NATO. amalungu NATO. izikhali NATO

NATO - omnye wemibutho amakhulu kwezomkhosi kunye nezopolitiko ehlabathini. Kukho iminyaka engaphezu kwama-60. Ekuqaleni wadala libe nesakhiwo Alliance, eyenzelwe ukuthintela inkqubo ye-USSR kunye kungenzeka ekuvuseleleni iminqweno yamajoni capitulating Germany. Emva kokuwa yiSoviet Union, NATO zahlangana uninzi amazwe aseMpuma Yurophu kobokuqala awodwa yiSoviet. Abanye abahlalutyi bathi malunga amathuba nghena unit (nokuba kwixesha elizayo esikude) eGeorgia kunye Ukraine. An into umdla kukuba uzama ukujoyina NATO (okanye yokubhengeza intsebenziswano joint yasemkhosini-kwezopolitiko malunga nemiba ephambili jikelele) kwaye wenza i USSR neRashiya mihla. Ngoku NATO kuquka amazwe 28.

A indima ephambili ngokwalo zomkhosi kulo mbutho ukudlala eUnited States. Iyunithi ophethe kwinkqubo "Partnership Uxolo", ngokubambisana ne-Russian Federation ihlela umsebenzi weBhunga "Russia-NATO". It iqulathe izakhiwo ezimbini eziphambili - i-International Secretariat kunye neKomiti Military. It has a imithombo omkhulu wamajoni (Force Response). ikomkhulu NATO ise kwikomkhulu Belgian Brussels. I-Alliance iilwimi ezimbini zaseburhulumenteni - French kunye IsiNgesi. Umbutho ekhokelwa yi kuNobhala Jikelele. ibhajethi NATO wahlulwe iindidi ezintathu - zokunxiba, emkhosini (zemali kakhulu capacious) kunye nenkxaso-mali kwinkqubo yokhuseleko. Alliance imikhosi yamajoni inxaxheba kungquzulwano ngezixhobo e Bosnia and Herzegovina (iminyaka 1992-1995), Yugoslavia (we-1999), Libya (th-2011). NATO ebesoloko ekhokela amandla wamajoni ngamazwe ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko e Kosovo, inxaxheba isigqibo iingxaki zomkhosi-nezopolitiko Asia, kuMbindi Mpuma kunye Afrika. Olu hlobo lokuhlola intsebenziswano phakathi izakhiwo zomkhosi kummandla weMeditera, nokuchonga imibutho inxaxheba kunikezelo nezixhobo zokubulala abantu abaninzi. I-Alliance libandakanyeka ngokubonakalayo iingxoxo ngamazwe ne-Russia, China, India kunye namanye amagunya emikhulu. Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, izinto enixabana phakathi NATO naseRussia njengohlobo ulandela ngokusemthethweni eSoviet Union Zange unyamalele, kwaye ngoku uyaqhubeka ukukhula.

ukudala NATO

NATO yasekwa ngo-1949 lwamazwe elinambini. Indawo, umbutho welizwe ikhokela ukudalwa, kuquka eUnited States - owaziwayo kakhulu kwi imeko yezopolitiko yasemkhosini kwafuneka ukufikelela kwi-Atlantic Ocean, nto leyo eyabangela igama yesakhelo esitsha ngamazwe. NATO (NATO) - oku North Atlantic iSivumelwano Organization, oko kukuthi, umbutho North Atlantic elisebenza phantsi isivumelwano. ibizwa ngokuba yi-Alliance rhoqo.

Injongo yale yunithi inkcaso ku eyinkuthazo kwezopolitiko eSoviet Union kunye namazwe lula kuyo eMpuma Yurophu nakwezinye iindawo ehlabathini. Ngokutsho izivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe NATO ukubonelela wokhuselo umkhosi efanayo xa ndlongo ye ithi yobukomanisi yehlabathi. Noko ke, le union zezopolitiko negalelo iintsingiselo uhlanganiso kumazwe apho ndakubumba. Ngowe-1952, wajoyina NATO, Greece kunye Turkey, ngo-1956 - West Jamani yaye ngo-1982 - Spain. Emva kokuwa eSoviet block sandise impembelelo yayo ehlabathini.

NATO emva kokuwa USSR

Xa eSoviet Union iwa, kubonakala; imfuneko ubukho ngakumbi i-Alliance wanyamalala. Kodwa kwathi konke engalunganga. amalungu NATO aye nje isigqibo ukugcina yunithi, kodwa kwakhona ukuqalisa ukwandisa impembelelo yayo. Ngowe-1991, yayiyilwe yi-Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, nto leyo owayephethe eyayisebenzisana namazwe ukuba amalungu NATO. Kwakuloo nyaka mnye, le lezivumelwano zatyikitywa phakathi kwamazwe le Alliance, iRashiya neUkraine.

