Ndlela ekuphileni ukuba nonyango lwengqondo. Unyango ekuphileni: Ubuchule, iindlela, abameli, nezimaphambili ezingundoqo

Ngawo onke amaxesha ezijongene abantu izinto zengqondo ezifana unxunguphalo, ediniwe lobomi, ukungazithembi, ajike abe ukudakumba. Iingxaki ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo baberhola ezahlukeneyo, kodwa iimvakalelo kunye namava abantu bayathanda. Namhlanje ngakumbi nabantu ukubandezeleka kokulahlekelwa esibujonga ngayo ubomi kunye yanto ngaphakathi ezibangelwa ufumane ezinye iinkathazo ebomini. Kujongwe ukuba ukunceda abantu abanjalo nonyango lwengqondo ekuphileni.

Inkolelo nonyango lwengqondo ekuphileni

Unyango ekuphileni - uluhlu lwemithetho kunye neendlela zengqondo ukubuyela ubomi obuqhelekileyo bomntu, ezele iingxaki ingqondo. Kukho ugxininiso kwi self-ulwazi, kungekhona nje into eyahlukileyo, ivaliwe kubo kunye namava abo, kwakunye yinxalenye yobomi, nobunyani ngeenxa zonke. Therapy Iifom uxanduva ubomi bakho kwaye kwenzeka ntoni kuyo. Eli gama livela kwi existentia Latin - «ubomi». bengqondo ekuphileni kunye nonyango lwengqondo ngokusondeleyo ukuya bulumko. Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwakukho mkhuba ngokuthi 'intanda bobukho ", ekufuphi kwindalo nonyango lwengqondo ekuphileni.

ulwalathiso ebomini e Unyango kwakuvela enkosi Søren Kierkegaard. Fundamental ke imfundiso yakhe, wasebenza kuzo 1830s. postulates zakhe ezisisiseko bathi umntu akakwazi lwahlulwe ihlabathi ngaphandle kunye nobomi ekuhlaleni. Eyona engundoqo amacandelo umntu - isazela, uthando, uloyiko, inkxalabo, nokuzimisela. Umntu uba uyazi kakuhle ubuntu bakhe ngexesha likaxakeka, ngazo ezivelileyo ukufa, umzabalazo kunye nokubandezeleka. Reassessing yangaphambili, umntu azive ekhululekile. Kierkegaard laqalisa ukubakho, eyodwa enye uhlobo lobomi, nizahlule ngomntu ngamnye. Wasisusa uxhulumaniso lokulayita iingongoma kubomi kwanokwazisa ngokwabo, abanye jonga wena kunye nobomi emva kokwehlelwa kukothuka.

postulates Bugental

Dzheyms Byudzhental - Mongameli Association of nonyango lwengqondo ekuphileni. Ngowe-1963, uYesu wakhetha iingqiqo ezisisiseko nonyango lwengqondo ekuphileni:

• Man - oku kwenziwa yonke, leyo kufuneka ukuba ivandlakanywe yaye bafunda kwi udibaniso kwanangamacandelo alo. Ngamanye amazwi, imisebenzi ubuso ayikwazi kusetyenziswa ukuvavanya ubuntu, kodwa zonke izinto xa iyonke.
• ukuphila kwabantu hayi yaxobuka wababhinqisa ubudlelwane. Umntu akanako kufundwa ngaphandle kokuthatha ingqalelo ngamava akhe.
• Siqonde ubuntu kuphela kunokwenzeka banikwe bayo. Ngokuqhubekayo ivavanya ngamnye ngokwakhe, izenzo zakhe, iingcinga.
• Man ngumdali yobomi bakhe, yena angabi wangaphandle, udlule kumfanekiso yokuba leyo ukubhabha, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kugwayimbo. Iba nolwazi, udala ngokwakhe.
• Xa ubomi abuna- intsingiselo nenjongo, iingcamango yakhe amele elizayo.

