Ngubani owayengumdlali wokuqala wehlabathi we-chess? Ihlabathi leentlobo zee-chess phakathi kwamadoda

Kwaye kwiYiputa yamandulo, i-chess yayithandwa, njengoko kuboniswe ngodonga lwezobugcisa zala maxesha. Kwixesha elidlulileyo ii-Olympiads kunye neendwendwe ezahlukahlukeneyo zenziwa, ngoko akunakwenzeka ukuthetha ngubani owayengumdlali wokuqala wehlabathi we-chess ngaloo mihla. Vala ukuqwalasela ukuphuhliswa kweziganeko kule ndawo kuye kwaqala kuphela ukususela kwi-Middle Ages, xa iincwadi zokuqala kwiindawo ze chess kunye nobugcisa balo mdlalo ziqala ukupapashwa, kunye nemincintiswano ehleliweyo.

Imvelaphi yemincintiswano enkulu

Sekudlulileyo kwiMinyaka Ephakathi kwakukho imisebenzi yesayensi ebonisa ukuhlalutya ngokujulile komdlalo. Kungenzeka ukuba abalobi balezi ncwadi banokuphumelela kwii-tournaments zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngaloo ndlela, umsebenzi kaFrancis Vicente, okhululwe ngo-1495 eValencia, uthathwa njengelahlekile kwaye uphanthe. Kodwa umsebenzi weDamiano, owapapashwa eRome ngo-1512, owafika kuthi, uqwalaselwa ngu-Averbakh njengoluhlu lweencwadi nguVicente.

Omnye umbhali odumileyo nguLuis Ramirez de Lucena, owanyathelisa incwadi yakhe ngo-1497 eSalamanca. Ubungqina bakhe obuninzi ababenokubheka ngokufanelekileyo xa becinga ukuba ngubani wokuqala wehlabathi we-chess.

I-Tournaments kunye nomdlalo we-16-phakathi kwekhulu le-19

Iingxelo eziqinisekileyo zengqinisiso ezinzulu zibhekiselele kumqhudelwano eRoma ngowe-1560. Kukho apho uRu Lopez de Segura, owabetha abadlali abaqinileyo be-chess belo xesha, bawina. EMadrid, i-International Chess Congress yabanjwa ngowe-1575, yabanjwa enkundleni kaKumkani Philip II. Lapha uGivanni Leonardo da Coutry wase-Italy uyanqotshwa.

Eyona nto ibhetele phakathi kweyona nto iphuma phambili ngo-1619 ibonwa ngokuba nguYoaquino Greco. Umdlali wee chess waya kumazwe ahlukeneyo, kuquka iFransi, iItali, iNgilani, iSpeyin kunye neMelika, ehlula abadlali abanamandla kunabo bonke.

Ngekhulu le-18, iinkokeli ezifana neKssour Legal kunye no-Andre Filidor uFranzua Danikan zaziwa. Ookuqala wayekhunjulwa ngokukhethekileyo ngumbutho onguSaint-Brie, apho wabeka iqabane elikhethekileyo (kamva libizwa ngokuba yiMat Legal) kumdlalo ngaphandle kwe-rook. UFilidor ebusheni bakhe waya kwi-Legal, kodwa ngo-1747 emva kokuba umdlalo weLondon noFilipi Stamm ubonwa njengomdlali ongcono.

Umdlalo othakazelisayo kaLouis Charles Mae de Labourdone kunye no-A. McDonnell, owawubanjwe ngo-1834 eLondon. Ophumeleleyo nguLabourdonna, nangona umdlalo uphazamisekile. Ngaloo nyaka nakwiLondon, uLaburdonne walahlekelwa emibini imitshato eya ku-Alexander McDonnell. Umdlalo we-1843 eLondon, apho uPierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Aman wamshaya khona uWoward Staunton, wawungazange ukhanye. Eli xesha libhekwa njengehla. UStunton wabuyisela eSt. Aman emdlalweni eParis ngo-1843 ofanayo. Ngomnyaka we-1949, i-tournament yaqhutyelwa eLondon kwinkqubo yokunqongophala, apho uHenry Thomas Buckle wayengowokuqala.