Ngowe-1995, inkqubo imisiwe ekwakheni ingxoxo kunye kuMbindi Mpuma (amaSirayeli kweYordan), North Afrika (eYiputa, Tunisia) kunye lweMeditera. Yena wancediswa njengoko Mauritania, Morocco kunye Algeria. Ngowe-2002, oko wadalwa liBhunga "Russia-NATO" ezivumela amazwe ukuqhubeka ukwakha dialogue ngokumalunga nemiba engundoqo kwezopolitiko yehlabathi - wokulwa ubunqolobi, ukunciphisa ukwanda kwezixhobo.

Ukusukela amajoni NATO

Imilo NATO, leyo ndambesa amajoni block elingazange enobunye. sifihle Military kwimigangatho yesizwe, bonke ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi efana - oko eluhlaza izithunzi "hacks". Ngamanye amaxesha amajoni ukwambatha iintlobo impahla (ebizwa ngokuba yi-ovaroli sifihle) ngethuba umsebenzi okhethekileyo kwiindawo ezizodwa (intlango okanye emathafeni). Kwamanye amazwe, uhlobo NATO iqulethe ezahlukeneyo uyilo kunye iiphatheni, evumela ukufikelela amajoni best iteyiphu yephepha.

Kwi-US, umzekelo, indlela sifihle uthandwa kakhulu imigangatho emihlanu core. Okokuqala, oko ihlathi - impahla kunye nemibala ezine eluhlaza. Okwesibini, le ntlango 3 umbala - efanayo imisebenzi zomkhosi entlango equlathe shades ezintathu. Okwesithathu, le ntlango 6-umbala - enye indlela iimpahla ngokulwa entlango, eli xesha kunye nombala ezintandathu. Kwaye kukho lunee ezimbini yesinxibo yasebusika - ebusika (ukukhanya okanye umbala omhlophe njengamasi) kunye zasebusika ikhephu (umthunzi ezimhlophe ngokupheleleyo nyulu). Zonke ezi imibala - isikhokelo malunga abayili ezinye imikhosi ezininzi kuzambathisa amajoni ayo afihle NATO.

Kwemvelo umdla zonke iimpahla ze-US Army. Ukuzifihla - yenziwe kuqhathaniswa. Ide 70s yokuqala, amajoni American kwakukho iimpahla becala kuphela eluhlaza. Kodwa ebudeni ukusebenza eVietnam imibala eso nga ekwaneziseni iimfuno yemfazwe kweemeko ehlathini, nto leyo pereoblachilis amajoni ukuzifihla, ngokuvumela imaski ezisehlathini. Ngo-70 olu hlobo fomu sele phantse umgangatho yesizwe US Army. Ngokuthe ngcembe kwakukho ulungiso of sifihle - ezifanayo imibala ezintlanu.

amabutho NATO

NATO uye imikhosi kakhulu exhobileyo, kubemi ngokubanzi - nje enkulu ehlabathini, lithathwa yi ezinye iingcali zomkhosi. United nelesizwe - Kukho iintlobo ezimbini nabaphumi-Alliance na. Key NATO Military Unit lohlobo yokuqala - ke imikhosi impendulo. Bakulungele ukuthatha inxaxheba kakhulu ngokukhawuleza kwimisebenzi ekhethekileyo kwimimandla weziphithiphithi zendalo zomkhosi yasekuhlaleni, kuquka kumazwe ngaphandle awodwa. Kwakhona NATO anako, kunye nemikhosi impendulo ekhawulezileyo. Kwaye ke ugxininiso wasebenzisa sabo ekusetyenzisweni bobuqili izixhobo, kunye nesiphumo ngokwasengqondweni - by zigqithiselwe endaweni yemfazwe inani elikhulu izixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye namajoni. Ekubalwa sesokuba amaqela alwayo, eqonda amandla kukuba NATO, iya kutshintsha amacebo zabo egameni isisombululo soxolo.

Le Ibloko umoya namandla. NATO moya - oku 22 yokulwa squadrons moya (malunga 500 lamaqhosha izixhobo moya). Kukho kwakhona unit - 80 moya iinjongo zothutho ukuya emkhosini. amazwe NATO nazo ziye enamandla izithuthi. Le ibandakanya - abathwali moya, lweenqanawa ezintywilayo (kubandakanywa emininzi inyukliya), frigates, izikhephe enomjukujelwa kunye Aviation yomkhosi. NATO iinqanawa akhawunti beeyunithi ngaphezu kwe-100.