Unyango ekuphileni lujoliswe isifundo ubomi babantu, kwihlabathi ngeenxa zonke kuye, kunye neemeko zazo ubomi. Ngamnye kuthi kuthatha ngamava akhe zokujongana ehlabathini ngaphandle, kunye nabanye abantu. Oku kubeka mfanekiso yethu ngokwasengqondweni, ngaphandle apho akunakwenzeka xa Unyango ukunceda isigulane. Iqela neempawu ayiyi kunika ulwazi ngokupheleleyo umntu, loo mntu akahlali bodwa ngaphakathi Cocoon yayo, oko eguqukayo, ukutshintsha zokuziphatha, ivavanye okusingqongileyo kunye, phezu kwesi sisekelo, owenza izenzo ezithile. Ngoko ke, ezinye kwengqondo ziye ndizigcinile, andangena ingqiqo ungubani, njengoko akuthethi ukuhlola ngokupheleleyo yonke imiba yobukho bomntu kunye seengcamango.

Iinjongo unyango

Unyango ekuphileni yenzelwe ukwalathisa iingcamango zomntu kwicala elifanelekileyo, ukunceda ukuba baqonde ubomi, ukuba baqonde ukubaluleka kwalo lonke ithuba. Therapy ayitshintshi ukuba ungubani umguli. Yonke ingqalelo sibhekiswe kanye ukuphila ngokwako, uhlaziye ezinye iziganeko. Oku kukuvumela ukuba bahlole leyinene, ngaphandle ukukhohlisa kunye neminqweno, niyakhe izicwangciso zexesha elizayo, ukuzibekela iinjongo. Unyango ekuphileni ichaza intsingiselo yobomi kwi imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla uxanduva kubomi babo kunye nenkululeko yokuzikhethela. Le njongo - ngokudala imboniselo entsha yobukho kwenza kube ivumelane. Sinokuthi ukuba unyango kunceda ukuqonda ubomi, ifundisa ukuba bajongane iingxaki kwaye sifumane iindlela zokusombulula kubo, ukuhlola konke okusemandleni ukuphucula ubukho babo yaye lukhokelela kwisenzo. Izigulane waqonda abantu abagulayo, bengazi ukuba indlela yokulawula amathuba abo, ediniwe zobomi. Ukuba umntu uthe waqutyulwa ebomini ukuthelekelela kwakhe, impazamo enkulu - ukuphatha ukuba umguli. Ngoko ndithi abameli nonyango lwengqondo ekuphileni. Awukwazi ukumphatha njengendoda athalala, kufuneka nje ukumnceda uhlaziye kwenzeka ntoni malunga nokuba ukukhetha indlela elungileyo apho uya kwixesha elizayo ngokukhalipha kunye ngenjongo. Injongo ukuba ukutshintsha ubuntu, kodwa emva kokwenziswa umntu unyango siqonde ukuba kufuneka into ukutshintsha, ukuphucula ubomi babo, ukuba ngoku akahlali ngendlela endifuna ngayo, kuba kufuneka amanyathelo angawo. Unyango ekuphileni - lithuba lokuba bafumane ulwazi kunye nenkululeko, amandla, umonde. Oku kusifundisa ukuba zivale abakuso, ukuba ukuzifihla iingxaki, baze bafunde yaye uzive ubomi ngokuhlupheka, amaxhala, ukuphoxeka, kodwa babaphatha ngokwaneleyo.

Nonyango lwengqondo no Philosophy

Ngoku kucaca kutheni isithethe ebomini kwi Unyango sisusela bulumko, yaye kutheni oko kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nalo. Le mfundiso ngokwasengqondweni kuphela, imigaqo apho sigwetyelwe nje bulumko. Owasungula le mfundiso ebomini ekunokuthiwa sobulumko Danish Serena Kerkegora. Ezinye zobulumko Western abenze igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lwesikolo ebomini: sobulumko German, classic-bulumko ebomini Heidegger kunye M. Buber, P. Tillich, Jaspers, sobulumko French Jean-Paul Sartre kunye nabanye abaninzi. Kunye vremnem nonyango lwengqondo ekuphileni ngokubanzi. Abameli bulumko Russian naye akazange eme ecaleni saze satyala ngamandla ngaphantsi kunye nolwazi imfundiso ekuphileni. It Rozanov, S. Frank, S. Troubetzkoy, Shestov, Berdyaev.

