Receptor yokuhlela. Flavoring, ezibonwayo, nociceptors

Yintoni anatomy? It is a yezobunzululwazi lifunda iimpawu zomzimba womntu. Ukuhlelwa ezenza nokushukunyiswa ibhekisela kwimicimbi uqeqesho. Njani wokuqala ezinxulumene yesibini? Yinto elula kakhulu. Kwi umzimba rhoqo kuboniswa iintlobo ngeentlobo ziyakhuthazeka, receptors zethu phendula kubo emane, konke oko kuxhomekeka kwindawo yabo yokuma. Nerve Ukwakheka ukwabizwa ngokuba inkqubo oluvo, ukudluliselwa imvakalelo enomthwalo inkqubo luvo.

Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo receptors, kodwa ukuqalisa ukwahlula izivamvo:

• Eyes.
• Iindlebe.
• amalungu Sense gravity.
• Ulwimi.
• Nose.
• Isikhumba.

Kutheni le nto kufuneka receptor thina

Bonke abantu abafuna ingcaciso enikwe yi kokusingqongileyo. Okokuqala kuyimfuneko ukuze ukunika ngokwabo ngokutya ingakumbi besini esahlukileyo ukuze bazikhusele engozini kunye nezifundo esithubeni. Konke oku kunika ezi zakhiwo luvo. Ukuhlelwa ezenza - kuba ngokuqinisekileyo umba obalulekileyo, kodwa phambi kokuba uphawu ukuhlalutya iintlobo yokwenza phezu kwabo.

Into etyabulayo

Bona zihlelwa ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

• Kutshintshwe oku.
• Ukwanela.

Ngokuphathelele Kwinqaku lokuqala, ezenzeka ngaphandle umahluko phakathi thermal, zombane, oomatshini, osmotic, imichiza, ukukhanya, kunye nabanye abaninzi. ukuba badlulisele ngqo nge amandla lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo, umz, thermal, ngokungamangalisiyo phofu, sisasazwa lobushushu njalo njalo.

Ngaphandle konke oku, zahlulwe zizinto ezaneleyo asanelanga, kuyimfuneko ukuba singathetha kancinci kakhulu.

luyasebenza

Okubalulekileyo kakhulu ingcamango krele Fridriha Engelsa, ababekholelwa ukuba mvo - oku sixhobo iphambili ebuchotsheni. Yena ngokuqinisekileyo wayenyanisile, ngokuba yonke into esiyibonayo, esiziva kunye uve - yinto emagqabini amalungu ingqiqo kunye receptors, nokukhuthazwa elidlulileyo - oku inxalenye yokuqala yehlabathi ngaphandle kokwazi. Umzekelo, umsebenzi ithupha incasa , siziva, xa siziva ezithandwa ukutya (kukrakra, ezinetyuwa, imuncu okanye mnandi), iliso kwinwebu receptors ukusibonisa ingqiqo ukukhanya, okanye ukungabikho.

Isivuseleli kuyo receptor leyo kwaguqulwa, ebizwa eyaneleyo. Umzekelo onguwo bakhonza receptor ulwimi. Xa ifakwa emlonyeni nayiphi na into siziva incasa, ezifana kukrakra, ezinetyuwa, eziswiti okanye ubumuncu. amehlo retina ithumba amaza ukukhanya, ukuze siqonde ukuba ukukhanya ivuliwe.

yokungabi

Iipropati receptor abasakwazi ezahlukeneyo, kodwa, ethetha ukunganeli zizinto bungabonakala ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: phantsi kwempembelelo amandla apho receptor leyo ezingafanelanga, ebizwa iminqweno inxalenye zingabalulekanga, ezifana ukuvuselela xa eyaneleyo. Imizekelo ugesi, okanye ukukruquka imichiza.

Ukuba retina ifumene zovuselelo ngomatshini, apho kuya kubakho imvakalelo ukukhanya, into ebizwa ngokuba "phosphenes". Okanye ukufumana ukhatywa ngumbane endlebeni singakwazi uve isandi, kodwa ukusilela ngomatshini kunokubangela incasa.

Ukuhlelwa receptor: zomzimba

Nomba zizinto sisiva, ngoku baye bahlala imbambano ebalulekileyo ngokulinganayo. Ukuze siqonde indlela amanyathelo yokuhlelwa receptor kubalulekile. Ukuqalisa ibattery kwisazela njengomgaqo ubume iinkqubo zabantu yovakalelo, khetha imisebenzi esisiseko, makhe sithethe lithathelwe. Okokuqala, ngokohlobo yokuhlelwa receptor siquka oku kulandelayo:

• receptor Pain.
• Amabala.
• Ezenza ukuqonda apho ukhoyo umzimba kunye namalungu ayo esithubeni.
• Hearing.
• Lafaka.
• Ukuqgiba.
• Abafaka.

