Plates Movement lithospheric. iipleyiti ezinkulu lithospheric. Amagama amacwecwe lithospheric

Umhlaba iipleyiti lithospheric ezi iibhloko enkulu. isiseko sabo ukhandwa Ndayishwabanisa ngamandla nezibaya Nyengane metamorphosed igneous. Amagama amacwecwe lithospheric ziya kunikwa kwinqaku ngezantsi. Ukusuka apha ngasentla ziza kukhutshwa yi-ngekhilomitha amathathu anesine-"cover". It amiliswe ngamatye ludaka. Eli qonga uba isiqabu eliquka iintaba eyahlukileyo amabini kunye namathafa enkulu. Okulandelayo iya kuqwalaselwa ingcamango intshukumo ye amacwecwe lithospheric.

Ukuvela hypothesis

theory of motion of amacwecwe lithospheric wavela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Kamva, yena waye limiselwe ukudlala indima enkulu ukuhlola-langa. Scientist Taylor, yaye emva kwakhe, yaye Wegener hypothesized ukuba ngokuhamba kwexesha kukho begcina of amacwecwe lithospheric kwicala tye. Noko ke, elinye mbono naqiniswa banesifo zenkulungwane yama-20. Ngokutsho kuyo, intshukumo amacwecwe lithospheric lwenziwa nkqo. Xa intliziyo kwalo mmangaliso babeke inkqubo umahluko le yenyama yokwaleka. Waye wabizwa ngokuba fiksizmom. Eli gama kwaba ngenxa yokuba yanakanwa indawo ngokusisigxina kuthelekiswa kwezona yokwaleka ye uthinte. Kodwa ke ngo-1960, emva kokuba kuvulwe inkqubo yehlabathi nasentshonalanga yoo-ocean ukuba nimrhawule emhlabeni aye kwezinye iindawo phezu kwelizwe, kwakukho ukubuyela hypothesis zenkulungwane yama-20. Noko ke, ithiyori ifumene ifom entsha. Zomhlaba iibhloko kuba hypothesis ehamba phambili kweli nesayensi dyondza isakhiwo planethi.

imithetho

Kwakugqitywa kwelokuba kwakukho amacwecwe amakhulu lithospheric. Inani labo lilinganiselwe. Kukho kwakhona iipleyiti lithospheric ezincinane Umhlaba. Imida phakathi kwabo ikhutshwa phandle amafu in yinyikima.

Amagama zivumelana iipleyiti lithospheric ilahlwe phezulu them kwimimandla yelizwekazi ulwandle. Iibhloko ukuba indawo enkulu, abangama-sixhenxe. Iipleyiti lithospheric inkulu - ukuba kuMzantsi nakuMntla Melika, Euro-Asia, Afrika, Antarctic, Pacific kunye Indo-Australia.

Amanqatha kwakudada phezu asthenosphere, nokuqina ezahlukeneyo nokoma. Amacandelo ngasentla - macwecwe ezinkulu lithospheric. Ukungqinelana kuluvo kwakucingwa ukuba amazwekazi benza indlela yazo ngaphesheya kolwandle. Kulo mzekelo, ukuhamba amacwecwe lithospheric lwaqhutywa phantsi kwempembelelo imikhosi ezingabonakaliyo. Izifundo lwabonisa ukuba amaqhuma ezidadayo nje ngezinto yokwaleka. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba icala yokuqala yazo nkqo. izinto ingubo liphuma phezulu phantsi kummango The Ridge. Kwatsho kwathi ladlulela omabini amacala. Ngako oko, kukho macwecwe ukungangqinelani lithospheric. Le modeli limele ezinzulwini zolwandle ibhanti yokuthutha omkhulu. Kuziwa kumphezulu kwiindawo elalikhona nasentshonalanga yoo-olwandle. Emva koko ezimela emingxunyeni anzulu elwandle.

Divergence iipleyiti lithospheric ukwandiswa Uxhokonxwa ubuxoki ocean. Nangona kunjalo, umthamo we-mhlaba, nangona lihlala rhoqo. Isibakala sokuba ukuzalwa uqweqwe omtsha uyahlawulwa kukufakwa yayo kwiindawo subduction (subduction) e imingxuma enzulu.

Kutheni intshukumo amacwecwe lithospheric?

