Ndayivulela mna Vasco da Gama? Iindawo ezinika umdla Vasco da Gama

Ubudala Discovery - isiganeko esibalulekileyo kwimbali yoluntu. Kakade ke, abantu North kunye Umzantsi Melika nekungenakwenzeka ukuba uyavumelana nale ngxelo, kodwa impucuko yethu lilonke ixabiso phando kakhulu. Amagama kubathetheli sobukhalipha era elizukileyo ngonaphakade eyayikrolwe kumaxwebhu zembali, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ngoku siyazi ukuba umfundi ngamnye.

Kodwa asinguye wonke umntu unako uluhlu impumelelo bokwenyaniso kula madoda amakhulu. Asingabo bonke abantu, umzekelo, impendulo yalo mbuzo owavula Vasco da Gama. Nantso into sijonga kweli nqaku.

iziganeko eziphambili biography

Vasco da Gama (1460-1524) - ihlabathi edumileyo esasihamba Portuguese, ubomi bazivelela nje ixesha obafunyanwa esikhulu. Famous ngokuba okokuqala kwimbali kwavula indlela elwandle India. Ngelo xesha omnye Saze nesikhundla eliphezulu viceroy ka-Portuguese India. Ngokufutshane, biography of Vasco da Gama inee- iziganeko ezibalaseleyo.

mbali abaninzi balatha ukuba nguvulindlela ngengqiqo ngokungqongqo lo gama wayengekho (ngokungafaniyo Magellan). Nangona Hristoforu Kolumbu kwafuneka ukubila ukweyisela amagunya ukuba kuba yimfuneko ukuba balungelelanise hambo ka Vasco da Gama kunye nemiba onjalo lutho. Isizathu kukuba nje ukuba inkosi wammisa ngokuthi "discoverer elwandle eya eIndiya."

Matiloshe imibutho lucky kunye nephulo: neqela lakhe liza kubonelela zonke ilungileyo, besazi ukubaluleka kweso siganeko.

Njengoko aqala biography of Vasco da Gama? Malunga iqashiso unina awaziwa, kodwa uyise fanele ukuba iklasi knightly amandulo esisityebi. Umnqobi elizayo iilwandle waba abazalwana abahlanu kwakunye nodade.

Xa i "ewe" egameni lakhe, intsapho yakhe ngokuqinisekileyo banawo yezikhulu liphezulu. Ngokutsho mbali Portuguese, omnye lusungulo Vasco da Gama (biography of umhambi iyakungqina oku) kanye ukuba wahlukile edabini nxamnye amaSilamsi, kuba athe wanikwa liqhawe.

Wabufunda Apho njenge discoverer elizayo elwandle eya India? Awu, iye apho ukuze bagwetywe kuphela gi circumstantial. Ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ngokuthembekileyo kuyaziwa kuphela ukuba zemathematika kunye navigation oselula Vasco da Gama wafunda e Evora. Njengoko ulwazi ezibhaliwleyo kwezi inzululwazi kuphela, siya kuthathwa, apho Portuguese bahloniphe abantu baye bakwazi ukumisela izifundo ze ukujongana a nge.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izikhulu Portuguese akukho ukhetho ethile kwimibandela ephathelele umsebenzi wabo. Ukuba umntu behlelo asebukhosini, kodwa yaba knight, indlela - kuphela wathandana yasemkhosini. Njengoko ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kakhulu imfazwe kumhlaba Portugal akukho namnye ekhokelwa kodwa ukuphuhlisa ngenkuthalo ilizwe phesheya, phantse zonke izidwangube ukuba amagosa aselwandle.

Akukho umendo efanayo nabaselula Vasco da Gama: ngobomi (kuquka ukuvulwa), oko kubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba nabathetheli ezinesiphiwo ngakumbi Portugal ngelo xesha okunene.

Ubomi Vasco da Gama phambi uhambo lwakhe India

Emva ngo-1492, ezinye corsairs French bakwazi ukuba sibamba impahla osisityebi, waya Portugal. Savela eli lizwe ezukileyo ababa nakuma yozingiso ezinjalo, yaye ke ngoko wamwisela umthetho ukuba ukuhamba lakomkhulu oselula behlasela yokohlwaya elunxwemeni, Sazithimba zonke inkundla isiFrentshi ezifumaneka kuloo ndawo. Poruchenets wazalisekisa umsebenzi ngokukhawuleza ukuze nangempumelelo ukuba amasela kwafuneka abuyele yonke into. Njengoko unokuba elithekelelwayo, le knight okhaliphileyo yaba Vasco da Gama. Kuba ukuzimisela kunye nesibindi zabo ngokukhawuleza wasondela kwinkundla yakomkhulu.