Lo asinguye ulwahlulohlulo kuphela receptors, ukongeza kwezi ntlobo ngokwahlukana nokukhululwa nezinye iimpawu. Umzekelo, ukuthengwa (ngaphakathi nangaphandle), uhlobo lomfowunelwa (contact and nokude), eziziprayimari nezizisekondari.

receptors zangaphandle anoxanduva ukuva, ukubona, ivumba, kwebala kunye nemvakalo. Intlawulo yangaphakathi kwenkqubo musculoskeletal kunye imo nezibilini.

umhlathi Okwesibini, siye sichonge ntlobo zilandelayo receptors: ezikude, oko kukuthi, abo lifumanisa uphawu kumgama (umbono okanye ukuva), kunye nabafowunelwa ezifuna ukudibana ngqo, ezifana incasa.

Ngokumalunga esekungcoleni eziziiprayimari neziziisekondari, iqela lokuqala luquka abo ukuguqulela ubume uvuselelo kwi neuron yokuqala (umzekelo: ingqiqo ivumba), kwaye eyesibini - iseli kokuba receptor (Umzekelo: incasa okanye emehlweni).

isakhiwo

Xa siqwalasela ubume receptors yabantu, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwaba imigaqo esisiseko efana:

1. A nobuninzi lamanqanaba iseli, oko kukuthi: receptor luvo ezinxulumene umaleko cell yokuqala umaleko lokugqibela umqhubi ukuya neuron kwaye kanye ngakumbi kwiindawo zayo motor neuron. Olu phawu ivumela ngesantya processing eliphezulu kakhulu Imiqondiso engenayo adluliselwa inkqubo maleko wokuqala.
2. Ukuchaneka nokuthembeka ukosuleleka lwemiqondiso-luvo enikiweyo multipathing. Njengoko kuchaziwe kumhlathi wokugqibela, inkqubo woluvo kukho ezininzi umaleko, nabo uvela emashumini ezimbalwa amawaka izigidi ezininzi iiseli ezithumela ulwazi umaleko elilandelayo. Ngapha koko, lo msebenzi ubonelela ukuthembeka kunye nocazululo olunzulu uphawu.
3. Ukwenziwa yimingxuma. Ngokomzekelo, cinga receptors retina. Kwiretina ngokwayo, kukho anekhulu elinamanci izigidi ezingamashumi receptors, kodwa umaleko yesigidi ezingamakhulu amathathu iiseli ganglion, nto leyo izihlandlo ezilikhulu ezincinane. Sinokuthi lokuba valiweyo ifanele. Yintoni injongo yawo? Zonke iinkcukacha ezingeyomfuneko iyapheliswa, kodwa ezi zigaba zilandelayo yenziwe ifanele banzi, ebonelela uhlalutyo oluphuculweyo umqondiso.
4. Ukwahlula nkqo yaye tye. Eyokuqala ikhuthaza ukuyilwa amasebe, equka lamanqanaba enze nawuphi na umsebenzi omnye. Le yesibini efunekayo ukuze iiseli ukuba bazohlule babe iiklasi phakathi umaleko efanayo. Umzekelo, thatha umbono, iyasebenza imijelo nje ezimbini, eziqulathe umsebenzi wabo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

umsebenzi receptor

Analyzer ebizwa inxalenye yenkqubo ndixhalabele ukuba iqulathe izinto ezininzi: i Ukuzibona, iindlela-luvo kunye icandelo lobuchopho.

onke amacandelo ezintathu:

1. Receptor.
2. Guides.
3. yengqondo.

umsebenzi wabo ngamnye, oko kukuthi, iziganeko ebambe wokuqala, wesibini ampheleke ukuba ebuchotsheni, kwaye elesithathu hlaziya ulwazi. Abaleka yonke inkqubo sync ukuqinisekisa kakhulu ngokhuseleko eziphilayo oluntu kunye nezinye.

itheyibhile

Sinikezela ukubalaselisa iimpawu eziphambili yonke inkqubo sensor, kuba oku kunika itafile.

iimpawu ezenza

Ngaba olunye uphando. Ngoku ke kufuneka ukuba bakhangele iimpawu eziphambili receptor. Eyokuqala siza kubiza selectivity. Eyona nto kukuba uninzi receptor yabantu uyalwa ukwamkela enye kuphela uhlobo umqondiso, ezifana njengokukhanya okanye isandi, kuyokwenzeka kakhulu kwezi ntlobo ngemiqondiso, uvakalelo liphezulu kakhulu. I-receptor leyo nemincili kuphela kwimeko ibhaqa uphawu ubuncinane oko waqalisa ingcamango "excitation mnyango."

Ipropati yesibini inxulumene ngqo kweyokuqala, yaye ivakala ixabiso eliphantsi zokuthethelela ezi zizinto ezifanelekileyo. Umzekelo, thatha umbono eligcina isignali ubuncinane, apho kuyimfuneko ukuba shushu i milliliter kwamanzi isidanga omnye Celsius njengoko iminyaka eliwaka mathandathu. Ngaloo ndlela, ukusabela zizinto kunokwenzeka yaye bazive ezifana lombane kunye mechanical, kuphela iintlobo ezinjalo, ngokulandelelana, abanyatheli embundwini womnyango iphezulu kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokuba kuchazwe ngentla apha, kukho iindidi ezimbini bamasango:

• ngokupheleleyo,
• umahluko.