Le inkulu NATO Isakhiwo emkhosini - umkhosi wokhuselo ephambili. Inxaxheba kuphela babo kwimeko ngamajoni omkhulu kummandla Atlantic. Ekuhambeni kwexesha uxolo ukuba benza imisebenzi ukulwa kwindawo engundoqo. Njengenxalenye yale imikhosi eziphambili Uyalwa NATO - ngaphezu kwama 4,000 moya neenqanawa ngaphezulu kwama-500.

Njengoko NATO landiswa

Ngoko, emva kokuba Ukuwa kweUSSR, NATO waqhubeka khona, koko, liye lanyuka impembelelo yayo ehlabathini. Ngo-1999, i-Alliance iye ingene ngurhulumente kude kube ngoku aba yinxalenye kwisigaba eziphembelela eSoviet Union - iHungary, Poland kunye Czech Republic. Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva - kwamanye amazwe zangaphambili yobusoshiyali: iBulgaria, Romania, eSlovenia, Slovakia kunye aseBalti. Ngo-2009, kwakukho amalungu amatsha NATO - Albania Croatia. Ngokuchasene imvelaphi yentlekele kwezopolitiko kunye neemeko Ukraine, ezinye iingcali zithi, NATO ungabi iminqweno ukuba sandise ukuba. Ngokukodwa, kwi-thethwano phakathi iyunithi yolawulo kunye nabameli umbuzo Ukrainian kwi ekungeneni yenarha NATO, abahlalutyi bathi, Asikabi ibekwe ngqo.

Noko ke, ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, amazwe amaninzi bakulungele ukuzibandakanya awodwa. Kuba ngaphezu onke amazwe Balkan - iMontenegro, Macedonia kunye Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ethetha apho amazwe nezifuna NATO ngazo zonke iindlela, kufanele kuphawulwe eGeorgia. Noko ke, ngokutsho kwezinye abahlalutyi, impixano e Abkhazia naseMzantsi Ossetia - izinto ezinciphisa nomtsalane lizwe ngenxa block. Phakathi iingcali unoluvo lokuba ngakumbi NATO ukwanda kuxhomekeke kwisikhundla Russia. Umzekelo, kwi-Bucharest Summit, ngo-2008, iyunithi wenza ukuba nokwenzeka ukulawula kwamanye amazwe awayesakuba yiSoviet Union, kodwa imihla ngqo ezi nagama ngenxa uluvo Vladimir Putin bukaThixo avakalisa xa kuthe inkangeleko NATO kufuphi kwimida Russia - usongo ngqo. Esi sikhundla of Russia kuhlala isebenza namhlanje. Noko ke, abanye abahlalutyi Western bathi eRashiya owoyika ayinasihlahla.

ukuzilolonga Military Alliance

Ekubeni NATO - umbutho yasemkhosini, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba umthambo zomkhosi omkhulu. Zibandakanya iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu amajoni. Ekupheleni kuka-2013 e-Mpuma EYurophu iye yenziwa, njengoko bafumana ezininzi zophengululo zomkhosi, NATO umthambo enkulu ebizwa ngokuba Jazz qotho. Amfunqula ke Poland kunye aseBalti - Lithuania, Estonia kunye Latvia. NATO amenywa ukuba athabathe inxaxheba kule imisebenzi emininzi ngaphezu kwamawaka amathandathu wamajoni kumazwe ahlukeneyo, watsala ezingamakhulu amathathu izithuthi yokulwa, iiyunithi eyama ngaphezu kwama-50, 13 iinqanawa. unit utshaba eqhelekileyo ukuba urhulumente wobuxoki "Botnia" yenza isenzo uchuku Estonia.

Ezaqanjwa umhlaziyi wamajoni, eli lizwe waphelelwa kwezentlalo, ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho, ebangela bane ubudlelwane kunye namaqabane angaphandle. Ngenxa yoko, ungquzulwano kuye kwaphumela kwimfazwe elaqala ukuhlaselwa "Botnia" e-Estonia. Ngokusekelwe izivumelwano, ukuziphendulela adibeneyo awodwa wamajoni-zopolitiko NATO isigqibo ngoko nangoko ukudlulisela igunya ukukhusela urhulumente encinane lweBaltic.

Nabanye nqanaba lo msebenzi yabonwa ngabantu abameli semkhosini Russia (nayo, kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kwesi odla Joint of Russia kunye Belarus sabona NATO zomkhosi). NATO Iinkokheli wathetha ithuba ngokubamba izinto ezidibeneyo zomkhosi ne-Russia. Iingcali sabonisa ukuba nokuvuleka macala NATO naseRussia ezenzweni zomkhosi luyayiphucula trust.

