Pechersky Ascension Monastery e Nizhny Novgorod

Ngomhla eweni ye iVolga, neekhilomitha ezintathu ukusuka ezindongeni Nizhny Novgorod yesicelo i Ascension Caves Monastery, njengoko endala njengezo amavo kunye namabali ukuba ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ukuba abe isimbonono ezinamandla emlanjeni omkhulu Russian. izinto ezininzi igcinwe amangcwaba eMonastri yamangcwaba ubudala, yaye uninzi iziganeko yamandulo ulaziyo agcinwe ingxelo ngayo. Ivula nathi shagnom ihlabathi elimangalisayo le abanemvume Russian.

Caves ithe ngasechwebeni iVolga

esekhona yembali kwakusazeka ukuba kwi eko kwinkulungwane XIV weza kula mazwe neemonki Kiev-Pechersk eMonastri, waba phakathi imonki oselula anoDiyonisiyo, emva kokuqalisa lwakhe ngovuyo lamiselwa. Khetha indawo ekulungeleyo, ibekwe ngomlambo osuka Nizhny Novgorod, ukuba kumqolomba efosili entabeni, wahlala kuzo, bachitha iintsuku zabo umthandazo kunye nokuzila ukudla.

Ukulandela umzekelo abaphila enkulu elidlulileyo, anoDiyonisiyo ibisekelwe elunxwemeni iVolga wahlala, amalungiselelo kumgaqo lobomi eqhelekileyo, oko kukuthi, "ubomi jikelele." Olu hlobo elibizwa Kin. Yaba uhlobo Thethani emishini, ubonelela kusilela ngokupheleleyo neemonki le impahla yakhe, ubunini edibeneyo wepropati weemonki kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokulinganayo kwabo bonke, nokuba isimo, imisebenzi. Ekukholelwa ukuba Pechersky Ascension Monastery yasekwa ngo-1330.

Ubutsha of St anoDiyonisiyo

Malunga esakhula anoDiyonisiyo walondoloza inkcazelo encinane kakhulu. Amaxwebhu we woonongendi yaziwa kuphela ukuba wazalwa ngo-1300 kufuphi eKiev, kwaye elubhaptizweni engcwele igama uDavide. Esemncinane inkwenkwe ebendikhuphisana nayo kwi Kiev-Pechersk eMonastri, apho bafunda ukufunda nokubhala, ndisolulela iminyaka abaqolileyo, waye tonsured kunye igama anoDiyonisiyo waza wamiselwa ebubingelelini. Ukusuka apho ke, wacela intsikelelo umphathi, wahamba iimonki ezimbalwa iVolga ezweni elikude.

Qala zolwakhiwo weemonki

Amarhe malunga ngokuthobeka kwentliziyo ka lendela kunye nesikhokelo yabo yokomoya ngokukhawuleza, linwenwe kulo ekuhlaleni, yaye ukuya emqolombeni phezu eweni ye iVolga Yaqala ukufika ezininzi abantu bavame ngokuphila emishini. wamkelekile bahlale kwizisele yodongwe, nto leyo ekugqibeleni kufuneka ukulungiselela bonke ukubenza. Ukongeza, amandla abaphila ezimbalwa kuphela abahlala emiqolombeni kuxinana kunye ezifumileyo kwaba. Ukwala kwakhona ezayo abafuna, ngenye ezintabeni kwemiqhele baqalisa ukwakha iiseli ngomthi kunye nezinye izakhiwo emishini, ngolokuqala apho ibandla Ascension kaNdikhoyo.

Ukususela kulo ibandla lokuqala ngamaplanga, wabanika igama - Ascension Monastery of the Caves. Igama elithi "Pechersk" livela "pechera 'Russian bamandulo, oko kukuthi," Irholo. " Kulo yalondolozwa inkumbulo emiqolombeni, iifosili iimonki yokuqala ematyeni ashinyeneyo calcareous ye iVolga elunxwemeni.

