamava yolawulo. abameli balo babekholelwa ukuba umsebenzi ophambili kwinkalo yophando ulawulo kufuneka ibe ingqokelela yezinto ezenziwayo kunye nokudalwa iingcebiso kubaphathi. abameli Outstanding besikolo baba uPetros Drucker, Rey Devis, Lourens Nyumen, Don Miller.

Isikolo wanceda ukulawula ulwabiwo umsebenzi eyahlukileyo kwaye izalathiso ezimbini. Lokuqala - Iingxaki zolawulo uphando ngoku ngokuphuhlisa nokumilisela amagama ulawulo lwangoku. Okwesibini - isifundo imisebenzi kunye noxanduva lwabaphathi yomsebenzi. "Empiricists" onokuthi ukuba inkokeli yenza izibonelelo ezithile njengequmrhu elinye. Xa sisenza izigqibo, oko igxininisa ngekamva kwishishini kunye namathemba yayo.

Nayiphi umphathi iyilelwe ukwenza imisebenzi ethile:

• ekumiseleni iinjongo zoshishino kunye ukukhetha iindlela zophuhliso;
• ngezigaba, ukwabiwa komsebenzi, ukudalwa kubume besebe, ukugaywa kunye nokubekwa kwabasebenzi kunye nabanye;
• ukukhuthaza nokunxibelelanisa kwabasebenzi, kweliso ngenxa yonxulumano phakathi abaphathi kunye nabasebenzi;
• Uhlalutyo ixabiso le nkampani yaye bonke abo baqeshwe phezu kwalo;
• nezizathu kuxhomekeke kwiziphumo yokusebenza.

Ngenxa yoko, imisebenzi umphathi mihla uba ezintsonkothileyo. Umphathi kufuneka babe nolwazi ezivela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo aze asebenzise iindlela ihlolwe practice. School ukuba inani iingxaki zolawulo ezibalulekileyo ngokuqhelekileyo nazo amakhulu-scale imveliso mveliso.

School of Systems Social

isikolo Social isebenzisa ukufikelela isikolo "ubudlelwane babantu" kwaye iqwalasela umqeshwa njengomntu yokuqhelaniswa kwezentlalo kunye neemfuno ziboniswe kwi-bume bombutho. indawo zemigudu kuchaphazela neemfuno zemfundo lomqeshwa.

Ngabameli ziqaqamba yesikolo ziquka uJane Matshi, uHerbert Simon, Amitai Etzioni. Oku ekufundeni meko kunye nendawo somntu, lo mbutho uye phambili ngaphezu kwezinye izikolo zolawulo. Ngokufutshane ebonisa postulate of "iinkqubo zentlalo" ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i neemfuno zomntu ngamnye kunye neemfuno nabaqeshi idla kude ngaphandle.

Ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi womntu uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo kwinqanaba emva kwinqanaba, lihamba ephakamileyo elinegunya kweemfuno. Kodwa ke umongo wombutho yenziwe ngohlobo lokuba rhoqo kuyaphikisana lenguqu ukuya kwinqanaba elilandelayo. Amafama imiqobo kwiintshukumo umqeshwa malunga neenjongo zakho ngoku kunokubangela iingxaki. umsebenzi wesikolo - ukunciphisa amandla abo ngoncedo kumaziko ophando njenge iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zentlalo-technical.

Management kwabaSebenzi

Imbali ukuvela "ulawulo lwabasebenzi" libhekisela kwiminyaka 60-th lwekhulu XX. Model nokuhlalisana abasebenzi R. Milles ingqalelo njengomthombo loovimba. Ngokutsho ithiyori, ulawulo oluphuculweyo kufuneka kube yeyona njongo iphambili njengoko wakhuthaza school management zenzululwazi. Ngokufutshane intsingiselo "ulawulo lwabasebenzi" lungabonakaliswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: iimfuno kufuneka ibe ziziphumo ukuzibophelela ngayo zomqeshwa ngamnye.

inkampani enkulu uyakwazi njalo ukugcina abasebenzi kakhulu. Ngoko ke, lo nemeko yomntu yinto qhinga umbutho ebalulekileyo. Kubalulekile kakhulu imeko ebalulekileyo ukusinda kwimeko kwimarike enzima. Iinjongo zolu hlobo ulawulo gama nje baqesha, kunye nokukhuthaza, uphuhliso kunye nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo ukuphumeza ngempumelelo iinjongo zeziko. Umongo lo bulumko kukuba abasebenzi - i-asethi yombutho, imali, akunyanzelekanga ukuba ulawulo kwaye kuxhomekeke inkuthazo Incentive kakhulu.