Imbali yamandulo Montenegro

Kwinxalenye yasentshona Balkan Peninsula uhlanjiweyo ngamaza wasezantsi-ntshona kuLwandle lweAdriatic i imeko yamandulo Montenegro. Imbali Eli lizwe, isishwankathelo kweli nqaku, yi ikhonkco inqwaba nomzabalazo ulongamo yesizwe, eyaphela ngowe-2006, ingqalelo inkululeko yawo.

isimo Ancient Dukla

History of iMontenegro, ngaphambi mna BC. e., wafundela kancinci. Siyazi kuphela ukuba lo mmandla wawuhlala Illyrians - abameli iqela elikhulu kakhulu abantu yaseYurophu Indo-. I I BC. e. le ndawo yoyiswa eRoma, ukuba ayigcine phantsi kolawulo lwabo, lo gama ngenkulungwane IV, oko Wawa phantsi Ukuhlasela bakhona.

Kungekudala emva koko, kuqala inkqubo azinze yintoni na ngoku Montenegro nokuxubana. Ngakumbi kakhulu ukuba ngenkulungwane VII, kodwa emva kweminyaka 300 kwiiBalkans kunye kwiindawo ezimelene nonxweme le eAdriya, bakha urhulumente benemfundo ozimeleyo, leyo wayizalela igama Dukla. abemi balo nobukhosi lizwe kwafuneka rhoqo otvoovyvat bamagazi akusoloko amadabi ngempumelelo kunye basemzini.

Phantsi kolawulo Byzantine

Ngomhla ubomi zezizwe Slavic kummandla Montenegro mihla walondoloza ulwazi elinesihloko iirekhodi baseByzantium loMlawuli Konstantina Bagryanorodnogo (905-959). Kuyo usixelela ibali ezizwana belimiwe ndawo nisekelwe isixeko Skadar, Budva, Kotor kunye Ulcinj. UbuKristu kwi Dukla yamandulo kungqinwe ekupheleni kwenkulungwane IX, kwaye apha kwakunye eRashiya evela Byzantium.

Kwinkulungwane XI Dukla kwicala yonke ecaleni kunye ntsimi Serbian zafakwa Byzantium, leyo ke kwisithuba wempumelelo yayo kakhulu, kwaye ithwale nkqubo ngokubanzi lobukoloniyali. History of Montenegro ukususela kumaxesha amandulo kuye kwagcwaliswa iziganeko ezimangalisayo, kodwa le minyaka ziye bamzisa ingakumbi eninzi igazi, kuba embindini abahlaseli longquzulwano bafuduka kwimimandla angaphakathi eSerbia kunxweme eAdriya, yaye idabi main isenzeka.

Indima Prince Stefan Vojislav ukuseka urhulumente

Ngelo xesha, ngoyena umxhelo zembali badlale indima enkulu kwimbali seLizwe Duklja (ikamva Montenegro), ebeyinganga walo Stefan Vojislav. Ngowe-1035 wayephila mvukelo ethandwayo nxamnye amaByzantine, kodwa woyiswa, babathimba, wathumela eConstantinople. Noko ke, phezu kwazo zonke iingxaki, uStefano wakwazi ukubaleka ekuthinjweni, ngoko, hamba indlela ende emva Dukla, yaye apho kwakhona ukuba bathabathe ulawulo ezandleni zabo.

Ekugqibeleni, ngo-1042 apho edabini kufutshane nedolophu Bar kwakukho kwidabi apho duklyanskaya Army, nisekelwe yayikhokelwa Prince Stefan Vojislav, uzisingele woyisa amaByzantine. Esi siganeko kuphelisa ukubusa angaphandle, kwaye kwasekuqalekeni kwendalo geqe Duklyanskogo.

Le abenzi bemilingo likarhulumente, walandelwa ekufeni kwakhe

Emva kokufa Stefana Voislava igunya ilifa nonyana wakhe uMikayeli, owaba nako qhoboshela kwiindawo zabo karhulumente enkulu yelo eSerbia. Yena abalawuli baseMontenegro yokuqala wawongwa isihloko kukumkani, makanikwe kuye 1077 nguPope Gregory VII.

iirekhodi umlando esekhona kwaziwa ukuba ubulawuli elisandula ukusekwa yahlulwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, emantloko nganye esenziwa ngumdala, ebizwa ngokuba County. Ngelo xesha xa ibhodi karhulumente wasebenzisa uKumkani Constantine Bodean (1081-1099), ifike bade kwaye ababandakanyekayo phantse yonke indawo Serbia, kuquka Bosnia, Raska kunye Zachlumia. Kamva, Noko ke, eli lizwe elaqala kungcelele uthotho iimfazwe zamakhaya, eyehlela yi-County zasekuhlaleni, yaye ilahlekelwe ngamandla ayo bangaphambili.