Ukuqala kwexesha elitsha le-chess

Ukunyuka okutsha kwe-chess kuthathwa njengexesha elivela ngo-1851, xa kuvela uAdolf Andersen omkhulu, obuye wanqoba eLondon ngenkqubo yokunqongophala. Abadlali abathandekayo kuphela abamenywe kulo mqhudelwano kuzo zonke amazwe. Ngoko u-Andersen naye unokufuna indawo yowomntu wokuqala wehlabathi we-chess.

Inkwenkwezi eqaqambileyo eya ku-Morphy ngo-1858. Wakwazi ukunqoba uAndersen emdlalweni eParis. Lo mdlali wetshizi wathola isithsaba segolide kunye ne-silver wreath ngo-1859 eBoston.

Ihlabathi elisemthethweni leengqungquthela ze-chess phakathi kwamadoda

Ukuqala kokubala kwemincintiswano esemthethweni yeli nqanaba lehlabathi kuthathwa njengento efanayo ngo-1866, xa kumaxwebhu igama elithi "ubukhulu behlabathi" lisa. Oku kwavumela ukuyeka iingxabano malunga nobani behlabathi bokuqala be-chess. Kwamenyezelwa nguWilhelm Steinitz, ophumelele lo mdlalo uAndersen.

Kodwa ukususela ngo-1867 ukuya ku-1883, ubuphiswano behlabathi abuzange banjelwe, nangona amagama kaKolisch, uVinaver, Neuman no-Chigorin behla kwimbali. Kudibaniswe uluhlu lweengqungquthela uJohn Zuckertort, ophumelele eLondon Super Tournament ngo-1883.

Iyesibini kwiintshatsheli ze-chess zafika ngo-1894, i-German Emanuel Lasker, owawunqoba i-USA Steinitz. Nangona kwintlalontle enkulu ngo-1895 e-Hastings wathuthela endaweni yesithathu, kodwa umphumeleli weentambo uHarry Nelson Pilsbury akazange aziswe. Kodwa iLarker yaphumelela kwii-tournaments ezinkulu eSt. Petersburg ngo-1914 naseNew York ngo-1924.

Ngomnyaka we-1921 iLasker yalahlekelwa sisihloko kwiCuba uJan-Raul Capablanca. Iqhawe elilandelayo lalinguAleksand Alekhine, eliwunqoba iKapablanca ngowe-1927. Umdlalo we-1935 wanyulwa ngumdatshi waseMadrand Mahgilis Euwe, owayekwazi ukubetha uAlekhin, kodwa engazimele, kodwa ngoncedo lwabaphathi be-Lasker. Ngo-1937, u-Alekhine waphinde wafumana isihloko, washiya intshatsheli engapheli kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe: umdlali we-chess wayetyhefu ngo-1946.

Ukususela ngowe-1948 i-International Chess Federation (FIDE) ithathe umbutho weemidlalo, apho iqela lobungqina behlabathi lizimisele khona. Ngowe-1948 ukunqoba kwaphumelela nguMikhail Botvinnik (USSR). Waphumelela ngumntu waseVasily Smyslov ngo-1957. Ngo-1960 uMikhail Tal (USSR) waba ngumqhubi. Ngo-1963, uBotvinnik wabethwa nguTigran Petrosyan (USSR), owafa ngo-1969 waya eBoris Spassky. Ulwando ngo-1972 lwaya ku-American Robert James Fisher. Okulandelayo kwakungu-Russian Anatoly Karpov ngo-1975, kwaye ngo-1985 wayedlulelwe nguGarry Kasparov.