Ngowe-1495 itrone Portuguese Manuel mna, ngubani na kuphela ngenzondelelo redoubled gqolo ukwanda ishishini kumazwe marine ezaziwayo, kodwa ukucinga nzulu malunga esivulela India indlela Nautical. Ekuqaleni, inkokeli butho waqeshwa Bartholomew Dias. Kodwa ke ukumkani wayesazi ukuba umkhankaso kufuneka iitalente nje ukuhamba kuphela kodwa ingqiqo kuphela emkhosini. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba indawo hero yethu. Ndawuvula ke Vasco da Gama kwixesha elizayo?

Phezu kolwandle eya India

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba siphu- kumkani esebenzayo wayesele ixesha ukuzama luck lakhe ekufuneni indlela ilizwe. Yenza akuzange kube lula, kuba inxalenye esemntla lonke Afrika kwizandla amaSilamsi ngasentla. Kuphela emva kokuphumelela kumazantsi eSahara, kwaba lula ukufikelela indlela oyifunayo.

Ngo-1487 iphulo bahamba uhambo kakhulu. Kuye ekhokelwa ngamagosa anamava - Peru da Covilhã kunye Afonso de Paiva. Okokuqala kuba ikwazile ukufikelela India wayefuna ukuba ukugqithisa umyalezo kwiphandle ngethuba lenguqu enjalo. Sele 1488 iBartolomeu Dias ukuba baqhube isifundo eneenkcukacha kwincam esemazantsi Black kwiZwekazi lonke. Kwakubonakala ukuba uJohn II siza kuba inqala inamandla esandleni - indlela India uza kuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi ngcembe lwezibonelelo. Ngoko kutheni Vasco da Gama ukufunyanwa elwandle eya eNdiya babe isehlakalo ebalulekileyo kwimbali Portugal, kwaye yonke lasisiseko senkcubeko yoluntu?

Isiphelo ubuya ngenye indlela; ukumkani iyafa yindlalifa kuphela, yaye kuba lunqunyanyisiwe phantse ngokupheleleyo umgaqo-nkqubo yengqesho. Noko ke, ebengenakwenza kakhulu: umzekelo, ukuba ahambe hambo kwakhiwa wonke umkhosi weenqanawa yokuqala-class, ogama uyilo ngexesha ukwambatha notorious iBartolomeu Dias.

Xa ukumkani wafa 1495, uManuel I - ezihlangwini zakhe - kuqala ingcinga mncinane India. Kodwa ke imeko ngamazwe yezopolitiko iye yaphuhliswa ngendlela yokuba ngaphandle kokuba iye izakungenzeki kungekudala. Fast ukulungiselela iimviwo zokuxabangela ngoMatshi enkulu kwaqhubeka.

Izixhobo kwiphulo lokuqala

On yintoni inqanawa yabamba uhambo yayo Vasco da Gama? Xa intloko butho wema, "San Gabriel". Iklasi nqanawa efanayo, "San Rafael", weza phantsi umyalelo uPawulos - umntakwabo Vasco da Gama. Zombini xinyenyana baba phakathi ekuthiwa-Nao yeklasi. Ezi zinqanawa ezinkulu kakhulu, nto leyo bafikelela ukubana iitoni 120-150 of. Ngenxa iiseyile ebanzi square ukuba sikwazi ukuqulunqa ngokukhawuleza endilisekileyo, kodwa angenzi ngokwaneleyo, kodwa hayi wayeyoliswa kakhulu oomatiloshe sebenzisa nabo shintsha elide ngaphandle kokuba ebotshelelwe elunxwemeni.

Le malunga yaba flagship "Berry". Inqanawa yi - nimble caravel zikhululekile. Kuye kwafakwa iiseyile ungasuki, owawukhokelwa Nicolau Coelho. Ekugqibeleni, butho yayiyinxalenye inqanawa, nokuba igama okanye olunye ulwazi ayigcinwanga.

malunga navigation

Akumangalisi ukuba ingqalelo loo mbutho ohambo izixhobo zawo zaye zabelwa izixhobo ezingcono olwandle ngelo xesha. esasihamba Chief waba Peru Alenquer. Le matiloshe ebalaseleyo sele wazibonakalisa ngokugqibeleleyo ngokwabo kwiphulo Dias (thina zikhankanywe ngasentla). Ngaphandle kokuba amagosa eziphambili ababekhwele kwakukho umbingeleli, umbhali kunye ngeenkwenkwezi. Banakekela abaguquleli abambalwa abaye bancedisa xa yokujongana bendawo. Ngokutsho kwezinye mbali, inani labasebenzi yafikelela abantu 170.