I umphathi wokuqala woonongendi

AnoDiyonisiyo wonyulwa umphathi wokuqala woonongendi yasekwa nguye. Xa Ngokomzekelo, yena besoma watyala imithetho bazalwana ephezulu yokuhlonela, nangokuthobeka kwentliziyo lokwenyaniso emishini. Emibini emanyeneyo yabafundi bakhe - uEfrayim kunye Macarius - kamva waliseka yoonongendi ezitsha yaye lamiselwa.

uqulukubhode zokomoya yakhe ephakamileyo anoDiyonisiyo kwamenza nje uthando yabazalwana bakhe, kodwa babeke abantu, baba zizityebi kakhulu kwaye nempembelelo abantu eniphakathi - izidwangube neendwalutho grand. Ukutyelela Pechersky Ascension Monastery, benza igalelo ngesisa, sibonga ngalo wazuza ngamandla ize yandiswe.

Kukholelwa ukuba kubomi belizwe Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod, St anoDiyonisiyo wadlala indima efanayo naleyo St Sergiy Radonezhsky eMoscow. Kanye njengokuba umzalwana wakhe okukhulu kuKristu, yaye yaba converter obungqongqo kunye zonqulo ezibalaseleyo. Ngenxa yemigudu yakhe yenkuthalo Nizhny Novgorod Pechersky Ascension Monastery waba iziko lobomi ngokomoya kuphela sixeko kodwa mmandla elikhulu.

Esitulweni Episcopal

Ngowe-1374, ubomi Archimandrite Dionysios yaba sisiganeko esikhulu - ummiselo Metropolitan of Moscow Alexy yaphakanyiswa ukuya kutsho kwisikhundla Bishop of Suzdal, elawula kunye Nizhny Novgorod. Ukususela ngoko indawo yakhe ise kummandla we Nizhny Novgorod yesicelo. Nangona indawo ephakamileyo efana kunye nexesha egqithiseleyo, saint zange ashiye ngaphandle yokuhlala esekelwe ingqalelo. Yintsikelelo anoDiyonisiyo inxaxheba eMonastri seal lakhe ngqo Lawrence wadalwa Chronicle yamandulo, waya ezantsi imbali "Lavrentievskaya Chronicle" yaye ithetha kumzabalazo wokulwa edyokhweni mkhosi.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba bonwabile kunye ongayakhanga Pechersky Ascension Monastery e Nizhny Novgorod ngokuphindaphindiweyo ekucaca ukuba zonakalise utshaba. Kukho ubungqina bokuba ngo-1378 no-1379, yena limisiwe kwaye itshiswe yi nangezinto. Bebonke isiphelo sinye obunjani ngo-1550, kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambi kokuba Ivan Grozny wathabatha Kazan yaye ngaloo ndlela buziphelise ukuhlasela igazi labo.

Iimeko ukufa Bishop anoDiyonisiyo yinto ebuhlungu kakhulu. Ngowe-1384 yena watyelela Byzantium, apho uMphathi baseConstantinople yaphakanyiswa ukuya kutsho kwisikhundla Metropolitan of All Russia, wawabekayo kuye entloko yeCawa Orthodox Russian. Kuloo minyaka, i ngubhishophu eRashiya nabangekafumani lusekiwe, nangenxa ukwakhiwa kwale ezinegunya waya eConstantinople de ukuwa kwayo ngo-1453. Kodwa saint zange abuye umva. Endleleni egodukayo ke yathinjwa umthetheli Lithuanian, yaye emva kokuchitha unyaka entolongweni, wafa.

Ukuwa ntaba

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane amabini ezayo, Pechersky Ascension Monastery baqhubeka phinda udumo lwabo Wazomeleza kwi ngeendleko iminikelo esusela kokubini ngabafo i Nizhny Novgorod, kuquka abantu abaqhelekileyo, xa kukho iqela lamabandla kwizindlu zakhe. Le ngokonwaba nangokuzola kulinganiswa waphazanyiswa ekuhluphekeni, wathumela phantsi woonongendi ngo-1597. ebusuku ngoJuni kwakukho ukuwa entabeni, phezu kwinqwanqwa apho ibekwe isigodlo. Ubunzima omkhulu emhlabeni zadilika, batshabalalisa phantse yonke weemonki ezintsonkothileyo.

UThixo kuphela ukuba bathethe omnye wabazalwana yabulawa okanye eyenzakeleyo, kodwa abantu baya kusithiwa isiganeko yi ingumqondiso elishwa elizayo iingxaki ezintsha. Ngeendlela ezininzi, ezi ziprofeto ziye zazaliseka kule minyaka ilandelayo kokufa Tsar Fodora Ioannovicha - wokugqibela Rurik ubukhosi, wehla embalini njengoko Bexesha Iingxaki.