Isizathu kukuba පිළිතුරු iimpendulo thermal izinto isiphuku emhlabeni. Le lithosfere ufakwa kwempixano nangokubona ngokuvela oko kwenzeka amasebe ukwenyuka uhuhamba convective. Oku kuphakamisa ukuhamba amacwecwe lithospheric ngesandla. Njengoko umgama ukusuka uqhekeko yee-ulwandle kwenzeka platform ngetywina. Inzima, umphezulu waso uvikivwa. Oku kucacisa ukwanda ezinzulwini yolwandle. Ngenxa yoko, eli qonga sokuvalwa imingxuma. Nge kwemali phezulu le damping ingubo eshushu ebanda ize iwe ukwenza amachibi azele neetyuwa.

zone eyenzeke ngayo amacwecwe lithospheric - oku yi ariya apho Uqweqwe kunye iqonga ziya zixinaniswe. Kulo mba, amandla lokuqala inyuswe. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba uqala i intshukumo lwaphezulu amacwecwe lithospheric. Oku kukhokelela ukuyilwa ezintabeni.

uphando

Uphononongo olwenziwe namhlanje ngokusetyenziswa kweendlela geodetic. Bacebise ukuba inkqubela ubukhulu neenkqubo. Ichongwe kummandla kwenzeke ingozi iipleyiti lithospheric. Isantya nokuphakanyiswa singaba ngemilimitha ezilishumi.

Tye iipleyiti ezinkulu lithospheric abhabhe kancinane ngokukhawuleza. Kulo mzekelo, isantya ungaba kuze iisentimitha ezilishumi apha ekuhambeni konyaka. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, eSt Petersburg uvukile-manzi ukwenzela ixesha lonke ikho. usingasiqithi yaseScandinavia - 250 m engama-25 000. izinto ingubo enambuzelayo kakhulu kancinci. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba nazo, mlilo kunye nezinye izenzakalo. Oku kubonisa ukuba izinto ezihamba amandla eliphezulu.

Ukusebenzisa isikhundla ziitectonic plates, abaphengululi uchaze iziganeko ezininzi zejoloji. Ngelo xesha ngexesha phando yafunyanwa inkulu kakhulu kunokuba kuqala wavela ekuqaleni ukuvela hypothesis, ukuntsonkotha lweenkqubo ezikhoyo kunye eqongeni.

zomhlaba Plate ayikwazanga ukuchaza utshintsho kwi ubunzulu deformation kunye nentshukumo, ubukho uthungelwano lwehlabathi okuzinzileyo iimpazamo ezinzulu kunye nezinye izenzakalo. Kwakhona kuhlala umbuzo evulekileyo malunga ekuqaleni ngembali isenzo. Iimpawu ngqo ngenkqubo ipleyiti-ziitectonic plates zaziwa ukususela kwixesha ongasekhoyo Proterozoic. Nangona kunjalo, inani abaphandi bayazi ukubonakaliswa labo Archean nasekuqaleni Proterozoic.

amathuba kwandisa uphando

Ukufika of Itomography zenyikima ebangele inguqulelo yale inzululwazi ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha. Ngeminyaka yoo-yee- zenkulungwane lokugqibela, geodynamics ezinzulu iye kwezithembiso intsha kunye nolwalathiso zonke inzululwazi ezikhoyo emhlabeni. Nangona kunjalo, imisebenzi emitsha eyenziwa usebenzisa kuphela Itomography seismic. Safika uncedo kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, ufaka mineralogy zovavanyo.

Ngenxa izixhobo ezitsha kwaba lula ukufunda ukuziphatha neemathiriyeli obushushu kunye noxinzelelo ehambelana ukuya kutsho kwi ezinzulwini yokwaleka. Kwakhona, isifundo basebenzisa iindlela Isotope geochemistry. Oku izifundo zesayensi, ingakumbi, intsalela isotopic lweziqalelo umkhondo, kwakunye iigesi amanene ekonookrwece ezahlukeneyo ezisentlabathini. Ngelo ukusebenza ngexesha elinye xa kuthelekiswa data eziwe. Geomagnetism isicelo iindlela apho iingcali uzama ukuba atyhile unobangela kwaye oluqhuba nezimo kwi lo mhlaba otsalayo.

yokudweba lwangoku

Hypothesis zomhlaba platform iyaqhubeka ukucacisa ngokwanelisayo inkqubo yophuhliso uqweqwe ezilwandle kwaye amazwekazi ubuncinane le minyaka billion emithathu edlulileyo. Ngelo xesha, kukho imilinganiselo satellite, ngokungqinelana ne eyaqinisekisa into yokuba engundoqo na ukuma amacwecwe lithospheric yomhlaba. Ngenxa yoko, umfanekiso othile kuvela.

Kwicandelo cross, kukho umhlaba ezintathu umaleko kakhulu esebenzayo. Umthamo nganye yazo ezimbalwa kwiikhilomitha ezilikhulu. Kuthathwa ukuba indima engundoqo kwi geodynamics zehlabathi siphathiswe phezu kwabo. Ngowe-1972, Morgan kuye kwangqineka ngokusesikweni hypothesis 1963. Wilson malunghana iingceba nokunyuka. Le mbono uchaza le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa ubutsalane intraplate. I zomhlaba plume ngenxa sekuba ngakumbi zithandwa kakhulu kwexesha.

geodynamics

Ngoncedo impefumlelwano neenkqubo kakuhle entsonkothileyo ukuba kwenzeka imentile kunye noqweqwe. Ukungqinelana le nto ichazwe Artyushkova emsebenzini wakhe "Geodinamika" njengomthombo wamandla kukho umahluko kweziyobisi omxhuzulane. Le nkqubo iqatshelwe yokwaleka asezantsi.