Ukuwa ngurhulumente-kanye enamandla

Ukuqalisa ukususela ngenkulungwane XI, kubomi bemihla ngemihla yaye ngokuthe ngcembe uqalisa ngenisa igama elitsha isekelwe Duklyanskogo karhulumente - Zeta. Ngokutsho ngeelwimi, livela kwigama amandulo "umvuni" kwaye ibonisa indlela esisiseko yemisebenzi yoqoqosho abemi balo.

Ekuveleni XI kunye iinkulungwane XII, imbali Montenegro kwakhona ngokufaka ixesha ukuhla kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho, okuhlala kuyo kwinkulungwane elandelayo. Ngeli xesha, i Zeta kanye ezinamandla buthathaka kuzo kangangokuba bahlukana waya nazo izilawuli ezahlukeneyo (zhupy), wafika phantsi kolawulo Raska, ngaphambi nje oku kuphela indawo Serbian, inxalenye karhulumente yangaphambili.

Izixeko ziye zaba imbali

Ngezi phuhliso linxibelelene kakhulu kwimbali Kotor (Montenegro) - City, kunxweme eAdriya, kwaye ngoku zolawulo kunye kubakhenkethi iziko inkulu. Ngowe-1186, emva kweentsuku ezininzi zokungqinga, bambamba abendlu ka yaseSerbia Prince Stefan Nemanja kunye inamathele Raschke. Usuku Chronicle langoku waxelelwa ibali abavikeli zakhe zobugorha abulawe, kodwa akazange unqwenela ukuba babeke phantsi izixhobo zabo phambi kwabo mkhulu imikhosi yotshaba.

Ngexesha XIII - ngenkulungwane XIV, leyo yaqhubeka isixeko ngobukhulu emdeni eAdriya, impumelelo kwezoqoqosho yakhiwe kurhwebo kunye neendawo ibekwe kumbindi eSerbia. Ke kwinqanaba elilandelayo ngaphandle imbali Budva (Montenegro) - elinye iiholide enkulu wangoku iAdriatic elunxwemeni, yasekwa kwinkulungwane IX kwaye abakhankanywe kwiirekhodi loMlawuli Constantine Bogryanorodnogo. Kunye nezinye izixeko ezibini - Ulcinj and Bar - iye yaba liziko elikhokelayo imikhumbi kunye nokuhamba kwexesha.

Ekubeni imimiselo yaso - imimiselo ezibonakalisa indlela yobomi babo, loo mizi benamalungelo of self-government, yaye yonke imicimbi enikwe yiNdibano - a uhlobo epalamente, equka abameli kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo.

Ukuhlasela nabanqobi

Ngowe-1371 ubukumkani Serbo-Greek, waseka kanye Prince Stefan Nemanja, Zeta uze ugcine phantsi kolawulo, ngequbuliso yawohloka, nto leyo urhulumente ezigqubayo yintoni na ngoku iMontenegro, kangangexesha elithile ukufumana inkululeko. Noko ke, ngasekupheleni-imi- 80 esixekweni, ibekwe kwi iAdriatic elunxwemeni, benze nokuhlaselwa Turkish, yaye emva idabi akuphumelelanga ngoJuni 1389 of Kosovo, uninzi iinxalenye yangaphakathi Zetas zibe phantsi kolawulo Ottoman.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane elandelayo, imbali Montenegro lamkele i nokuba kakhulu ngakumbi. Yi boyisa Turkish wongezelela Venetians, ukuba zifake ezinye iindawo lonxweme wahlala mahala de kube ngoko. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, Venice liye licinezelwe abalawuli Ottoman zonke emazweni, kwaye ngo-1439 phantse yonke Zeta kwathiwa elawulwa izinduna lentsapho Crnojevic Protectorate yayo. Ngeli xesha urhulumente labizwa waza wafumana igama layo ngoku Montenegro.

Phantsi kolawulo Ottoman

Nangona kunjalo, i Ottoman ayimanga iinjongo zayo ndlongondlongo, yaye kungekudala saqalisa iinzame ezintsha ukuhlasela. Ngenxa yoko, imbali Serbia kunye Montenegro iminyaka emininzi waya khona, wathi e Istanbul. Ngowe-1499, abantu baseTurkey oyisa phantse yonke indawo baseMontenegro, ngaphandle kokuba kwizixeko bambalwa kunxweme lwe Kotor Bay.