Ukubuyiselwa woonongendi mva ku xwebhu kwindawo entsha

Ithe kwafuneka ukuba yakhiwe. Kodwa njengokuba kwithambeka le ntaba nangoku zigcinwe ingozi kokuwa, kwagqitywa yokukhuphela ulwakhiwo kwindawo entsha, kwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa emantla iVolga. Nangona kunjalo, apho wabaseki banikwa ezimbiwa yokuqala emqolombeni, kwimemori iseti Church of the Kumbi. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba omnye babaxhasi ukwakhiwa woonongendi omtsha waba nguyise inkokeli elizayo umkhosi wamajoni Russian - Kuzma Minin.

Ku xwebhu kwindawo entsha, kwagqitywa ukwakha izakhiwo ngamatye kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kodwa ukwakhiwa kwayo kuphela nga iminikelo ngokwaneleyo. Ndaba umphathi woonongendi , Archimandrite Raphael aye eMoscow uze ucele uncedo umlawuli. Umsebenzi phezu ulwakhiwo lomculo ilitye yathatha ixesha elide yaye ezaliswe ngokupheleleyo de phakathi kwenkulungwane XVII. Xa uhlobo yayo yokugqibela Ascension Caves Monastery (Nizhny Novgorod) iye yasinda kuzo namhlanje.

Woonongendi esanda ezakhiwe

Eli bhotwe isigodlo, leyo wangena inani yobuciko lwezakhiwo ibandla Russian, wasibetha esweni okumangalisayo yaye kwangaxeshanye ukuvumelana engaqhelekanga. It yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kunokuba kulibhala ukusuka iVolga, nakwelithe thabalala. Nakweyiphi indawo ngayo okanye wakhangela, oko sisincoko elihle, embindini apho kukho isakhiwo-angqukuva ezintlanu ukwenyuka Cathedral.

Njengoninzi woonongendi eRashiya, Ascension Caves Monastery waba ingcwele yayo eyodwa, nozuko oluya endinomdla kuye, amawaka zabanquli. Yaba umfanekiso Lady Lwethu Caves, kukho uluhlu oluchanileyo icon, kumaxesha amandulo, apho ibandla Dormition Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Xa bamsa kunxweme iVolga owaseka isigodlo St anoDiyonisiyo.

Abahlali ubuyeleyo elunxwemeni icon ngokungummangaliso kwirejistara ukuzila zombini buqu kunye nesizwe ngokubanzi. Kukho izihlandlo ezininzi xa imithandazo nguMama kaThixo, ukholo womrhumo orhunyiweyo kuye ngokunyanisekileyo, ithunyelwa phantsi isiqabu kubantu ababandezelekileyo. Ngesisa kwesinye ubabalo lwakhe nenceba kaThixo.

Indima woonongendi ebomini kawonke

Nizhny Novgorod Pechersky Ascension Monastery wayesisityebi yokuhlala. imfuyo yakhe kusetyenziselwa kuphela ukunceda amahlwempu kunye namahlwempu, kodwa owabelana ngesisa kunye kurhulumente, xa ngokwenyani kwabakho imfuneko. amaxwebhu ezigcinwe zibonisa ukuba ngo 1619 ukususela wokulondoloza imali banikwa zidluliselwe izibalo ezibalulekileyo kwiimfuno emkhosini, yaye ngexesha imfazwe Sweden ngeendleko woonongendi wakha wempi. Amaxesha amaninzi iyure ingcwaba le neemonki, ngokubuyisela ingubo phezu UMENDO iimbumbulu, wavuka waya ezintlwini abavikeli iLizwe loobawo. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1646, lo squad eyakhiwe ngokupheleleyo njengabazalwana emishini, wathunyelwa ESmolensk ukukhusela isixeko ayehlasela iCrimea nangezinto.

