Yintoni na le embindini Umhlaba?

Le ndoda ingumnini wefowuni yakwazi ukufumana kuzo zonke iikona iplanethi yethu. Waphumelela ilizwe, eziphaphazelayo emoyeni zisihla ukuya emazantsi olwandle. Yena wakwazi ukuba kungena kunye nomhlaba enyangeni. Kodwa akukho namnye unako ukufumana ukuya ndoqo iplanethi yethu.

Iimfihlelo zehlabathi

Thina babengamele ukusondela. Eli liziko iplanethi yethu kumgama ozikilometa eziyi-6000 ukusuka kumphezulu womhlaba, yaye inxalenye olungaphandle olungundoqo 3000 km lingaphantsi namnye uhleliyo. Umngxuma sinzulu ukuba oye wakwazi ukwenza umntu imi kummandla Russia, kodwa oya phantsi ayi ezithile 12.3.

Zonke iziganeko ezibalulekileyo kakhulu ezweni kwenzeka kufutshane kumphezulu. Le udaka ukuba edubulayo mlilo, uyangena olulwelo kubunzulu kweekhilomitha amakhulu aliqela. Nkqu iidayimani, ukuze kwakhiwe kufuneka ibe ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo, zakheka kubunzulu kweekhilomitha ezili-500.

Yonke into emazantsi, ligutyungelwe imfihlakalo. Yaye kubonakala bengasiqondi. Ukanti siyazi ngokumangalisayo ezininzi ezingundoqo komhlaba. Oosonzululwazi baze iimbono malunga kwenzeke njani kwezigidi ukubunjwa zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Kwaye konke oku ngaphandle sihlahla emzimbeni. Kodwa kwafunyaniswa njani?

Earth mass

Indlela elungileyo - kukucinga malunga ubunzima, nto leyo Umhlaba. Sinako ukuqikelela ubunzima iplanethi yethu ngokondela impembelelo yayo omxhuzulane phezu izinto eziphezu. Kubonakala ukuba ubunzima Umhlaba ngu-5.9 ngeebhiliyon iitoni. Le nombolo 59 ilandelwa ngu zero-20. Kwaye akukho nto ebonisa ukuba phezu kukho nantoni na omkhulu kangaka.

Ukuxinana kwezi izinto kumphezulu koMhlaba usezantsi kakhulu ingxinano planethi. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngaphakathi yinto kunye ezixineneyo aphezulu kakhulu.

Ngaphezu koko, inkoliso ubunzima komhlaba kufuneka zibekwe ukuya embindini walo. Ngoko ke, inyathelo elilandelayo kukuba phambili uku bana phandle enzima ibe ezingundoqo yayo.

Ukwakheka komhlaba core

Izazinzulu lubonisa ukuba undoqo Umhlaba phantse ngokuqinisekileyo yabhalwa yentsimbi. Kukholelwa ukuba isixa-mali ukuya kutsho kuma-80%, nangona eli nani ngqo Kusekho nesihloko sengxoxo.

Eyona ubungqina boku - isixa esikhulu yentsimbi kwindalo iphela. Lo ngomnye weyona milenze ibaluleke intabalala ezilishumi kumnyele wethu, kwaye isoloko ifumaneka awe esibhakabhakeni. Xa sijonge le mali yayo, yesinyithi ngaphantsi komhlaba na anqabe kakhulu ukuba kulindeleke. Ngoko ke, kukho inkolelo yokuba xa kukho inkqubo lokusekwa Umhlaba kwiminyaka 4.5 billion eyadlulayo, uninzi intsimbi yaba ukwakhiwa ngumongo.

Kungenxa yoko le nto olungundoqo kwindawo engundoqo ye ubunzima planethi, kwaye uninzi intsimbi naye kuyo. Iron yinto efunekayo eshinyeneyo ngokwentelekiso ngokwendalo kuthi, kwaye phantsi koxinzelelo onzima embindini Umhlaba, ine- mninzi eliphezulu. Ngoko ke, umongo bentsimbi akhawunti ntoni konke oku bachukumise kumphezulu ubunzima. Kodwa ke umbuzo. Njani na ukuba uninzi intsimbi buzinze nucleus?

Iimfihlelo ukwakha ongundoqo umhlaba

Iron ngandlela ithile ngokoqobo eziphumela ukuya kumbindi womhlaba. Yaye asiyi kuba kwaoko lula ukuqonda ukuba kwenzeka njani oku.