Kuba okokuqala kukudibanisa intanda kunye nonyango lwengqondo sagqiba psychoanalyst Swiss L. Binswanger. Loo umzamo nguwuphi, awawuqalayo 30 zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, nto leyo ebonisa indlela ebomini ukuze nonyango lwengqondo. Indida kukuba akazange wabandakanyeka kwisenzo nkongomiso lowu, kodwa wayekwazi ukuchaza-siseko engundoqo hlabathi yangaphakathi bomntu, isimilo sakhe nendlela ayibona ngayo indlela ubunyani ezingqongileyo, ukuba ndiseke unyango. Oku kungenziwa ngokuba ngunozala nonyango lwengqondo ekuphileni. Medard Boss, lwengqondo Swiss, wanikela umbono wakhe, owokuqala hlobo yayo. Kwathi kwiminyaka 50 zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Kuba isisekelo wathabatha sobulumko German iimfundiso Heidegger kunye nokuguqula ukuze isentyenziselwe kunyango. Yena kucingwa umseki kwenye yeendawo unyango ebomini - daseinsanalysis, eliqulethe umfuziselo ukuqonda kwabantu. Xa umphathi we-60 balungiselela inkqubo yoqeqesho psychoanalysts kunye psychotherapists e ubuchule babo. Ngoku imisinga ezininzi Unyango ebomini, nobuchule ezahlukeneyo, kodwa injongo ekusukeleni enye - ukwenza ubomi babantu obutofotofo kunye nokubekwa.

nonyango lwengqondo Frankl

Enye abameli ezininzi obabuthandwa Unyango ebomini ingabizwa uViktor Frankl. Le wengqondo Austria, zengqondo kunye luvo. Unyango ekuphileni, iindlela ezo zisekelwe kwiimfundiso Frankl ebizwa logotherapy. uluvo oluphambili lwayo kukuba eyona nto ibalulekileyo ukuze umntu - ukufumana intsingiselo yobomi yaye ukuqonda ubomi babo oku, kufanele azame. Ukuba abantu babone ingongoma, ubomi bakhe buba ungalanjathiswa. Unyango ekuphileni Frankl isekelwe phezu ukuqonda ukuba kwankqu ubukho ubuza imibuzo umntu ngenjongo yobomi, kungekhona vice versa, kwaye umntu kufuneka ukuphendula kwezi zenzo. Existentialists bakholelwa ukuba wonke umntu uyakwazi ukufumana intsingiselo kuthi, nokuba isini, ubudala, ubuzwe okanye inkolo, ubume ekuhlaleni.

Umendo intsingiselo yahlukile ukuba umntu ngamnye, yaye ukuba akanako uthe wayifumana, uza nothomalaliso zohlangulo. Kodwa existentialists bakholelwa ukuba umntu uya kuba nako ukwenza oku, i-sikhokelo eziphambili bona isazela, nto leyo Frankl wayekholelwa "ingqiqo umzimba" kunye namathuba ibizwa ngokuba self-ukongama. Siphuma yanto umntu angasebenzisana kuphela leyinene engqongileyo; alahle ngokwalo nokuzoba ingqalelo iimvakalelo zabo engaphakathi, oku akwenzeki. Frankl wathi 90% of ngamakhoboka eziyobisi kunye otywala sele ngenxa ukulahleka intsingiselo yobomi kunye nelahleko endlela kuyo. Enye indlela - ngumfanekiso, xa umntu igxininisa ngokwakhe, uzama ukufumana le ulonwabo; kukwayinto entle umendo wobuxoki. Lo Endliwa Frankl logotherapy isekelwe Counteracting kisa - derefleksii kunye injongo ngamazwi.

