Ngubani owawulawula emva kukaPawulos 1 eRashiya. Abalawuli baseRashiya

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIX, itrone yaseRashiya yatshutshiswa kakhulu. Ngobusuku boMatshi ngo-1801, iqela labagcini-mbumbisi elikhokelwa yi-St Petersburg igosa-jikelele kunye nentloko yamapolisa eyimfihlo, uPal Palen wangena emagumbini kaKumkani uPavel Petrovich waza wambulala. Isiphumo sokuba unyana ka-Emperor uAlexandre enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi.

Ulawulo lwaqala ngokubulala

Umama weTsar owabulawa - uCatherine II - wayefuna ukumenza ube ngumlandeli wezenzo zakhe eziqhubekayo. Yingakho uN. Paulin, owayengummeli obalaseleyo wexesha lakhe, nguye owayengutitshala oyintloko kaPawulos. Kodwa isigwebo sichazwe ngenye indlela. UPawulos wayefuna ukukhokela yakhe. Wayenomdla kunye nokuthanda, njengabalawuli abaninzi baseRussia. Iminyaka yokulawula kwalo mlawuli yayifutshane, kodwa yakwazi ukufumana inzondo enkulu.

Kuba abalindi abanogada babengentsha ukudiliza itrone yabalawuli ababengafuni ngabo. Kwaye umgcini wexesha uBiron, kunye no- Ivan VI Antonovich, u-tsar waseRashiya, ngumzekelo. Kwenzeke kubo kwaye bayiqhawula ngokupheleleyo umoya ovela kumlawuli ongekhohlakele - igazi leTar Peter III owabulawa yizandla zabo.

Imbali emfutshane imfutshane - evela kuPetros Omkhulu ukuya eNicholas 2 - izele iingceba kunye nokubethelwa, kodwa kule nkalo kukho enye inkcazelo eyanikela ukubulawa ngumntu okhethekileyo. Kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba unyana kaPawulos, oyindlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi, uAlexander, wayesazi isiluleko esilungiselelwe. Ngaphandle kokuba uthathe inxaxheba kwi-villainy ezinikeleyo, kulo mzekelo waba ngumntu ongenamdla, kodwa u-parricide, kwaye ngobusuku obu, ngo-Matshi 12, 1801, isazela sakhe sonke savutha bonke ubomi bakhe.

UAlexander 1: iminyaka ka rhu lumente

Xa isithsaba soBukumkani baseRussia sathwesa uAlexandria I, wayeneminyaka engamashumi amabini anesine ubudala. Nangona wayeselula, wayecinga ngokuqhubekayo kwaye wenza uchungechunge lwezinto ezilungelelanisiweyo zokulungiswa. Kwindlu yakhe yokugcina impahla, uAlexander wayemele ummeli we-absolutism, njengoGogo uCatherine II. Akazange adibanise kwinqanaba le-serfdom, kodwa wabona isibambiso sentuthuko kwimfundo. Kuye, kwavuleka amaziko emfundo amaninzi, kuquka i-Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum edumile.

Umsebenzi womlawuli omncinci waguqula inkqubo yolawulo lolawulo lwelizwe. Kwiindawo zeekholeji ze-Petrine, ngokwemodeli yaseYurophu, amasebe asekwa. Kwaye kwenziwa unzame lokwenzela izifundo umgaqo-siseko, kodwa yahlala enye yeenjongo ezilungileyo. Kakade kwisiqingatha sesibini sokulawula u-Aleksandriya wenza ukulungiswa emkhosini, ukuxhaswa kwinkqubo enzima kakhulu yokuqeshwa kweendawo zokulwa zaseArakcheyev eziziwayo.

Unobungcali bezopolitiko abanamakhono kunye nababi abaqhelekileyo

Iminyaka yokulawula kwalo mlawuli yawela ngexesha leemfazwe zaseNapoleon. Nangona kunjalo ukuba imikhosi eyenziwe ngo-1905 ngumbutho onxamnye noFrench wawukhokelwa ngokusemthethweni nguM. I Kutuzov, zonke izigqibo zithatyathwa ngu-Aleksandriya, kwaye kuyisiphoso sakhe sokutshatyalaliswa komkhosi waseRussia-Austrian kwi-Battle of Austerlitz. Wayengeyena mlawuli obalaseleyo, kodwa wayenesipho sompolitiki obalaseleyo.

Ukusebenzisa ngobuchule imeko yangoku, uMlawuli owaphetha ngo-1808 uxolo olunenzuzo kunye neNapoleon. Ngaloo minyaka, iFinland, i-Bessarabia ne-Eastern Georgia yaxhaswa eRashiya. Nangona ukuba igama likaAlexander I linxulumene kakhulu nemfazwe ye-1812, ukufaneleka kwakhe ekunqobeni kunqongophele, mhlawumbi, kuphela ngumgaqo onzima ku-Napoleon kunye nokungabikho kokuphazamiseka ekulawuleni umkhosi, okwenziwa nguM MI Kutuzov ngokugqithiseleyo.