Uninzi ubunzima eliseleyo Umhlaba wenziwe amatye, ekuthiwa silicates, nesinyithi otyhidiweyo uzama ukuya kuwo. Ngokufanayo, njengoko amanzi okwaziyo zokubumba amathontsi phezu olunamafutha besinyithi buthathwa kwamatanki ezincinane, apho kwakhona isasazwe okanye ziphele.

Ngo-2013, izazinzulu eStanford University e California (USA) wafumana isisombululo kunokwenzeka. Babefuna ukwazi ukuba kwenzeka ntoni xa nentsimbi kunye silicates zixhomekeke nzima, njengoko kwakunjalo kanye embindini Yomhlaba. Izazinzulu bakwazi ukwenza intsimbi etyhidiweyo, ukuba kugqitha silicate, ukudala kontanga ngedayimani. Enyanisweni, uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwegazi liyitshintshe intsebenziswano zentsimbi kunye silicates. Xa iingcinezelo eliphezulu wavelisa womnatha otyhidiweyo. Ngaloo ndlela, siya kuthathwa ngokuthi phezu ezigidi zeminyaka, ngokuthe ngcembe ukubuyisela isinyithi ukutyhubela ezingxondorheni ude ufike engundoqo.

ubungakanani ngumongo

Mhlawumbi, uya kumangaliswa kukufumanisa ukuba indlela izazinzulu ezaziwayo izilinganiso ngumongo. Yintoni eyenza bacinge ukuba kubekwe kubunzulu kweekhilomitha ezili-3000 ukusuka kumphezulu. Impendulo siyifumana ngezakhi.

Kwimeko apho kukho amaza inyikima kukothuka usolule ehlabathini. Wezazi abhale la ukuhla. Kunjalo ke ukuba ndibethwe kwelinye icala iplanethi isando omkhulu, yaye kwelinye icala ukuphulaphula ingxolo eyenziwe.

I eninzi data sifunyenwe ngexesha yenyikima eChile, owenzeka ngo-1960. Zonke izikhululo obuphethelene ehlabathini bakwazi ukubhala umothuko wamva yale kwenyikima. Kuxhomekeka ulwalathiso thabatha ezi intlokoma, baya kugqitha iinxalenye ezahlukeneyo Umhlaba, kwaye ichaphazela indlela 'isandi "kwezinye iindawo emhlabeni.

Ekuqaleni imbali ngezakhi, kwaye kwacaca ukuba amanye ukuhla balahlekile. Kwakulindeleke ukuba ekuthiwa-S-ngumtshangatshangiso iya kuba kwelinye icala emhlabeni, kodwa oku akuzange kwenzeke. Isizathu soku yayilula. S-Amaza kuboniswa ngalo kwezinto eziqinileyo kuphela, awaba nako oku ukwenza ngokusebenzisa ulwelo. Ngenxa yoko, kwafuneka ukuba aye ngento ukunyibilikiswa kumbindi womhlaba. Ukuphanda indlela S-amaza baye bafumanisa ukuba unelitye eliqine uba ulwelo kumgama 3000 km ngezantsi. Oku wacebisa ukuba undoqo Umhlaba isakhiwo ulwelo. Kodwa wezazi elindele esinye isabelo.

Ubume ezingundoqo komhlaba

Ngowe-1930 seismologist Danish Inge Lehmann wath ukuba olunye uhlobo kwamaza, ekuthiwa P-Amaza kudlula umbilini ongaphakathi, kwaye zafunyanwa kwelinye icala planethi. Ngoko ke oosonzululwazi baye kwisigqibo sokuba olungundoqo wahlulwe ngomaleko ezimbini. Umbilini ongaphakathi, oqalisa kubunzulu omalunga 5000 km ukusuka kumphezulu, enyanisweni, into eqinileyo. Kodwa inyaniso lwangaphandle sikarhulumente engamanzi. Lo mbono waqinisekiswa ngowe-1970, xa seismographs olubuthathaka kakhulu wafumanisa ukuba P-amaza ababenokuyidlulisela ngokwenene ngenxa kernel, kwaye kwezinye iimeko aphambuke kuyo kwi-engile. Kakade ke, kwakusafuneka yeviwa kwelinye icala planethi.