ubuchule unyango kwintetho. Derefleksiya

Derefleksiya inikezela ukuzinikezela ngokupheleleyo ukupheliswa yangaphandle zimba ngamava abo. Le ndlela isetyenziswa phambi likhoboka lento ethile. Imizekelo izifo ezinjalo badla ngokuba neengxaki ebomini zesini enxulumene kunye nokoyika induku, frigidity. Frankl wayekholelwa ukuba neurosis obsessional uhlobo ngokwesondo enxulumene umnqweno ukuzonwabisa, noyike yena engekho. Uzama ukufumana ulonwabo, rhoqo ingqalelo kule ngxelo, umntu ungakufumani. Yena uya ku vangama, ebukele wena ngokungathi ngaphandle, ukuhlalutya iimvakalelo zabo abangafumani ulwaneliseko oko kwenzeka ekupheleni. Frankl ubona isisombululo ukuphelisa bokubonisa, self-ukulibala. Njengoko umzekelo isicelo ngempumelelo indlela xa kusenziwa derefleksii Frankl uyakwazi ukwahlula Kwimeko ibhinqa eliselula, bakhalazayo of frigidity. Xa ndikwishumi elivisayo, yena yathotyelwa kwimeko ubundlobongela kunye noloyiko rhoqo, ukuba oko washiya uphawu ubomi bakhe ngesondo kunye nethuba lokuba ubunandiphe. Kwaye ke kugxininiswa ngokwabo, iimvakalelo zabo neemvakalelo, kusembiwa ukwaliwa nicaphukile, kodwa hayi isibakala lobundlobongela. Xa le ntombazana yakwazi ukuba siphelise ugxininiso ukusuka kwakhe iqabane, le meko itshintshe siyamkela. Lakwazi kamnandi neentlobano zesini, ingxaki wanyamalala. Uluhlu lwesicelo yendlela derefleksii ububanzi kwaye inokuba luncedo ekucombululeni iingxaki ezininzi zengqondo.

ngenjongo ngamazwi

injongo ngamazwi - ingqiqo esekelwe kwiimfundiso Frankl malunga uloyiko kunye ukucalulwa. Waqiqa ngelithi ukoyika umntu nasiphi na isiganeko, lwaba phithi, ngokuthe ngcembe bamrholela kanye oko omoyikayo. Ngokomzekelo, umntu wanzonza okanye uyagula, kuba pre-lokuzibona iimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo zomntu besoyika ukuba abe nayo. Igama elithi "injongo" livela kwi intentio Latin - "ingqalelo, umnqweno," nto leyo ethetha ugxininiso lwangaphakathi into, yaye "ngamazwi" ithetha inyathelo esahlukileyo, ayiphikisani. Undoqo yale ndlela kuxhomekeke injongo yokudala imeko apho unobangela uloyiko. Endaweni yoko, ukuba ukuthintela naziphi na iimeko, ukuba uye kumkhawulela, yiloo nto imangalisayo.

Unako ukunika umzekelo kule ndawo. Man, kanye enze eqongeni phambi kwabaphulaphuli kwaye ngaxeshanye ukhathazekile, waphawula ukuba bakhe izandla zazingcangcazela. Ixesha elizayo ngaphambi kokuba aphume, waqala ukoyika ukuba izandla ziya kunyikima kwakhona, kwaye oku unoloyiko yinyaniso. kubangela ukoyika ukoyika, ngenxa konke oku sele ukucekiswa, iimpawu recurred kwaye luqilima, kwabakho ukoyika belindile. Ukuze bahlukane yale meko kwaye kuhlala ngoxolo, ukuze banandiphe ubomi, kufuneka asuse ngesothuso. Le ndlela singasebenza ngokuzimeleyo ukwenza yacaca injongo ukudala imeko wahlukile ukusuka apho Ndingathanda ukuba balahle. Nazi ezimbalwa imizekelo.