Ukufa okwabangela umdlalo

U-Aleksander 1, oneminyaka engama-rhu lumente ehamba kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo welizwe wasekhaya kunye nelizwe langaphandle, ekupheleni kokulawula kwakhe wayehlala ethetha ngomnqweno wokutshatyalaliswa nokuzidela kuThixo. Le yeso sizathu sokuba emva kokufa kwakhe, okwalandela emva kwe-1725 ngethuba lokuya eTaganrog, kwakukho amahemuhemu ukuba ibhokisi elinomzimba womnye umntu laziswa kwi-capital, kunye nomlawuli ngokwakhe kwiintloko zehlathi, phantsi kwegama lomdala uFedor Kuzmich, I-Parricide, eyayiyiminyaka engamashumi amabini anesine edlulileyo, yamphakamisela phezulu kumandla. Ingaba le nguqulo inezizathu ezingaziwa kulo suku.

Ulawulo olutsha lwaqala ngokuphazamiseka

Bonke abo babulawula emva kukaPawulos 1 baseRussia babengumkhosi wolu hlobo olutsha lwaseYurophu. Oku kusebenza ngokupheleleyo kuMbusi uNiclas I, owathi ngo-1825 watshintsha itrone yakhe yomzalwana. Nangona ulungelelwaniso lukaRhulumente, oluvela kwi-Despotism yaseMpuma, wenza imizamo emininzi yokwenza inkqubo efanelekileyo yokulawula kweli lizwe, esebenzisa amava angaphandle.

Njengomntakwabo, kuNicholas I isihloko esithi "umbusi waseRashiya yonke" yafafazwa ngegazi elichithileyo. Kwaye baphinda baba ngabalindi, ngeli xesha bathetha ngokuvulekileyo ngoDisemba 14 kwi-Senate Square yelikhulu. Ukuphelisa iingxabano ezinokwenzeka kwixesha elizayo, u-Nikolai wenza amanyathelo angqalileyo, kamva wamdala udumo njengegqwetha kunye nomgcini wenkululeko. Kuye, iqela elibizwa ngokuthi "iSebe leThathu" lisekelwe - ipolisa eyimfihlo, eyenziwa ngokubheka bonke abachasayo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wakhe wangaphandle wawubonakaliso olupheleleyo lwangaphakathi. Izinto ezibalulekileyo kwimbali yokubusa kukaNicholas ndimi: ukunyanzeliswa kwamavukela asePoland naseHungary, imfazwe neTurkey ngo-1828-1829, imfazwe kunye nePersia kwaye ekugqibeleni, umkhankaso omkhulu weCrimea engazange asinde de wafa ngo-Febhuwari 18,

Kumkani oguqula

Phakathi kwalabo babulawula emva kukaPawulos 1 eRussia, ubuqaqawuli benguqulelo oluqhubekayo luye lwafunyanwa ngothanjisiweyo kaThixo-uMlawuli uAlexander II. Ngokungafani noyise, wazama ukuzisa umoya wooyise wenkululeko kunye noluntu. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yezenzo zakhe kukupheliswa kwe-serfdom, kwanikwa ngo-1861.

Ukongezelela, imbali yokulawula kwakhe ibandakanya: ukucinywa kwemimandla yempi kunye nokuhlaziywa kwemikhosi ekhuselekileyo, imfundo ephakamileyo nakwesekondari, i-finance, kunye ne-zemstvos kunye neenkqubo zokwahlulela. Akunakuyiphi na kulabo babusa iRashiya emva kokuba uPaul 1 ekwazi ukuguqula imeko karhulumente kakhulu, kodwa nangona kunjalo uguquleli omkhulu wafa ezandleni zabantu. Izilingo zokubulala ezisixhenxe zahlelwa ngokumelene naye, apho okugqibela, okwenziwe ngo-Matshi 1, 1881 ngumbutho wamaphekula uNarodnaya Volya, wambetha ubomi bakhe.

UKumkani owenza uxolo kunye nohlaziyi-reformer

Indodana yakhe, noAlexander, wenyuka esihlalweni emva kokufa kukayise, wayifumana ngokufanelekileyo igama lejozi lokumkani. Icala eliyingqayizivele kwimbali ye-autocracy yaseRussia-kuyo yonke iminyaka yokulawula kwakhe ilizwe alizange liphumelele imfazwe enye, kwaye akukho namnye amajoni ayo awa ekulweni. Ngokutsho kweenkolelo zakhe, uAlexander III wayenguSlavophile kunye nomxhasi "wendlela ekhethekileyo" yophuhliso lwaseRashiya. Oku kuye kwamenza ukuba azalisekise inani elincinci lokuguqulwa kwamanqaku okujoliswe ekulondolozeni iziseko zelizwe zangaphambili, ezingekho kwiimpembelelo zangaphandle, ubomi.

