Petrified iinkuni: iimpawu kunye nezicelo

iinkuni Petrified - izinto akhutshwa imithi ikhula kwi neminyaka edlulileyo zejoloji. Loo "yokufuna" onokumxelela lukhulu. Ngenxa ubudala imithi, ngoncedo lwabo kunokwenzeka ukuba uphi na nasekusungulweni uhlobo oluthile kwezityalo zemithi, funda ngexesha lokukhula kwabo imozulu eminyaka edlulileyo.

Njengoko inkqubo zemithi uvalo

ubutyobo enemithi ukuba kutshabalala, ke processed Cya phantsi kweemeko zendalo. Oku kwenzeka kwimeko yokufikelela air free. Kodwa kwezinye iimeko, imithi abafileyo zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo. Oku kwenzeka xa wangcwatyelwa phantsi neetyuwa (ash mlilo, landslides, zekhephu, gquma glacial, njalo-njalo), Ukuthintela ukuhamba oksijini. Amaplanga eliphuma okhohlisayo, yaye ekuhambeni kwexesha ngenxa yokuba kufakwe iifosili izimbiwa into ephilayo. Iimpawu ezibonakalayo komthi kutshintshwe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye iba material ashinyeneyo kakhulu ixesha elide.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, organic iinkuni izicwili luthathelwa izimbiwa, dust (umthi silicified). Ngokomthetho lelona yihakinto, yikalikedo okanye zwi. iifosili ezinjalo sigcina isakhiwo yokwakheka-yeharim. Ngokuqhelekileyo, unako ukufumana-ebizwa ngokuba marbleized iinkuni, ikakhulu indawo izimbiwa ezo dolomite, calcite okanye siderite. Ukongeza, izinto ngokubuyisela kunokuba gypsum, barite, jet njalo njalo. Kukho ngaphezu kwama-60 izimbiwa ababandakanyekayo ukwakheka kweentsalela enemithi.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo zomthi uvalo

Wokumbiwa iphawulwa eglasini okanye ayenechaphothi, anencindi, ukwaphulwa conchoidal, ukungabikho cleavage. Yobulukhuni kweenkuni lukhuni, kuxhomekeke substituent kwezimbiwa na iintlobo-4 ukuya 6 on the Mohs isikali. Omnye Ungayifumana isarha usike kwiziqephu ezahlukileyo kakhulu kubume kunye nombala.

langoku Ngenxa kwi neetyuwa okanye ubumdaka emanzini Petrified eziphathekayo inokuba ezahlukahlukeneyo imibala. Ngenxa yoko, le carbon unika umthi a black umbala; iron oxide - ebomvu, emthubi okanye emdaka; copper, chromium kunye ayibe - aluhlaza okanye eluhlaza; Manganese - orenji okanye pink; manganese oksayidi - emnyama okanye omthubi.

Phakathi imithi iifosili inokufumaneka, kunye Conifers kunye hardwoods. Conifers ziquka ukuxubana of inclusions yegolide evuthiweyo.

ukwahluka textural

Wood uye ukuxubana, unokuba texture eyahlukileyo. Isizathu soku ezininzi izinto. Makhe siqwalasele uhlobo textural iinkuni uvalo ezikhoyo, kwakunye ngenxa leyo kwasekwa.

iifosili eyohlobo olulodwa

Ziquka zezinto luphawulwa isakhiwo efanayo kakhulu nge eyahlukileyo umbala. Stone kubonakala ngokucacileyo ucando ngenxa ukwahlula phakathi umbala amakhonkco umthi, kodwa kuphela xa kukho imigca ukuba imiqathango. Ummeli ezaziwayo-kakuhle eli qela zamathambo umthi yihakinto ekuthiwa, obonisa umbala ukukhanya kakhulu (inokuba phantse abamhlophe) kunye noovimba ngokuqhelekileyo isakhiwo lwabo lokuqala.

iinkuni Petrified: lens texture

Le ukwakheka senzeka kwinkqubo yokuzalisa iiseli ezinkulu pores zomthi yikalikedo, lube yihakinto nesinyithi hydroxides. Ezi lens luphawulwa ejongisele yomgama. Kwezinye iimeko yena, wagxininisa hayidroksayidi intsimbi, ukuphuhlisa kunye imigca efanayo.

imithi enemibala

Yeyona hlobo luqhelekileyo iinkuni uvalo. Lubonakala yihakinto-yikalikedo Ukwakhiwa kunye admixture enkulu hydroxides yentsimbi. Umlinganiselo kula amathathu iyaguquguquka, yaye oku kuchaza imibala nezinala akulingani yokwakheka wezimbiwa. Maxa wambi zokubona ezibangelwa ezingcwele iinkuni, eyakube ithatha indawo yikalikedo, ukugcina imilo iseli kwisiqalo kunobukhulu yihakinto. Loo kombala ezendeleyo ilitye, kuquka lineentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo mdaka.

