Neentlobo lysosomes, organelles, isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza

Xa ecetywayo umsebenzi inkcukacha ucinge organelles iiseli ekuthiwa lysosomes. Isakhiwo kunye umsebenzi - lo mbuzo yethu engundoqo. Kwakhona ingqalelo isakhiwo iseli lulonke. Kweli nqaku, uza kufumana ntoni izifo inokuba waphula umthetho nokusebenza kwale organelle.

Njengokuba sele kucaca, le lysosomes ziyinxalenye weseli. Kodwa ngaphezu kwabo ukwahlula kunye nezinye organelles. Khawuthelekelele indlela ubungakanani yabo encinane, nkqu iseli ayikwazi kungabonwa ngeliso lenyama. Ukuze ukufunda isakhiwo sayo usebenzisa isixhobo eyodwa ebizwa ngokuba ngemicroscope. Oku uya kufunda khona ngoku.

Le seli kanye organelles yayo

Nangona esiza kuxubusha ngayo kweli nqaku, yintoni lysosomes isakhiwo kunye umsebenzi, kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi kunye namanye amacandelo cell. Okokuqala, akukho - iyunithi iyevakala zesakhiwo. Ukusuka apho iseli imisela imisebenzi yayo kunye nokwakheka.

Zonke organelles lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe ngamaqela amathathu:

• dvumembrannye;
• odnomembrannye;
• non-ndizayo.

Iqela lokuqala kuquka plastid, ngumongo kunye mitochondria. Okwesibini - EPS, lysosomes, izixhobo Golgi, vacuoles. Eyesithathu - le ribosome kunye neziko cell.

Zonke organelles iseli iyimfuneko ukuze isikolo sisebenze kakuhle kwinkqubo yonke. Organelles kuxhomekeke isakhiwo umsebenzi wayo uza kwenziwa.

lysosomes

Ubume kunye umsebenzi organelle sikhangela kancinane emva koko, kodwa ngoku makhe sithethe kancinci malunga iintlobo kunye nenjongo.

Le miba kunokuba ngokungqongqo weseli. Ukusuka ngaphezu kokuba zizele inwebu, apho ezi-enzayim ezahlukeneyo (ewonke kukho malunga 60). Sicebisa ukuba bafunde uluhlu elifutshane:

• protease;
• nucleases;
• lipase;
• phosphatase njalo njalo.

Zonke lysosomes kungenziwa kalukhuni baziindidi ezimbini:

• eziziiprayimari;
• zamabanga aphakamileyo.

Xa oku lokuqala kukwazi ukuba uye kwinqanaba elilandelayo. Le nkqubo siza kujonga kamva. Ngoku unike enye Ukuhlelwa ngaphezulu lysosomes:

• phagolysosome;
• autophagosome;
• imizimba multivesicular;
• iiseli residual.

isakhiwo

Lysosomes, ubume kunye nemisebenzi esinokucinga kolu phononongo ukuba ubungakanani elincinane kakhulu (0.2 microns). Nale yokuhlala kusenokubakho kakhulu okuninzi. Kwicandelo lokugqibela, siye zakhokelela ulwahlulohlulo ngoku ukuba akhiwa ngayo.

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba lysosomes zaseprayimari - ezikhandelwa kuphela organelles ukuba abakwazi ukuba azalisekise imisebenzi yawo ngqo (ukwetyisa kwezinto yi haydrolisis). Kuphela capturing izinto iseli engafunwayo, aye iqela lesibini aze aqalise Digest labanjiswa ubutyebi babo. Geterofagicheskaya vacuole akhiwa lokufaka ingqiqo yokulwela phagosome zamabanga aphantsi kunye vacuoles. Autophagosome - organelle ukhandwa ukuhlanganisa lysosomes vacuole zaseprayimari ndakubumba.

imisebenzi

Sele ngokutsha iimpawu noshowo lysosomes kwaye sinako ukuqhubeka nemisebenzi eyenziwa ngulo organelle. Ngoko ke, zezi zilandelayo:

• ukugaywa intracellular;
• autolysis;
• autophagy.

Ngoku siyakumema ukuba siqwalasele ngamnye ngokwahlukeneyo. Qubeka lo mbuzo olandelayo.

ekugayeni

Ezinye iimpawu noshowo lysosomes kuvumela organelle intracellular ukuvelisa ekugayeni. Ekubeni lunokubakho iseli kungekuphela nje ephilayo esimbaxa, kufuneka enze yonke imisebenzi ebalulekileyo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya lysosomes zamabanga aphantsi kunye vacuoles yokwetyisa.

Sele wakhankanya ukuba kwi yenyani linani elikhulu kunene enqanda. Xa zifakwa kuyo nayiphi khompawundi ukubola ukuba amasuntswana ngomzuzu wokugqibela engena nge ndizayo. Ngaphezu koko, ezi zihlanganisi bazibandakanye nakwezinye iinkqubo ebalulekileyo.

autolysis

Sele Wathi kwi lysosomes kwenzeka iinkqubo yokwetyisa. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba lysosomes kunokubangela ukufa liphela iseli.

A data inwebu obhityileyo organelles ukuze kutshatyalaliswa, kwaye enzayim baya kukhululwa. Xa oku kusenzeka yonke lysosomes iseli, uya kufa. inkqubo Ukungeniswa yi autolysis. Thina ezinokubangela mzekelo uqhelekileyo a tadpole. Yokuduka Umsila ikamva isele - umzekelo ocacileyo we autolysis. Yintoni na izondlo emva kokutshatyalaliswa iiseli? Abayi shwaka, yaye wendele "abamelwane."

autophagy

Kwakhona enze umsebenzi lysosomes ngokuba "autophagy". Ekugqibeleni uba ubudala, ayisebenzi. Xa siqwalasela iseli, ezinye organelles lixesha singavalwa. Yenzeka njani le nto? Wachitha kuthinjwa organelles lysosomes kwaye ziba iimolekyuli noncinci enzymes. Kodwa endaweni zabo ezintsha. Zonke amasuntswana eseleyo emva kokuba inkqubo autophagy, iseli ezifunekayo ukuze bazale izakhiwo iseli entsha.

Apha athi ukuba kukho iindidi ezimbini autophagy: ngemithamo kunye macroautophagy. Amaxesha amaninzi le nkqubo ambona iimeko uxinzelelo (umzekelo, ngokuzila kakhulu okanye umthambo kakhulu).

isifo

Siye sahlolisisa ukuyilwa lysosomes, umsebenzi wabo kunye nesakhiwo, kodwa maxa wambi kuyenzeka ukuba ukusilela kumsebenzi wabo zenzeke. Ngoko ke umntu egula. Siphakamisa ingqalelo esi sifo kuba Gaucher engqondweni. Kwakhona esi sifo, kukho malunga 50 nezinye izifo ezinxulumene nokusebenza kakuhle lysosomal.

Ngoko ke, isifo Gaucher kaThixo echazwe okokuqala ngo-1882 Filippom Goshe, athanda ukuyibeka embekweni kwaye igama syndrome. Esi sifo iqhelekileyo notyeshelo imisebenzi kwezi organelles. Yeyona ngokungabi glucocerebrosidase enzyme. Konke oku kunokukuchaphazela kakubi amanye amalungu, ezifana:

• spleen;
• isibindi;
• sezintso;
• ekukhanyeni;
• ingqondo.

Ngaphandle enkulu ngayo le ngxaki, Gaucher engqondweni ukuba umphilise. Ngoku ezininzi ngemithamo olumiselweyo ukuxhasa ubomi babantu.