Wafa, kungekho iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ubudala. Ukufumana amandla anamandla kunye nokungaqhelekanga, i-tsar yafumana isifo sesifo esingasasigxina, esabangela ukunqotshwa kwentliziyo kunye nemithambo yegazi ekupheleni kobomi bakhe. Ukufa kwakhe ngoSeptemba 21, 1894 kwakungokuqala kokubusa kommeli wokugqibela weNdlu yaseRomanovs. Igama negama lomninimzi, owathi wagqiba ubukhosi bominyaka emakhulu mathathu-uNicholas II Alexandrovich.

Ukugqibela kwendlu yobukhosi

Ukulungiswa kwakhe, okwenziwe ngowe-1896, kubangele intlekele eyenziwa kwintsimi yaseKhodynka, apho ngenxa yokuqokelelwa kwamawaka abantu abaye bafumana izipho ezithembisa ukubhiyozela, ukutshatyalaliswa ngokukrakra okwenzekayo, okwabulala abantu abayi-1,379 kunye nabalimala malunga no-1 000. Kubantu, kwakubonwa njengento embi, kwaye imemori eyayibuhlungu yeso siganeko yaqhubeka kwiminyaka yokulawula kwakhe.

UNicholas II, njengabo bonke ababusi baseYurophu nabaseRashiya, kufuneka sicingwe ngethuba lekhulu leminyaka. Kwawa ukulawula urhulumente, owakha inxalenye yesithandathu yomhlaba, kwixesha elimangalisayo kakhulu lembali yalo. Le yiminyaka apho, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho ngokukhawuleza, ukuxhatshazwa kwezenhlalakahle ezachithwa ngaphezulu kwezinguqu zintathu zakhula, ekugqibeleni kwayo yaba yingozi ngenxa yolawulo lobukhosi kunye nobukhosi bonke.

Impembelelo kaRasputin

Kodwa ngelo xesha, njengabo bonke abalawuli baseRashiya kunye neRashiya, banoxanduva loburhulumente belizwe elibangelwa ukubusa kwakhe. Inkathazo eyaphelisa ixesha lolawulo lwaseRomanovs ngokuyininzi lubangelwa izigqibo ezingenakunzima kwinkalo yomgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe - abaphandi abaninzi banamhlanje bafikelela kwisiphetho esinjalo.

Njengabathetheli bamandulo baseRussia, abaneminyaka engama-rhu lumente abonakaliswa yimingcipheko kwaye bahlupha, uNicholas II wafuna inkxaso ngexesha elifanayo kwimikhosi yemikhosi nakuThixo. Ngenxa yoko ikholo lakhe elingenangqiqo "kumntu oyingcwele endala" - uGrigory Rasputin, owayenempembelelo enkulu yandisa kakhulu imeko esele ibaluleke kakhulu apho ubukhosi bube khona. Iminyaka yokugqibela yokulawula ibonakaliswa ngokulandelana kwamagqabantshintshi kunye nabaphathi abakhulu. Le mizamo yokunyamekela ukukhupha ilizwe ngaphandle kwenkathazo, ekhokelwa ngcebiso yendoda endala, iphefumlelwe ngomfazi wayo - umbusi, uAlexandra Fedorovna.

Igosa lokugqibela laseRussia

Ukuba ukhangele uludwe lweempembelelo zaseRashiya, unokuqiniseka ukuba abaninzi babo bashiya imemori enhle malunga nabo kwimbali. Lo noCatherine, owayengukumkani kwiminyaka eyahlukileyo, no- Elizabeth Petrovna, kodwa ekupheleni kwenani labo - uAlexandra Feodorovna - kwenzeka ukuba baphuze indebe enomlilo yoluntu. Wayemtyholwa ngokungekho sikweni ngokungcatsha, ukunyaniseka, kunye nenyaniso yokuba wanyanzelisa indoda yakhe ukuba idonse iRashiya ibe yimfazwe kangangokuthi ayithandeki nabantu abaqhelekileyo. Wagqiba uluhlu lweempembelelo zaseRashiya.

I-February Revolution ka-1917 yamgxotha uNicholas II wetrone. Walahla kwaye, kunye nentsapho yakhe, wafakwa phantsi kwindlu yokuboshwa kwindlu yaseTurtskoye Selo. Kungekudala uRhulumente oNgezelelweyo wabathuma ekuthunjweni eTobolsk, kwaye ngo-1918 ngesigqibo seBolsheviks intsapho yasebukhosini bafumana eYekaterinburg. Kulapho, kwindlu engaphantsi kwendlu ka-Ipatiev, ngobusuku bukaJulayi 17, 1918, yonke intsapho yadutshulwa kunye nomkhonzi kunye nodokotela ohamba noBotkin.