Concentrically esisikelwe iinkuni uvalo

Ngokuba izinto luphawulwa alternation of yihakinto okanye yikalikedo, bands lube yihakinto concentric ukuba imibala eyahlukileyo. Ngelo xesha linye zigxininisa umzekelo amakhonkco zonyaka umthi in cross-candelo. icandelo Longitudinal uba yomgama texture ibhendi obubonakaliswa kakhulu ngokucacileyo.

Gagatovidnoe petrification

Le iinkuni uvalo iye carbon-carbon-yihakinto okanye ukwakhiwa carbonate. Imigca amakhonkco yonyaka ichazwe ngokucacileyo kwaye zenze concentric (sites lihlangana concentric) ipateni. Ngokutsho iimpawu zokuhombisa beenkuni abamnyama uvalo uthelekiswa jade emnyama okanye gagate.

Uphi na iifosili zemithi

Amaninzi imithi uvalo afumaneka kwiindawo apho kwakukho mlilo. Indawo edume Ekufunyanisweni kwalo izinto ekhethekileyo - babizwa ngokuba "Petrified Forest", ibekwe kwiphondo Arizona kwaye yenye iipaki zesizwe eUnited States (ukusukela-1962). Ubude iintolo lukhuni ufikelela 65 m, ububanzi - 3 m.

Kukho kwakhona amanye iidipozithi zomthi uvalo, apho zifumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Emahlathini idumileyo ezinkulu isikali yefosili ibekwe Argentina, Brazil, Belgium, Greece, Canada, India, New Zealand, eRashiya, eUkraine, Czech Republic, Georgia, eArmenia, kunye nabanye. Kwiindawo ezininzi iipaki zesizwe okanye ezikhumbuzo yendalo.

Izicelo iinkuni uvalo

iinkuni Petrified - ilitye ukususela kumaxesha amandulo esetyenziswa njenge ekrwada lokuvelisa ubucwebe eziphathekayo. Imfuneko kuzo ihlala phezulu kunye langoku. Eli litye zokuhombisa iphathwa kakuhle kakhulu. Uthe wagawulwa kakuhle, emhlabeni egudisiweyo, ngenxa yokuba ukufumana uhlobo ayenechaphothi yiglasi. Xa liqhube iinkuni ulahlekelwa ukuguda noburhabaxa yayo.

Iintlobo iinkuni uvalo ukuba ipateni ocoliweyo nokuchasanisa kusetyenziswa Manufacturing ifaka kanye naphakathi nezacholo, ezifana umzekelo namaso, izacholo njalo njalo. Ingakumbi ezixabisekileyo Sililitye zokuhombisa amakhonkco imigca angafani ngonyaka. Ekwenziweni izacholo iisampuli ezinjalo amaninzi zidityaniswa amatye anqabileyo, amatye nezinye kunye negilasi.

Kwakhona, imithi uvalo isetyenziswa kwimveliso njengezikhumbuzo ezahlukeneyo izinto yomhombiso elingaphakathi. Kusenokuba iintlanti, kunuka, zitsha, iibhokisi, ezishelfini, imiphezulu yeetafile kunye nangaphezulu. Kuba nokuveliswa amanqaku rhoqo basebenzisa kunye ngaphantsi alifani lommandla nokuba nezinala okanye striated krupnopyatnisty umzobo. Stone uxatyiswa kakhulu zobuciko, unikwe ukuba ubudala zemithi kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukhuni uvalo ithathwa umbandela uye iipropati ezikhethekileyo amayeza. Inceda umntu ukumelana noxinezeleko kunye deal with noxinezeleko, landisa ukomelela umzimba, inqanda zizifo kunye nokwenzakala. Ngokutsho amayeza emveli, kufa eyenziwe ngomthi uvalo, unako ukuthomalalisa iintlungu. Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka nje ukuba isicelo kwi ndawo obuhlungu. Iyeza Mongolian ukususela kumaxesha amandulo samathambo izifo ezifanayo amalungu isicelo iinkuni uvalo (ngokohlobo amacwecwe) ukusuka Gobi Desert.