Emva kokuba namawa bahlukene amacandelo nzima (intsimbi, njalo njalo), ukuba eziqinileyo esilula. Iwela kernel. Indawo layer elula phantsi ezingazinzanga enzima. Kule meko, izinto lokwandisa buthathwa athile kwi iibhloko ezinkulu ngokwaneleyo, nto leyo siphuma kwiingcamba eliphezulu. Ubungakanani kwezi zakhiwo imalunga nekhulu neekhilomitha. Le nto yaba isiseko lokusekwa eliphezulu yokwaleka.

Umaleko esezantsi, mhlawumbi ibonisa into ephambili undifferentiated. Ngexesha Ukudaleka umhlaba ngenxa ingubo engaphantsi kukho ukukhula kunye nokwanda core eliphezulu. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba iibhloko bokukhanya izinto liphuma ngaphaya imiphantsi ingubo asezantsi. Bathi lobushushu mass liphezulu ngokwaneleyo. Ngaloo ndlela viscosity yehla kakhulu. Ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu lula kukhethwa isixa esikhulu yamandla ngexesha eqhineni kweziyobisi ukuya womxhuzulane kumgama omalunga 2000 km. Ekuhambeni yeentshukumo enjalo umjelo zokufudumeza kukho ubunzima wokukhanya onamandla. Ngokunxulumene nale nto Asikokungena yokwaleka, ukuba iqondo lobushushu sezingeni eliphezulu kunye nobunzima kakhulu ngaphantsi xa kuthelekiswa izinto ezisingqongileyo.

Ngenxa lexinene aphantsi izinto ezilula lingene maleko eliphezulu ukuya kubunzulu kweekhilomitha 100-200 okanye ngaphantsi. Xa inani uxinzelelo imenyu enyibilikisa ingongoma macandelo kwimfuyo. Emva kokuba kuphakanyiswa lokuqala lwenzeka kwi kwinqanaba lesibini "core-isiphuku". Kubunzulu nzulu izinto ukukhanya inyibilikiswa ngokuyinxenye. Ukwahlula eyabelwe into kunakuqala. Bona sokuvalwa zikhabane asezantsi ingubo eliphezulu. amacandelo lighter sazivelela, ngokulandelelana, hambisa phezulu.

Sakugcina ezintsokothileyo izinto yokwaleka ezinxulumene kunye nokunikezelwa inginginya ukuba Uxinaniso ezahlukeneyo ngenxa kwentlobo kuthiwa පිළිතුරු iimpendulo imichiza. Ukuphakamisa iingqimba zemiphunga livela rhoqo malunga 200 Ma apha. Ngelo xesha linye ukuqaliswa wementile eliphezulu abayibhiyozeli jikelele. Kule nwebu channel asezantsi zicwangciswe kumgama enkulu ngokwaneleyo enye kwenye (ayi amawaka aliqela).

iibhloko Ukuphakamisa

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, kuloo ndawo apho ukuqaliswa izihlwele ezikhulu ngezixhobo ukukhanya eshushu asthenosphere, ukunyibilika buso kunye kumahluko yayo. Kwimeko yokugqibela kukho ukhetho izakhi kunye nokunyuka zabo ezilandelayo. Bakhawuleza uwele asthenosphere. Akuba lithosfere ngesantya zawo. Kwezinye iindawo, le nto yakha Sisihloko ingubo anomalous. Kwenzeka ngokuqhelekileyo kwiingcamba engentla planethi.

ingubo anomalous

isakhiwo sayo elivumelana yokwaleka kweziyobisi malunga eqhelekileyo. Difference yokuzuza anomalous yi kwamaqondo obushushu aphezulu (ukuya ku 1300-1500 ° C) kwaye yehlise isantya ngelasitiki amaza longitudinal.

Ukufunyanwa into phantsi lithosfere ichukumisa kuvuselele isostatic. Ngenxa beqokelela ukuba iqondo lobushushu eliphezulu esingaqhelekanga onokuxinana ngaphantsi ingubo eqhelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, kukho viscosity encinane nokwakheka.