Okokuqala amisele elona xabiso lisezantsi, ziqondeka umzimba, ngeli lixa ivumela ukuba ukwahlula iqondo yokukhanyisa, izithunzi imibala eyahlukileyo, njalo njalo, oko kukuthi, umahluko phakathi nokushukunyiswa ezimbini.

Enye inkalo ebaluleke kakhulu zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni - lithathelwe. Neenkqubo zethu sensory ukuziqhelanisa iimeko zangaphandle.

lithathelwe

Le nkqubo ibandakanya kungekuphela nje receptors yeenkqubo yovakalelo, kodwa zonke lamanqanaba yayo. Yenzeka njani le nto? Impela nje, zisembundwini excitation, apho thina okhankanywe ngaphambili, oku njalo. Nge ukuziqhelanisa ziyatshintsha, babe kangako ukuya esahlala rhoqo. Ingaba unayo umlindo ekhaya? Akuyomfuneko ingqalelo ngokuphawula phakade, ngokuba receptors yakho (kule ukuva mzekelo) abe kangako kwizivuseleli elinikiweyo. Kwaye enye ixesha elide yaye obungabangeli mdla nokushukunyiswa senze iiprogram nezifo.

iinkqubo Ukuziqhelanisa kuquka Amaqhina nje kuphela kodwa zonke iindawo iinkqubo nemizwa. Apha naphaya eziqalelo peripheral kubonakala kwinto yokuba receptor imigubasi excitation azikho rhoqo. Ngokwandisa beminyango excitation, t. E. Ukunciphisa receptor onovakalelo, kukho lithathelwe ukuya ezintweni elide obungabangeli mdla. Ngokomzekelo, umntu akafane va xi rhoqo eluswini iingubo zakhe, akazange phawula ngokuphawula rhoqo kwewotshi.

Ezenza nesigaba tonic

Qaphela ukuba zonke receptors zihlukaniswe:

• uyenze ngokukhawuleza,
• ngokucotha uyenze.

Kwaye ke wokuqala, ekwabizwa ngokuba isigaba ukunika impendulo kwizinto kuphela ekuqaleni nasekupheleni ukunyaniseka kwayo, kodwa yesibini (indihlaziya) ukuthumela imiyalezo okuqhubekayo kwinkqubo yethu luvo Sikwithuba olude elide.

Kunjalo kufuneka bazi ukuba lithathelwe unako zikhatshwe zombini ukwanda kunye ukuhla excitability le receptor. Ngokomzekelo, masithi uye ekukhanyeni kwigumbi elimnyama, kulo mzekelo, kukho ukwanda excitability, kuqala ubona izinto enakhanyiselwa ngayo, uze kuphela mnyama. Ityala reverse, ukuba kutshintsho ukukhanya, sonke siyazi ukuba ibinzana elithi "ukukhanya kubuhlungu amehlo akho" egumbini elimnyama, siye schurimsya ngenxa yokuba receptors bethu yakhiwa, yaye kunciphisa excitability of ziiphotoreceptor zethu kwenzeka ekuthiwa lithathelwe emnyama.

ummiselo

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba luvo womntu ekwaziyo ummiselo, konke oko kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zakho ngexesha elinikiweyo. Ukuba indoda ime ngxi ijika eqalisa umsebenzi wezandla, uvakalelo of receptors (inkqubo musculoskeletal) kwandisa kakhulu. Kutheni kuyimfuneko? Ukwenzela ukuba kulungiselelwe imbono ulwazi olunxulumene imeko kwenkqubo musculoskeletal. Ngaphezu koko, ukongeza inkqubo lohlengahlengiso zingachaphazela receptors kunye namanye amaziko. Umzekelo, thatha indlebe ukuba lithathelwe ke watshintsha nokushukumisa iindawo ezifana:

• isando,
• nensimbi,
• endlebeni.

Oko kukuthi, ossicles ekuva sendlebe ephakathi.

iziphumo

Eshwankathela ngasentla, kwakhona siza Ukukhetha imisebenzi engundoqo lweenkqubo zethu woluvo: Ubhaqo umqondiso, ucalucalulo, iguqulela enye yamandla ukuya kwenye (luvo angxamele), uphawu zothumelo eziguqulelwe kwezinye iimaleko iinkqubo sensor, ukuqaphela imifanekiso. iimpawu ezingundoqo njengoko zinto zilandelayo: selectivity, abanyatheli embundwini womnyango aphantsi ukusabela kwizinto ezifanelekileyo, ukukwazi ukuqhelana kokusingqongileyo. Kwakhona ingqalelo izinto ezibalulekileyo ezifana isakhiwo kunye nokwahlulwa iinkqubo yovakalelo, ukuhlelwa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo ziyakhuthazeka, lithathelwe.