Olawulwa Sultan of Turkey, Montenegro ukuba similise iyunithi yolawulo ezimeleyo, ebizwa sanjak. Management wayenikwe kuye unyana ka elalisakuba Prince Ivana Chernoevicha, aguqulwa abe Islam waza wathabatha igama Skender Bey.

Bonke abemi abasemagunyeni abatsha irhafu - Filur, intlawulo leyo umthwalo onzima ukuba owaba iminyaka abaye imfazwe. Noko ke, ababhali-mbali ibonisa ukuba ulawulo Ottoman ezinxulumene imbali ikakhulu ezidolophini iMontenegro, njengoko kwiindawo ezikude zasemaphandleni neentaba, ingakumbi Turks phantse wayengekho.

Umzabalazo wenkululeko yesizwe abaye

Isiphelo XVI kunye XVII ngenkulungwane aphawula ukuqala ekuqaleni umzabalazo wenkululeko jikelele ulawulo Turkish. Enye ugqaliselo kakhulu umxhelo ukuba kwaqhambuka 1604 qhankqalazo ekhokelwa neyamabamba Grdana. Xa imfazwe kufutshane nedolophu Lushkopolya, abo bavukeli yakwazi umkhosi lerhuluneli Turkish. Olu loyiso wabanika amandla okuqhubela kwi intshukumo, nto leyo liphela Montenegro wawexuleka kwiminyaka ezayo.

Imbali lizwe ngexesha XVII-XVIII kwiinkulungwane yi ixesha nokoyika umzabalazo wenkululeko yesizwe, apho uloyiso yethutyana balandelwa ukoyiswa, esithi ubomi amawaka abaye. Ekulweni kwakhe nxamnye abahlali kumazwe amaninzi lathembela kakhulu kwinkxaso yaseVenice, kunxweme lwase ebe impahla yabo cinga Ottoman kokubanako lutshaba. Xa ngo-1645 phakathi Turkey kunye yaseVenice, kwaqalisa imfazwe, baseMontenegro babesebenzisa oku, yaye i mvukelo, wazama ukuya phantsi Protectorate yelo xesha, kodwa kwakungekho lula ukuphumeza esi sicwangciso.

ukuzimela

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII umzabalazo wenkululeko yesizwe abaye eyayikhokelwa Potr Negosh. Wakwazi ukuba abe sisithethi ingcamango kazwelonke, ibize ndaweninye okokugqibela inkxaso zezindlu saa ukukhulula inkoliso lizwe ukusuka nguzwilakhe Ottoman. ilandela lakhe UDanilo Njegos kwenza abaninzi umkhosi wamajoni, owaphumelela ngowe-1858 kufuphi Grahovets uloyiso phezu Turks, iziphumo apho nokudityaniswa esemthethweni ulongamo eli lizwe. Imbali Montenegro ukususela ngaloo mzuzu baqalisa ukuba qho eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo.

Xa karhulumente, phakathi amakhulu ambalwa, ekhonza le Ottoman, yasekwa yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe - yeNdibano. Emva kokuba ukugxothwa mmandla Turks baseMontenegro lukhule ngokubonakalayo ngenxa ukuqukwa kuyo athathwe phambi kokuba kwiindawo ezininzi echumayo. Waye wabuyela ufikelelo elwandle, kwaye isithsaba konke, ukwamkelwa koMgaqo-siseko wokuqala Montenegro. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi ubume nangoku a ubulawuli njengelifa Njegos Minor. Ekugqibeleni, ukuzimela Montenegro kaThixo yabhengezwa ngowe-1878 e-Berlin Congress of the nyaka.

Imbali Emfutshane Montenegro ngenkulungwane XX

ilizwe wenkulungwane omtsha waqalisa kunye isihlokomiso yobukumkani bakhe eyalandelayo ngo-1910. Ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, Montenegro wathabatha ngakwicala Entente, yaye ngowe-1916 yathinjwa umkhosi Austria-Hungarian. Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, isigqibo Enkulu yeNdibano yesiZwe yabhukuqwayo ubukhosi monarchical Njegos kunye Montenegro simanywe eSerbia.

Ngexesha Second World War, eli lizwe kwakuhlala amabutho Italian. Ukususela ngo-1945, Montenegro waba ubume uyiRhiphablikhi federal, kwaye ngo-2006 yaba geqe.