Xa inkqubo yokwamkelwa ukuya lithosfere ingubo anomalous kunokuba yagcwala ecaleni isiseko. Noko ke, oko lenkosikazi astenosphere kweziyobisi ashinyeneyo ngakumbi yaye ngaphantsi shushu. Xa uhambisa zemali esingaqhelekanga esikucelayo iindawo apho kuphela mgangatho ukhona kwimeko ephakamileyo (izabatha), kwaye ukuntywiliselwa ngokunzulu mmandla ngayo azithe macala. Ngenxa yoko, kwimeko yokuqala kukho kuvuselele isostatic. Ngaphezu kwimimandla iGqili le uthinte ihlala izinzile.

igcina

Inkqubo olupholisa imentile kunye umaleko eliphezulu ngumonzakalo ukuya kubunzulu malunga nekhulu km kade. Ngokwesiqhelo, kuthatha embalwa amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka. Ngoko nonuniformity babulingana nesandla le lithosfere ecacisa umahluko ubushushu tyaba, yiba inertia sezingeni eliphezulu. Xa kunjalo, ukuba umgibe ibekwe kude ukuhamba lwaphezulu awo ezingaqhelekanga ukujula, isixa esikhulu into entrained shushu kakhulu. Oku kukhokelela element iliwa kunokuba enkulu. Ngokwale zeesekethe bawa ephakeme epiplatform orogenesis aninasabelo kwimimandla lisongiwe.

Inkcazo yeenkqubo

Uvaleleke maleko anomalous ngexesha pholisa ufakwa ucinezelo leekhilomitha 1-2. Bark, kubekwe phezu phezulu, imiqadi. Emkhumbini kwakhiwa aqale yande imvula. namandla abo inegalelo gxwa phambili lithosfere. Ngenxa yoko, ubunzulu echibini kunokuba ukusuka-5 ukuya kwi-8 km. Ngelo xesha linye yokwaleka ngexesha ukugangatheka kwinxalenye esezantsi umaleko abangelwe kwi kwesikhoko ibonakala ematyeni kwisigaba inguqu eclogite garnet kunye granules. Ngenxa uphume obushushu anomalous kwenzeka izinto overlying yokwaleka zokufudumeza, lisibekele viscosity yayo. Kulo mba, kukho indawo okuthe zeqela obuqhelekileyo.

nokususwa oxwesileyo

Xa ekumisweni siyabakhuthaza kwingeniso ingubo anomalous malunga kuqweqwe kumazwekazi kunye neelwandle kukunyuka amandla amandla agcinwe kwiingcamba engentla planethi. Ukuseta ngokutsha kwezinto kwemfuneko zithande ukuba ziye emacaleni. Ngenxa yoko, ntshikilelo ezongezelelweyo kwabafundi. Bathi bona iintlobo ezahlukeneyo sesindululo imbasa kunye amaxolo.

Ukukhula kolwandle kunye nokuqubha amazwekazi zisisiphumo ukwanda ngaxeshanye nakummango kunye wayetshona kweqonga yokwaleka. Ifunyanwa phantsi ubunzima elikhulu into anomalous shushu kakhulu kuqala. Kwinxalenye oluthi nevuthisayo ezi nasentshonalanga kubekwe ngqo ngaphantsi noqweqwe. Lithosfere apha has a asezantsi kakhulu amandla. Ingubo ezingahambi apho kuthe kwaqhenqetha kakhulu isahlulo xinzelelo - macala omabini evela ephakeme. Ngelo xesha linye kulula ngokwaneleyo waphula uqweqwe ulwandle. A emqhokrweni izele basaltic daka. Yena, ke, elityeni ukusuka ingubo anomalous. Xa inkqubo Ukuqinisa iziqina wambumba uqweqwe entsha yolwandle. Oku kwenzeka floor ekusasazeni.

inkqubo Iimpawu

Phantsi lwamawa median ingubo anomalous kuye kubekho viscosity ngenxa lobushushu ephakamileyo. Ubuncwane ekwaziyo yagcwala. Malunga nalo umgangatho onabileyo kwenzeka ukunyuka rate. Sibe viscosity low une astenosphere yolwandle.

Basic iipleyiti lithospheric koMhlaba babhabha kwi kummango kwisiza emanzini. Ukuba ezi ndawo kulwandle enye, inkqubo ithatha indawo ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu. Oku kunjalo namhlanje ngenxa wePasifiki. Ukuba umgangatho ukusasazeka kunye ediphini kwenzeka kwiindawo ezahlukileyo, nto ibekwe phakathi kokushenxa lizwekazi ngendlela apho emseleni. Phantsi amazwekazi astenosphere viscosity ngaphezulu ngaphantsi kolwandle. Ngenxa ivuse ziyenzeka kubonakala ukuxhathisa elibalulekileyo intshukumo. Oku kunciphisa umyinge apho ukwandiswa ezantsi kwenzeka, ukuba akukho mbuyekezo yokwaleka emanzini kwindawo enye. Ngenxa yoko, ukukhula kwi-Pacific Ocean ngokukhawuleza kunokuba kwi Atlantic.