isiko umphakathi

Ngaloo mihla, kwabakho isiko ukwazi. On ibhodi kumaphulo olunjalo amabanjwa. Kakade ke, senza oko ukwenzela ukwazisa ubuhle amabanjwa kumazwe aphesheya. Zazisetyenziswa Scouts, uhlaselo kunye nezinye iimeko xa awufuni ukuba esichengeni ubomi abasebenza rhoqo. Noko ke, kuba bona kunye namabanjwa ukuba "kukhanya ekupheleni kwetonela." Akukho nokuba nzima na isono ukuba abantu bazenze zasendle, wafumana inkululeko yeNavigeyishini kuyo ekupheleni. Ukuba waphila, kunjalo.

isondlo

Khumbula ngazo malunga inqanawa zothutho? Quka oko hambo yaqala ukususela kwixesha Dias, xa loo ndlela abe ngumntu obonakalise ngempumelelo ophezulu. Kwi isitya yokugcina yayigcinwe unikezelo kakhulu ukutya, iifomu, izixhobo zokulawula iiseyile nanceba. Ukutya eninzi akazange kukhanya iqela: isidudu, inyama yenkomo corned, amaqebengwane. Ukongeza, le solder standard equlethe imali encinane yewayini. Imifuno kunye neziqhamo, intlanzi kunye nemikhosi fresh inyama kufunxwa ngokwabo oomatiloshe kwi yokupaka.

Onke amadoda kunye namagosa wamnika umvuzo olungileyo (ngaphandle "nomkhosi setyala"). Kuba ngenxa uhambo yolwandle romance intaba mntu wahamba. Noko ke, uhambo Vasco da Gama yaba umsebenzi kuphela yorhwebo, ukuze wonder ayifani ncam kuyimfuneko.

Imikhombe butho ezaxhobela?

Ngexesha izixhobo kwi iinqanawa nto bakhwelela kude kwezo mortars likumgangatho leyo zikuyo yonke ngexesha ekuqaleni. Ngalinye "nar" wayengekho iziqwenga ngaphantsi kwe-20, yaye yafakwa ngemipu Caravel elinambini. izixhobo zobuqu wafana iqela Spanish: ubengo efanayo halberds, ngezinkempe amakrele. Kwakukho muskets ezimbalwa kunye pistols. Umgangatho kunye ukuxhaphaka handguns kwaba ncinane kakhulu ukuba nefuthe elibi isiphumo kwinkxalabo, Kudla ngokungabikho enikiweyo.

8 July 1497 kunye nembeko butho olukhulu ngomkhombe kwizibuko eLisbon. Indlela waya wamazwe enkulu kwexesha - Vasco da Gama. Ukufunyanwa of India (okanye mandithi, umzila ulwandle kukho) waba ngeenxa nje ekoneni!

qala umkhankaso

Ityala kwenzeka kwimo yesiqhelo: iinqanawa banduluka, badlula i Serra Leone. Esebenzisa iingcebiso elungileyo Dias hambo siphambukile kakhulu ukuya ngasentshona off ikhondo ukuphepha yemvula egalela ngamandla. Yena, ngokuzenzekelayo, ukuba sele liqengqiwe lesuka armada enqanaweni esahlukileyo, oya kwinqaba Elmina Castle. Apho Dias lithathe nesithuba kwingqwayi.

Ngelo xesha, imikhumbi wethu sele wenza Ulutshonise umxhelo kwi Atlantic Ocean, emva koko waphinda wabona kunxweme Portuguese ye-Black kwiZwekazi lonke. NgoNovemba 4, 1497 kwakukho ekuhleni ebalulekileyo ankile kwi bay, leyo ngoko nangoko bafumana igama St Helena. Crew yafumana ii-odolo yokupaka ixesha elide, njengoko iinqanawa nangoku kakhulu abethwa kulwandle oluvulekileyo, kodwa ukuba benze wonke umsebenzi akuphumelelanga. Endleleni, wakwazi ukufumana ezinye iziqwenga zomhlaba apho yangoku wathu- ngamandla iinqanawa. Apha Vasco da Gama wafumanisa indlela ziqithi nabemi.