Ngaphezu kanye ukwenyuka Monastery of the Caves, ngokuyalelwa abasemagunyeni, saba indawo ukugcinwa mthetho zezenkolo nezopolitiko ebalulekileyo. Ezi musketeers labavukeli elubhacweni ngubani bamphikisa 1688 nxamnye Tsar Peter I. Kule iindonga amatye eziqinileyo, bachitha unyaka, emva koko ke waphinda wathumela eMoscow, ukuba babeke phantsi kweentloko zazo. Apha, ebutsheni bakhe wamzalela Zimlulamele elizayo uBhishophu Nikon, umbhali kuphuculo ibandla odumileyo, laba sisiqalo liqhekeke ecaweni.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ukwenyuka Monastery of the Caves ukusuka kudaladala kuye idume sacristy wayo, nto leyo eye yaba yingqokelela esixabiseke ngayo imisebenzi yobugcisa zonqulo. Iinkonzo Ubuhle kunye nemisebenzi efunekayo iincwadi ngokobutyebi nje kuphela izindlu zonqulo, imifanekiso, neempahla zonke iintlobo yokunxiba, kodwa izambatho imali eninzi. Ngu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX kwi woonongendi baqhubeka iisampuli eyodwa zeVangeli ngcwele, wadala kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, isibingelelo iqabele, namisimelelo, kunye nezinye iimpawu ezininzi zonqulo.

Isiphelo-ntle endala

Ebudeni bokulawula uKumkanikazi uCatherine II, Pechersky Ascension Monastery (Nizhny Novgorod), kwakunye nazo zonke eMonastri Russian ubunzima a secularization olwenziwe ngayo (ukurhoxiswa) lomhlaba monastery. Oku kuphelisa kakuhle-ntle yakhe eziphathekayo. Kunokuba engenayo esikhulu esiza namali bakhe, ukuba wanelisekile ukuba iziqulatho elincinane kuphela, ihlawulwa ngurhulumente. Ngenxa loonongendi result eyakhelwe umxholo akanayo imali eyaneleyo, ukubola, kwaye abo bakwinkonzo kwehlela. Kuphela phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX ebunzimeni akwazi ukubuyela izakhiwo isigodlo imbonakalo yazo yoqobo kunye nokwandisa inani ziimonki.

Iminyaka lobumnyama nokuchitha

Ngenxa kwabakho lo rhulkumente abaziintshembenxa Pechersky Ascension Monastery (Nizhny Novgorod) ekwabelwana bayahlelwa kwezinye yoonongendi: yavalwa kwaye lendela basasazeke inxalenye yaye ngokuyinxenye wathumela ekuthinjweni. Le umphathi woonongendi, uBhishophu Lavrenty (Knyazev) shot. Iinqobo zigcinwe woonongendi, zaye baphangwe nezakhiwo zisetyenziswa ndawo lwezindlu kunye noshishino. Ngokwesivumelwano ulawulo Gubmuzeya, kolawulo apho ipropati woonongendi badluliselwa, wathunyelwa isinyibilikise iintsimbi itempile unique, uwela futhi zenza ngekroba. Apho ngaphambili kuphekwa ubomi bokomoya iminyaka emininzi walawula ubumnyama senkangala.

Renaissance kunye nobomi mihla woonongendi

Kuphela nokufika inguqu yedemokhrasi utshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ngokunxulumene ebandleni Pechersky Ascension Monastery (Nizhny Novgorod), ifoto apho lucaciswa kule nqaku, ndakwazi ukuqalisa imisebenzi yayo. Kulo imisebenzi ukubuyiselwa enkulu, uphunyezwe njengendlela ukuya kwiCawa yobuOthodoki yaseRashiya, kwakunye iminikelo ezininzi zabucala sele yenziwe. Musa ukuhlala bucala yaye imibutho engekho phantsi korhulumente, wakugqala umsebenzi wakhe ukuba negalelo ngokutsha zelifa zenkolo kunye nezenkcubeko Russia.

Namhlanje, njengoko kwiminyaka edlulileyo, yazivula iingcango zayo ukuze bahambi kunye nabakhenkethi Ascension Caves Monastery. Ishedyuli Iinkonzo LikaThixo yayibanjelwe ezintlafunweni; kakhulu ezahlukene kwezo ezigcinwe kwezinye nezigodlo. At 7.00 - zobusuku; kwi 7,45 - inkonzo kunye nezinye iinkonzo kule mini; 17.00 - Great Compline kunye Matins. Leeholide zixhomekeke ukutshintsha, nekuthi kusekelwe kwangaphambili website weemonki.