Ukuwa kunye nokunyuka kwamawaka okugqibela

Ixesha ukusuka ngo-1992 ukuya ku-2006 libhekwa njengexesha elixakekayo. Ngo-1993, uKasparov waphikisana noFIDE, wahluthwa ngesihloko sakhe (uFischer waba ngumkhosi we-1992), waza wadala iqela lakhe - i-Professional Chess Association. Njengengxenye yentlangano entsha, uKasparov waphumelela kwiSifutshane waza waba ngumkhosi we-1993 nge-PCA version, kwaye ngokwemiqulu yeFIDE yokuqala yayinguKarpov. Ngoko ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka i-world chess iinqununu uKasparov, uKarpov, uFisher wayeyomelele.

Ngaphezulu, i-FIDE yonyulwa ifom ye-knockout system, apho ezo ntshatsheli ezifana neKalfman, Anand, uPonomarev, Kasymzhanov, Topalov zivela. I-PCA yahlukana, iqela lalibizwa ngokuba yingqungquthela yenkqutyana ye-classic (ukunqoba ibhola), apho uKapprov watshaya iKramnik ngo-2000. Ngo-2006 kuphela ababenomdlalo wokudibanisa phakathi kweengqungquthela zombini, apho iKrnik yahlula i-Topalov, ibe yiqhawe elipheleleyo lehlabathi.

Ngonyaka ka-2007 uVishwanathan Anand waba yomelele. Ngo-2013, waphumelela nguNorway Magnus Carlsen.

Abadlali abatsha be-chess behlabathi

Ukuba iifilimi zehlabathi ze-chess phakathi kwamadoda zilandelwa emva kweenkulungwane, ngoko ke abafazi bathatha inxaxheba ekhuselekileyo kwimincintiswano ngokutsha nje. Ukuhlaselwa kuye kwaqhutyelwa ukususela ngo-1927, xa iqhawe lobungqina behlabathi labesetyhini lwenziwa ngokusemthethweni eLondon. UVera Menchik ngumdlali wokuqala wehlabathi we-chess. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba, ekubeni yintombi yesiCzech kunye nesiNgesikazi, wazalelwa waza wahlala eMoscow de wayeneminyaka engama-15 ubudala, kuphela ke wahamba nabazali bakhe eNgilani. Uqinisekisile i-Menchik isihloko sakhe kwimidlalo emininzi kunye neendwendwe ezenzeka kwiidolophu ezahlukeneyo emhlabeni jikelele ukususela ngo-1927 ukuya ku-1939, kodwa ngo-1944 wasweleka, wahlala engumdlali.

Iqhawe elilandelayo lalingumdlali weSoviet chess uLyudmila Rudenko ngowe-1950, xa umdlalo wobuqhankqalazo behlabathi luqala kwakhona. Watshintshwa ngu-Elizaveta Bykova wasekhaya, ngo-1953. Omnye umdlali we-chess waseSoviet, u-Olga Rubtsova, wamphatha isihloko ngo-1956, kodwa waphinde walahlekelwa ngu-Bykova ngowe-1958. Emva koko iindawo ezibalaseleyo kwihlabathi nazo zazibadlali bamaSoviet, kodwa bevela eGeorgia: uNona Gaprindashvili ukususela ngo-1962. Kwaye uMaya Chiburdanidze ukususela ngo-1978.

Ngomnyaka we-1991 onamandla kunazo zonke yayinguShayina Xie Jun, owayengowesibili eHongary Zhuge Polgar ngo-1996 waza wabuya phezulu ngo-1999. Ngo-2001, u-Zhu Chen waseChina waba ngumkhosi, ngo-2004 wayeziwayo kakhulu ngu-Antoaneta Stefanova waseBulgaria Kwaye ngo-2006 owokuqala wayengowesifazane waseTshayina uXu Yuhua. Ngo-2008, isihloko sanikwa iRussia Alexandra Kosteniuk, owatshintshwa ngowama-2010 ngumfazi waseTshayina u-Hou Yifan.

Ngo-2012, u-Ukraine u-Anna Ushenina wanqoba isihloko, kodwa ngo-2013 i-Hou Yifan yaba yinto engcono kakhulu.