Labantu bendawo babengayifuni kakhulu. Noko ke, amnike inani ngabarhwebi ngamakhoboka kwiindawo akukho Ndamangaliswa kwakungenjalo. Vasco da Gama ngokwakhe kwenye zeenkcuba arrow emlenzeni, ngoko butho nginqi.

Kodwa uvavanyo engundoqo ebesenam ukuza. Ubunzima obukhulu, akuba elirhangqiweyo i-Cape of iStorms (Good Hope), ezi zithuthi lehla ankile kwi ethekwini Mossel Bay. Hulking inqanawa sezulu ruffled kakubi kangangokuba kwafuneka kunokutshiseka. Ngethamsanqa, inzalelwane basekuhlaleni ngobubele kakhulu bahambi, yaye ke ngoko ayikwazanga kuphela ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa nokulungiswa iinqanawa, kodwa ukuze ubuyise amanzi kunye nokutya izinto. indlela elizayo ndolenza-mpuma.

perfidy Arab

NgoDisemba 16, 1497 oomatiloshe babona isithuba endingasokuze lokugqibela, ezishiye Dias uhambo emva ngo-1488. Bonke akuthabatha uhlaba izihlabo elungileyo, yaye premonitions zazaliseka: nohambo inyanga yonke kudlule ngaphandle kolibaziseko kunye neengozi. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala ngenxa yenyaniso yokuba iinqanawa umkhankaso banduluka, badlula elunxwemeni kakhulu ephucukile.

Isibakala sokuba kunxweme olusempuma Afrika elide ithambeka ye-Arabhu, kwaye bayazi ukuba, ngokuchaseneyo izizwe isiqingatha-olukhohlakeleyo kunxweme olusentshona, eyaziwa kakuhle eYurophu. Ubukhulu becala ngenxa yoku, wegqitha kakhulu ngoxolo (abo iminyaka) ngaphezulu kwe hambo ka Vasco da Gama. indlela koLwandle India wayethabathe ubomi oomatiloshe abaninzi, kodwa bafa ngenxa ukutya kakuhle kunye nezifo ezosulelayo.

Nangona Zomnqamlezo, isimo sengqondo ngokubhekisele kwabo eyamkelekileyo kakhulu, kodwa hayi ngaphandle kobunzima.

Ngokomzekelo, eMozambique waqalisa zochuku kunye nolawulo lasekuhlaleni. Kwaye ke ayikho inkolo, leyo akakholelwa kakhulu Arabhu ngokubanzi ingqalelo encinane, kodwa into yokuba abathengisi bendawo ekurhaneleka kukhuphiswano Portuguese. Vasco da Gama wayengekho ematyaleni, ukudubula kancinci kumanxweme ezinzima.

Xa amazibuko Mombasa kunye Malindi umkhankaso engabakhawulelanga ngcono kakhulu. Isimanga, kodwa Sheikh yasekuhlaleni wabamkela ukuba babe ngabahlobo abasenyongweni. Noko ke, waba izizathu zakhe: i Portuguese ngokulula bamthomalalisa asayina isivumelwano umfela nxamnye ezithile neentshaba eqhelekileyo. E Malindi uhambo ekugqibeleni wadibana Indian abarhwebi. ubunzima Great yaye zibiza imali eninzi ekufumaneni inkqubo ethembekileyo ukuba umqhubi. Ekugqibeleni 20 Meyi 1498 iinqanawa wayenothotho zafikelela lase India.

Vasco watyelela kuqala isixeko Akhawunti yoMsebenzisi (ngoku Kozhikode). Usodolophu yamkele iindwendwe kunye inkonzo enkulu. Kodwa apha, abarhwebi Muslim baqalisa ukuba ukuphinda-Ukufaka intonga kwi kwevili. Ubudlelwane kunye nosodolophu sibi kakhulu, ushishino nokubi. Nangona kunjalo, kuba ikwazile ukufumana ngokuthengisa eninzi ngamatye anqabileyo kunye nobulawu. Ngokutsho ngesiko elidala, i Vasco da Gama lubuyiswe abemi kwabangabuleliyo, afike kwi iindonga kwisixeko umphakathi ezininzi kunye nokuthatha eziliqela nabafo abazizibambiso. E Goa, i-Portuguese azama ukuseka umthengisi factor, kodwa apha abazange.

ulwandle indlela ukuya kunxweme India - owavula Vasco da Gama!

ukubuya

Kwafuneka ukuba nijike aye ekhaya. Noko ke, ukukhalaza ukuba isono zihlolwe kwendawo, ubudlelwane zorhwebo, nangona kakuhle, lusekiwe. Kamva, kwaba inkalo ebalulekileyo ekumiselweni kolawulo isiPhuthukezi abekwezo ndawo, isandla kakhulu ngokwakhe Vasco da Gama. abahambi Great kuloo minyaka kaninzi baba abezopolitiko abanetalente kunye neenkokeli zomkhosi, ngoko akukho Iyamangalisa nto ubunyani ngobomi bakhe.