Omnye umfana ukuchama bonke ubusuku ebuthongweni bakhe, therapist wakhe wagqiba ukusebenzisa indlela ngenjongo ngamazwi. Waxelela umntwana lonke ixesha kwenzeka kwakhona, uya kwamkela umvuzo. Ngaloo ugqirha uye uloyiko mfana, ndinga ungathi kwakhona le meko yenzekile. Ngoko umntwana balahle yokugula kwakhe.

Le ndlela inokusetyenziswa kwakhona ukuba ugwayi. Man ukuba awukwazi ukulala ixesha elide, ukoyika quthu uqalisa iyanditya kuye bonke ubusuku. Okukhona uzama ukuqonda iimvakalelo zabo Tune ukuba ulele, i ngaphantsi oko kuvela. Isisombululo ilula - uyeke zimba wena, kuba ukoyika efuna izicwangciso ngabom ukuhlala ubusuku bonke. Ekuphileni nonyango lwengqondo (reception injongo ngamazwi ingakumbi) ikuvumela ukuba jonga fresh kwi imeko, ukufumana ulawulo phezu kwabo ubomi babo.

indlela Client-igxile

Enye indawo ezibandakanya nonyango lwengqondo ekuphileni. Nezimaphambili ezingundoqo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo yayo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka sakudala. kugxile uhanjiselo-indlela unyango siqulunqwe ngengqondo American Karlom Rodzhersom kunye kuchazwe kwincwadi yakhe "loNiko-embindini unyango:. esetyenziswayo njengangoku kunye nethiyori intsingiselo" Rogers wayekholelwa ukuba umntu ekhokelwa yi ngumnqweno ukuphuhlisa, ukukhula zobungcali kunye nezinto ubomi bakho, usebenzisa amathuba afumanekayo. Yena ngoko wamisela ukuba umele ukusombulula iingxaki abajongene ngabo, ziqondisa imisebenzi yabo siphinde sabuyel 'ekhondweni. Kodwa ukuze oku kungenza phambi lwamaxabiso zentlalo. Rogers laqalisa iikhonsepthi ezichaza iinqobo ezisisiseko zophuhliso yobuntu:

• entsimini amava. Yiba nolwazi hlabathi ngaphakathi kwale ndoda esebenzisa bemilo apho ebona ngokoqobo lwangaphandle.
• Self. Ukudibanisa amava ngokwenyama nangokomoya.
• I-real. Iimbono malunga ngokwabo, ngokususela kwiimeko zobomi obububo, ukuhlonipha abanye abantu.
• I-efanelekileyo. Indlela abantu livela kwimeko ekufezekiseni amathuba abo.

"I-yokwenene" uzinikele "Mna-efanelekileyo." I ezincinane umahluko phakathi kwabo, enomahluko ngakumbi ngamnye uziva ubomi. Ngokutsho Rogers, ukuzithemba, nokwamkelwa mntu ngokwakhe njengoko yena, luphawu zempilo yengqondo kunye yokomoya. Uze uthethe ngokuhambelana (consistency lwangaphakathi). Ukuba umahluko mkhulu, umntu esibonakala ngamabhongo nokungabi nto yanto, overvaluation ngayo imisebenzi yabo, kwaye oku kungakhokelela ekubeni neurosis. Real andinakuze nokusondela abathandwayo ngenxa yeemeko ebomini, nalwazi, okanye ngenxa yokuba umntu azibeka ngokwakhe ufakelo, ukuziphatha, iimvakalelo ezisahlula kwi "Mna-muhle". Umgaqo ezisisiseko indlela embindini uhanjiselo-- umkhuba self-actualization. Omnye ukwamkela njengokuba yena, ukufumana ukuzithemba kunye sizabalazele ukuba akhule kwaye aphuhle ndikwimida endiyimiselwe musa makangalaphuli kwakhe.

kugxile uhanjiselo-indlela ubuchule

ndlela ekuphileni ukuba Unyango Karl Rogers ibonisa izigaba ezisixhenxe uphuhliso, ulwazi kunye nokuzamkela:

1. Kukho njengebutho evela iingxaki, ukunqongophala umnqweno ukutshintsha ubomi babo bube ngcono.
2. Umntu uqala ukubonisa iimvakalelo zabo, izimvo zabo, ukuze uvule kancinane iingxaki zabo.
3. Uphuhliso ukuzichaza, nokuzamkela kunye ukuntsonkotha meko, iingxaki zabo.
4. Kukho imfuneko yokuba ungubani, umnqweno ukuba ngokwabo.
5. Ukuziphatha uba organic, ezizenzekelayo lula. Kukho inkululeko ngaphakathi.
6. Man ivula ngokwayo kunye nehlabathi. kuphela anokurhoxiswa iiseshini nge ngengqondo.
7. Ukuvela ukulingana sengqiqweni phakathi yokwenene kunye I-I-efanelekileyo.

Ukuchonga izakhi engundoqo ndlela:

• zibonakalisa iimvakalelo,
• verbalization,
• ukusekwa ngokuhambelana.

Makhe sithi gqaba-gqaba ngamnye kubo.

Bonakalisa iimvakalelo. Ngexesha nimlahle kwengqondo ubiza ngokuvakalayo mintlhaveko ezifunyanwa ngumxhasi kwimeko elinikiweyo, ngokusekelwe kwibali lakhe.

Verbalization. amabalana Psychologist ngamazwi akhe isigidimi zabathengi, kodwa hayi bayasigqwetha ingqiqo ukuba angaxeli. Lo mgaqo yenzelwe ukubalaselisa umthengi lukhulu mbaliso, ezona zinto eyothusayo yakhe.

Ukusekwa kwe ngokuhambelana. A ukulingana obuphilileyo phakathi yokwenene kunye ezifanelekileyo J. Inkqubo yesiqhelo kunokuthathwa impumelelo xa utshintsho imeko umxhasi xa kwicala ilandelayo:

• azibone ukuvula ngokufanelekileyo ukuze abanye abantu kunye namava amatsha, ukuzithemba ebuyela eqhelekileyo;
• ukwanda ukusebenza;
• imbono esengqiqweni le ngxaki;
• nokuphungulwa sengozini kwandisa bhetyebhetye le meko;
• ukuncitshiswa ixhala;
• kutshintsha ukuziphatha ngendlela eyakhayo.

Rogers ndlela isetyenziswa ngempumelelo kwizikolo abafikisayo ekusonjululweni kwengxabano. Apho yena Izimo - oko ayinqweneleki ukusebenzisa, ukuba umntu ngenene akukho ithuba akhule kwaye aphuhle.

ukuqaphela ukufa

Kukho umgwebo abantu abaye ukufa lwezonyango okanye ukugula kakhulu, ixabiso ngakumbi ubomi babo kuzuzwe lukhulu. Babenolwazi finiteness engaphephekiyo yobomi, ukufa, nonyango lwengqondo ebomini yenza uhlaziye isimo sabo ehlabathini ezingqongileyo, ukuqonda ubunyani kwi ukukhanya eyahlukileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo abantu musani ukucinga rhoqo ngokufa, kodwa, senze ukugula kakhulu, ukuze baziphathe ngendlela engatshongo khona. Ngokomzekelo, sivalelwe ngaphandle kwabanye, ngaphakathi okanye uqale ukuziphindezela bonke abantu besempilweni ngeenxa zonke kuye. Umsebenzi Psychologist kule ndlela kumele ukuba ukhokelele ekubeni ukwamkelwa sifo client njengoko ithuba lokukhula buqu. ukufa Kufuphi ezilungiselelwe abantu ekhokelela overestimation imilinganiselo, le yoxinaniso mzuzu. Wakuvulela kwabanye abantu, usapho kunye nabahlobo bakhe - kungekho ngaphandle: ukuzalana uba olusenyongweni nangokunyaniseka.

Unyango ekuphileni, ulwazi netheknoloji yokufa ukuba umntu abonakale limfiliba, eneneni inceda abantu abaninzi bakwazi ukuphila nobunzima ngesidima yenzekile nabo.