Njengoko umhlaba kwasekwa? ukubunjwa soil: imiqathango, izinto kunye nenkqubo

Soil - ukuma ekhethekileyo zendalo, esibonakala okuzala. "Umhlaba" lisetyenziswa kaninzi-ntonye ilizwi. ukuba umhlaba emhlabeni yaye yintoni eyayiphembelela njani le nkqubo?

Yintoni na umhlaba?

Le umaleko phezulu umhlaba jikelele. Lomhlaba ukubunjwa kwenzeka phantsi kwempembelelo phezu ematyeni eziliqela izinto. It zayo kuqamba ezizodwa, isakhiwo neempawu.

Le yenye yeendima ezibalulekileyo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila kunye noluntu eziphilayo ehlabathini, ngenxa yokuba kukho ikhutshwa phandle nokugcinwa ulwalamano eziphilayo ngokupheleleyo bonke abantu abaphila Imvulophu eqinileyo, elulwelo kunye sukube le planethi.

Dokuchaev, othi yena bayifundisise umbuzo lamiswa ngayo umhlaba, wayibiza ngokuba 'yindlela yomhlaba ", kuba ngalo siveza iimpawu eziphambili kwindawo ethile. Uqweqwe umhlaba nayo sisiqinisekiso uluntu kwizityalo, kodwa ngaxeshanye, yena ixhomekeka kuzo.

iimpawu zomhlaba

Lo mhlaba ibalulekileyo lokuchuma komhlaba okuvakaliswa ubuchule bayo ukuqinisekisa ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nophuhliso.

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo ziquka:

• texture (lexinene ubungakanani kweengqakumbana zomhlaba);
• umthamo wamanzi (ukukwazi ukufunxa nokugcina amanzi);
• kuqamba amagciwane;
• asidi.

izinto lomhlaba Ukwakheka

Le khosi ye Inkqubo ukuyilwa lomhlaba ixhomekeke ngqo kwi iimeko zendalo okanye izizathu, uyaqhubeka. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ithathele ingqalelo indibanisela yawo, njengoko babone icala yonke inkqubo.

iimeko ukubunjwa yomhlaba zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintlanu:

• umhlaba-yakheka engxondorheni;
• kwizityalo;
• umsebenzi kwezilwanyana kunye namancikane eziphilayo;
• iimeko zezulu;
• ndiphefumle;
• ubudala inshorensi lomhlaba le.

Ngoku ke ngokwahlukeneyo bekela neminye imiba emibini - sesichengeni amanzi kunye nabantu. Ngomhla umbuzo lamiswa ngayo umhlaba, le nto uqhuba na begazi.

rocks umzali

Ngokupheleleyo zonke cover lomhlaba le umhlaba wethu baqalisa ukwenza ngokusekelwe zeengxondorha. Le yeyona iphambili yi ukwakhiwa kwawo imichiza, njengoko cover lomhlaba i sitsala yinxalenye yengxondorha lomzali. Ubume kunye noqhelwaniso lomsebenzi inkqubo kuchaphazela iimpawu wengxondorha ezifana uxinano, porosity, ukukwazi ukuziphatha ubushushu, ubungakanani microparticles.

sezulu

Impembelelo kwemozulu ngenkqubo ukuyilwa umhlaba zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Imiba ephambili ke imozulu iimpembelelo kwemvula kunye nobushushu. Iimeko ukuba inkqubo le mali ubushushu, ukufuma, kanye lokuhamba kunye usasazo esithubeni. into zemozulu esizibonakalisa kule nkqubo yemozulu. Imozulu unefuthe ngqo, kuba kugqiba ubukho kweentlobo ezithile zoluntu zezityalo.

Izityalo kunye nezilwanyana

Izityalo kunye iingcambu zazo kusichukumisa iliwa umzali kwaye zisiwe phezu izimbiwa ezixabisekileyo, ezithi ke ngoko ezitshintshelwa oganikhi khompawundi.

Njengokuba kubhaliwe abunjwe umhlaba wamatye? amalungu ezityalo Dead zizityebi izinto nezimbiwa, hlalani kwiingcamba eliphezulu. Ngenxa njini oluqhubekayo kunye nokucazululwa kuka into ephilayo phezu kwamanzi cover womhlaba eba echumayo.

kwizityalo abatshintshe iinkalo kwemozulu. Umzekelo, emahlathini ehlotyeni intle, lo ukufuma anda, ubuncinane amandla omoya, ngokuchaseneyo basike.

