I ingubo yokwaleka ye-Earth: ekwakhiweni, ubushushu, olunomdla

Yokwaleka ye-Umhlaba - inxalenye geosphere, ibekwe phakathi Uqweqwe kunye engundoqo. Kuyinto inani elikhulu bonke ubuncwane emhlabeni. Isifundo wementile ayibalulekanga kuphela ngokwemigaqo ukuqonda isakhiwo yangaphakathi Umhlaba. Kusenokuba zisikhanyisele ukuyilwa emhlabeni, ukunika ukufikelela neentlobo ezinqabileyo kunye nemixube, ukunceda ukuba baqonde indlela neenyikima ukuhamba amacwecwe lithospheric. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi malunga nokuqulunqwa kunye neempawu wementile akuyondlwan 'iyanetha. Ukubaqhelisa nje nzulu logama nje abantu andazi ukuba njani. Yokwaleka ye-Umhlaba ngoku ubukhulu becala bafunda kusetyenziswa amaza wenyikima. Kwakhona yi Ukulinganisa elabhoratri.

Ubume bale Earth: yokwaleka, core kunye uqweqwe

Ngokutsho concepts mihla, isakhiwo engaphakathi iplanethi yethu yahlulwe maleko eziliqela. Top - a sihlahla, emva koko walala imentile kunye ezingundoqo Umhlaba. Izivalo - a iqokobhe nzima, nto leyo liyohluleka ngo yolwandle nezelizwekazi. Ingubo Umhlaba yahlukanisiwe ukusuka ngayo ekuthiwa-womda Mohorovicic (igama ngezakhi Croatian, elathi laseka indawo yayo), nto leyo zibandakanya ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kwi uqina longitudinal Amaza wenyikima.

I ingubo imalunga 67% of mass-langa. Ngokutsho data yakutshanje, oko lungohlulwa lube iileya ezimbini: phezulu nasezantsi. Lo maleko wokuqala uyazimela njengoko Golicyna okanye ingubo enkulu lesibini, nto leyo ummandla inguqu ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi. Ngokubanzi, nengubo enkulu isusela-30 ukuya 2900 kubunzulu km.

Undoqo umhlaba, xa kuvezwe abahlaziya, iquka ikakhulu aluminiyamu yentsimbi-nickel. Kwakhona yahlulwe iinxalenye ezimbini. Umbilini ongaphakathi - into eqinileyo, radius yayo kuqikelelwa kwi km 1,300. Wangaphandle - ulwelo oyi-2200 km. Phakathi kwezi iinxalenye lommandla inguqu ayinabantu.

lithosfere

Uqweqwe kunye ingubo yokwaleka ye Umhlaba edityanisiweyo "lithosfere" ingqiqo. Le iqokobhe nzima, nto leyo eye indawo oluzinzileyo nangaphandle. Iqokobhe eziprintiweyo planethi iqulathe ziitectonic plates, ezo ebekumele ukuba sihambise ngawo asthenosphere - ncam umaleko zeplastiki kungenzeka ukuba ulwelo viscous kunye shushu kakhulu. Yinxenye ingubo eliphezulu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ubukho asthenosphere njengoko kwiqokobhe eqhubekayo viscous ayixhaswa yi kwizifundo obuphethelene. Isifundo lwesakhiwo-langa kwenza kube lula ukwabela ezinye ezi zoleko ezibekwe nkqo. Kwicala tyaba le asthenosphere, kuyabonakala ukuba, ukuba uhlala kuphazanyiswa.

Iindlela ingubo ukufunda

Lo maleko ukuba andixoki ngezantsi uthinte, yomkhondo ukufunda. Kubunzulu elikhulu, ukwanda rhoqo kwamaqondo obushushu kunye nokwanda konga yingxaki enkulu ingcaciso malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenqaku loVAVANYO imentile kunye engundoqo. Noko ke, isakhiwo yangoku umhlaba Kusengenzeka. Xa ufunda le mithombo iphambili yolwazi babe data ingubo yesimo sehlabathi. Le Velocity of andise kwamaza wenyikima, ingakumbi Unikezelo lombane nondiliseko kuvumela izazinzulu ukwenza uqikelelo malunga nokuqulunqwa kunye nezinye iimpawu kweemaleko izisekelo.

Ngaphezu koko, ezinye iinkcukacha zingafumaneka igneous namaqhekeza rock yokwaleka. Le yokugqibela ziquka iidayimani ukuba abe eninzi ukuxelela noba malunga ingubo asezantsi. rocks ingubo eyafunyanwa kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. nokufunda kunceda ukuqonda ukwakhiwa ingubo. Noko ke, abanako indawo iisampuli ezithathwe ngqo kwi maleko anzongonzongo ngenxa yeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ibakho amaxolo, ukwakhiwa kwawo yahlukile ingubo.