Kodwa wayeza kuza, okoko nje Oomatiloshe wayenendlela elide yaye eyingozi umva. Bona uthwaxwa iipirate abangamaSomali (indlela omncinane kutshintshile ukusukela imeko kule ndawo), kukho ubushushu eyoyikekayo, kunye nosuleleko ukutya. Owesibini ngoJanuwari 1499 kwisixeko Mogadishu kwakusenziwa "nokuthintela 'umlilo imipu, ngoko butho sasinga Malindi.

ukuzilibazisa

NgoJanuwari 7, 1499, bafika isixeko eziqhelekileyo apho ukwazi ekugqibeleni ukuthatha ikhefu elwandle kunye yobunzima nenzondo yenqanawa. Kwaye eli xesha, Sheikh wenza isidlo egqwesileyo kunye zokuhlala, kodwa ngenxa yokuba kwiintsuku nje ezintlanu iqela perked phezulu kakhulu.

Indlela phambili, kodwa hayi ngaphandle kwelahleko: Januwari 13 kufuphi Mombasa ngenxa kukuvuza kakhulu kwakhona ukuba kuthi ndlela-ntle ukuya kwenye iimpahla. Ngeminyaka yoo-Epreli, nawa sisazama nangoku ikwazile ukufikelela Cape Verde. Indlu sele apho. Zokumisa iintsapho kunye ukumkani wathumela inqanawa, apho waba ngowokuqala ukuba zazise ezi ndaba ze yaphuma kugqityo olunempumelelo lwazo hambo. Ngelo xesha Vasco mzalwana, Paulo, ugula kakhulu, kodwa ke ngenxa yokuba i-umthetheli wahlala yedwa.

Kuphela ekupheleni kuka Agasti (okanye Septemba) ngo-1499 intsalela ye-Homepage ngebhongo balibeka kwi kwizibuko eLisbon. Nantso into wavula Vasco da Gama oko. Marco Polo kunye nezinye omkhulu kakhulu kule minyaka idlulileyo onelungelo kuba nebhongo imicimbi ithuba lakhe!

Buyela kunye nomvuzo

iinqanawa ezimbini kuphela kunye namalungu enqanaweni 55 waya kunxweme lokuzalwa kwakhe. Kodwa ukusuka kwindawo nemali, impumelelo nje kakhulu: Ingeniso evela kurhwebo kunye Arabhu namaNdiya ngokuphindwe 60 ngaphezu zonke iindleko lombutho hambo ngokwayo (!). Akumangalisi ukuba igama Vasco da Gama ukufunyanwa elwandle eya eNdiya babe ntonye iminyaka emininzi ezayo!

Manuel I bavuya kakhulu. Vasco got isihloko iphezulu Don, ipenshoni enkulu kunye kunendawo enkulu somhlaba. Njengoko Vasco da Gama wafumanisa eya eIndiya, leyo wayedume ubutyebi bayo kwasephakadeni, imbeko enjalo lula ukucacisa. Ukongeza, hero yethu waqalisa esondele umcebisi kakumkani, kangangokuba bonke ubunzima zange lilize. E India, uya kwakhona kwaye kwakhona, akhusela izilangazelelo ilizwe lokuzalwa kwakhe ezikude.

Ekupheleni kuka-1524, Vasco da Gama wafa, walahlekelwa ubomi kumhlaba Indiya. Nangoku wakwazi ukuseka isithuba urhwebo e Goa, apho wahlala phantsi Protectorate of Portugal de kwinkulungwane yama-20. Bantu bakuthi kodwa kakhulu bayamoyika kwisikhumbuzo oomtiloshe edume kunye nokuvula nobomi Vasco da Gama ifundiswa ezikolweni. Igama layo emva ibhulorho e Lisbon, yaye kuphela isixa ezinikelwe ubuchule bakhe wenza mkhulu kakhulu.

Siye sahlolisisa oko kwavula Vasco da Gama. Siyathemba ukuba ingcaciso enikwe ngasentla ziya kuba luncedo kuwe.