Inani elikhulu eziphilayo kule nwebu ochumileyo yomhlaba. Xa izityalo zabo zokuziphilisa nokucazululwa iintsalela organic. Kamva iimveliso inkunkuma yezilwanyana sebenzi zizityalo kwakhona.

Ukuqokelelwa zezityalo nezilwanyana kwindawo ezithile unefuthe ukuyilwa nohlobo lomhlaba. Umzekelo, umhlaba emnyama abunjwe kuphela phantsi uhlobo engcotyeni-emathafeni utyani.

ukukhululeka

Lo mba kube nefuthe ngqo kwi inkqubo ukubunjwa komhlaba. Isiqabu uchaza umthetho ngokutsha ukufuma kunye nobushushu. Kuxhomekeka ukuphakama ukutshintsha iimeko obushushu. It linxulunyaniswa ukuphakama zonation nkqo kwimimandla weentaba kulo mhlaba.

Uhlobo isiqabu limisela ngesidanga iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu ukubunjwa komhlaba. Redistribution of imvula kungenxa umahluko ukuphakama. Kwiindawo ukufuma ezisezantsi zogqunyelelwe oluhlala, yaye kwamaxandeka kweenduli kwaye alulibaziseki. Kumathambeka ongezantsi kumntla ikhweyitha kwamkela ubushushu ngaphezu wasentla.

Age of soil

Umhlaba umzimba ongowemvelo, nto leyo eguqukayo. Indlela sibona ngoku inshorensi lomhlaba - oku nje yenye amanqanaba lophuhliso yayo rhoqo. Nokuba iinkqubo ezenza akayi izakutshintsha kwixesha elizayo, kukho umaleko ongaphezulu nise otyebileyo ngokupheleleyo kutshintsha.

Ubudala kweentlobo ezimbini - isalamane kunye elipheleleyo. yobudala Absolute lixesha elidluleyo okoko kwasekwa zomhlaba uyokutsho langoku nqanaba yophuhliso lwayo. Noko ke, asingabo bonke belizwe kuba ixesha lonke uphuhliso yayo yembali na. yobudala Relative - umahluko kuphuhliso ongaphezulu umaleko ngaphakathi kwintsimi enye.

Age inokuba nomahluko - ukusuka amakhulu amawaka eminyaka.

Njengoko umhlaba kwasekwa?

Lo mbuzo umdla izizukulwana ezininzi izazinzulu nabaphandi. Sicinga ngezantsi kwinguqulelo eyamkelekileyo wenkqubo bokwakha imbali.

Umhlaba uye core yale igqengezelayo ethi lingqongwe yokwaleka kunye nesakhiwo eshushu viscous. Isendaweni encotsheni uqweqwe engaphandle, equka zeengxondorha.

kwiminyaka emine billion eyadlulayo, Umhlaba waqalisa ukuba aphole. Kwezinye iindawo, Udaka uza komhlaba kunye basalts kwakhiwa, yaye apho wahlala phantsi kwawo, ukusekwa lenyengane. Primary umzali Iliwa itshintshiwe phantsi kweempembelelo iimeko zangaphandle, zathi ngcembe kuyondelelaniswe yezimbiwa ezintsha.

Emva wabonakala oksijini emoyeni, ndiye ndaqalisa ukwenza umaleko yodaka. Ngokuthe ngcembe, ngenkqubo badlula rock umzali baba friable ngakumbi yaye okroqiweyo oksijini. Ngoko ke, kukho udongwe, isanti, gypsum kunye lekalika.

Kukho kwincopho eqhelekileyo Imbono ukuphila emhlabeni sele ekho iminyaka engaphezu kwama-billion ezintathu. Ngokutsho izifundo yakutshanje, eli xesha ehlabathini sele iintsholongwane kunye lenyama ophilileyo. Eziphilayo kuqala eziphilayo lula apha naphaya iimeko ezintsha environmental izidla. Kwinkqubo lobomi ukuba ndinikhululele iienzymes ezithile ngokukhawuleza ukunyibilika amatye nande. Ngcembe wabumba umhlaba nelinabemi ubulembu, ulele; kwandule ke izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Ngenxa yale yokuhlala kwamiswa wamatye.

Uqweqwe umhla- kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba abantu. Kufuneka wafundela ukuba ngenjongo zophuhliso kwezolimo kunye namahlathi, kwakunye ukulungiselela uphando zobunjineli nolwakhiwo. Ulwazi iimpawu umaleko ongaphezulu umhlaba ochumileyo zisetyenziswa ekusombululeni iingxaki wokuhlola zejoloji nezokukhupha izibonelelo izimbiwa, ezempilo, bume.