Yokwaleka ye-Umhlaba: nokwakheka

Omnye umthombo inkcazelo malunga nokuba siyintoni na yokwaleka - awe esibhakabhakeni. Ngokutsho concepts mihla, chondrites (ezivame kakhulu liqela kwihlabathi of awe esibhakabhakeni) kumafa efana yokwaleka komhlaba. Kuthathwa ukuba iqulethe izinto zikwimeko eqinileyo okanye zifakwe kwi-ezimbaxa siqinile inkqubo planethi Ukwakheka. silicon sibaphatha, intsimbi, nemagnesium, ioksijini, kunye nabanye. I ingubo bona yokudibanisa kunye dust ukwenza silicates. Xa umaleko ongaphezulu ibekwe silicates wemagniziyam, kunye ubunzulu olwandayo mali silicate yentsimbi. I ingubo yokubola esezantsi ezi zihlanganisi kwi oxide (Sio _2, MgO, feo).

Umdla ingakumbi iingcali zenzululwazi iintlobo ukuba ayifumaneki kwi kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Kulindeleke ukuba iikhompawundi ezifana kwi yokwaleka (grospydites, Carbonatites njl) lukhulu.

amaqela

Makhe zihlale phezu ubude esicwangciswe ingubo. Ngokutsho iinkolelo izazinzulu, encotsheni esilulutho uluhlu malunga nama-30 ukuya kuma-400 km ukusuka kumphezulu womhlaba. Elilandelayo ummandla lenguqu, leyo ubuyela enye km 250. maleko Okulandelayo - emazantsi. umda walo sise kubunzulu omalunga 2.900 km kwaye banxibelelane engundoqo olungaphandle planethi.

Pressure lobushushu

Ngenxa phambili nzulu emhlabeni, ubushushu. Ingubo Umhlaba iphantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu. Xa astenosphere zinkulu kakhulu ifuthe kwindawo lobushushu, iyeza ngoko apha ngaphakathi kurhulumente ekuthiwa-amorphous okanye eziphantse-otyhidiweyo. Kunzulu bephantsi kocinezeleko kuye kwafumaniseka okuqinileyo.

Uphando neyokwaleka Moho

ingubo Umhlaba kukaThixo haunted zizazinzulu kangangethuba ixesha elide. Xa kwiilebhu zeengxondorha, mhlawumbe amalungu umphantsi nomphezulu zikhabane imifuniselo ukuqonda ubume kunye neempawu wementile olwenziwe. Ngokomzekelo, izazinzulu Japanese baye bafumanisa ukuba umaleko esezantsi iqulethe isixa esikhulu lesilicon. I ingubo top amalungiselelo imithombo yamanzi. Kuphuma kolu qweqwe lomhlaba, kwaye wayofika kumphezulu apha.

Of umdla ethile kuba Moho, uhlobo apho kungacacanga kude kube sekupheleni. uphando obuphethelene lubonisa ukuba km 410 ngaphantsi utshintsho ocacisiweyo esibonakaliswa kukunyuka okukhwankqisayo kwi ngesantya lwamaza andise ukwenzeka nemetamorphic (zibe ashinyeneyo ngakumbi),. Kuthathwa ukuba emaweni basaltic kufuphi Moho similise eclogite. Ngenxa yoko kukho ukwanda nge-30% kwi-mninzi yokwaleka. Kukho olunye uhlobo, njengoko apho isizathu sokuba kutshintshwe uqina kwamaza wenyikima lelokuba kutshintshwe nokwakheka zeengxondorha.

chikyū

Ngowe-2005, inqanawa ngokukodwa axhotyiswe Chikyu yakhiwa eJapan. umsebenzi Wakhe - ukwenza kakuhle irekhodi-nzulu phaya emazantsi Pacific Ocean. Izazinzulu lubonisa ukuba athathe iisampuli nasemaweni ingubo eliphezulu kwaye Moho, ukufumana iimpendulo kwimibuzo emininzi enxulumene isakhiwo planethi. Le projekthi ezicwangciselwe 2020.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izazinzulu ziye nje gu ingqalelo yabo ngokukodwa kwizibonelelo kwezimbiwa yolwandle. Ngokutsho izifundo, Ebubanzini ngumonzakalo komile kuba ngaphantsi kakhulu kumazwekazi. Umahluko kukuba ebalulekileyo; kuyimfuneko ukuba boyise phantsi ikholam wamanzi olwandle lolu daka kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo km-5 kuphela kude, ngoxa lizwe, eli nani ukunyuka ukuya km 30.

Ngoku inqanawa sele usebenza: Iisampula beentanda amalahle enzonzobila. Ukuphunyezwa kwale njongo iphambili yale projekthi iza kuvumela ukuqonda ingubo komhlaba, apho izinto kunye iziqalelo zenza ummandla lenguqu, kwakunye ngokufumanisa komda omncinci kokusasazeka ukuphila emhlabeni.

ukuqonda kwethu ukuba isakhiwo Umhlaba ukude emile epheleleyo. Isizathu - ubunzima elalana ezinzulwini. Noko ke, inkqubela zeteknoloji na ukuma. impumelelo lwezenzululwazi lubonisa ukuba kwixa elizayo siya kwazi malunga iimpawu ingubo enkulu kakhulu ngakumbi.