NATO kunye US - iyunithi phambili amandla omkhosi - izicwangciso imithambo kumazwe emazantsi yaseYurophu 2015. Kulindeleke ukuba aya kubandakanyeka kwamasoldati, yokuba angaba 40 amawaka.

izixhobo Alliance

Iingcali Russian emkhosini ndiwabizele unit eziliqela izixhobo zomkhosi, unique ehlabathini akukho okanye mncinane kakhulu. Oku izixhobo NATO, esithi eliphezulu zokunqanda ubuchule Army of the Alliance. Russia, abahlaziyi bakholelwa emkhosini, kufuneka ukuba uqaphele ingakumbi iintlobo ezintlanu izixhobo. Okokuqala, nguye British itanki Challenger 2 imveliso. It bexhobele kunye inkanunu 120 mm kwaye baxhotyiswe ngezakhe enzima. Itanki uyakwazi ukususa ngesantya elungileyo - malunga 25 neekhilomitha ngeyure nganye. Okwesibini, i ngwenya eziqokelelwayo ekuthiwa "Project 212" ziinkampani wokhuselo waseJamani. Lubonakala yi kwinqanaba elisezantsi ingxolo, isantya endilisekileyo (20 amaqhina), iingalo (torpedoes WASS 184, DM2A4) kunene, kunye nenkqubo ngezikhali. Okwesithathu, NATO uye emkhosini ukulwa moya Eurofighter Typhoon. Ngokutsho iimpawu zayo, ukuba kufutshane ababelwa besizukulwana ekuthiwa sesihlanu - the American F-22 kunye Russian T-50. Lo matshini lixhotyiswe inkanunu 27-millimitha kunye neentlobo ezininzi evuthayo "air-to-moya," yaye "moya-to-phantsi." Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba elilinganayo ukumelana Typhoon Kuphela iisampulu entsha moya Russian njenge Su-35. Enye imbonakalo langutana kwezixhobo NATO - Helicopter Eurocopter Ingwe co-ukuveliswa eFransi naseJamani. Ngokutsho iimpawu zayo oko kufutshane edume American AH-64 "Apache", kodwa ezincinane ubukhulu kunye nobunzima, nto leyo ukunika imoto iadvanteji ngexesha edabini. axhobe Helicopter kunye nobuninzi imijukujelwa ( "umoya-to-moya" anti). Spike enomjukujelwa, apho iveliswa ziinkampani zokhuselo amaSirayeli - omnye umzekelo kwezixhobo NATO, apho emkhosini Russian, ngokutsho abahlalutyi, kubalulekile ukunikela ingqalelo. Spike - ngempumelelo izixhobo anti-itanki. msebenzi wayo xa Ixhobisa warhead izigaba ezimbini: umaleko wokuqala engaphandle lihlaba isikrweqe itanki, okwesibini - zangaphakathi.

iziseko Military Alliance

Xa kummandla ngamnye amazwe Alliance ubuncinane omnye isiseko yomkhosi NATO. Ngokomzekelo, cinga Hungary njenge owayesakuba awodwa ilizwe yiSoviet. NATO base wokuqala apha bafika ngo-1998. Urhulumente US uye wasebenzisa isikhululo seenqwelo-moya Hungarian "Tasar" ngexesha lokusebenza kunye eYugoslavia - drones yiyo asebenza kakhulu kwaye moya F-18. Ngelo efanayo Air Force Base ngo-2003 abaqeqeshwe iingcali zomkhosi phakathi kwamaqela nenkcaso e Iraq (nje phambi kokuba US Army ekulweni kweli lizwe kuMbindi Mpuma). Ethetha babehlangene baseMerika phakathi kwamazwe Koloni ngokusasazwa endaweni yayo iziseko zomkhosi, akukho kukhankanywa ekhethekileyo ixabisa Italy. Kamsinya nje emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, le meko iye yabekwa kwi thuba enkulu US imikhosi aselwandle.

Ngoku ntlanu isebenza kumazibuko e Naples, kwakunye moya e Vicenza, Piacenza, Trapani, Istranov kunye nezinye izixeko ezininzi Italian. Eyona edumileyo base NATO e Italy - "Aviano". Yakhiwa ezi 50, kodwa iingcali ezininzi emkhosini ingqalelo ezona kule ngingqi. Kulo, zamadoda iziseko ngexesha elinye kunye kokwehla, kukho hangars apho izixhobo moya ungakwazi ukuthatha indawo kwimeko yeziqhushumbisi. Kukho izixhobo inqanawa, ukusetyenziswa leyo enokuthi yokulwa imishini yenziwe ebusuku yaye phantse na imozulu. Phakathi iziseko ezintsha NATO e Europe - i "Bezmer", "Graf Ignatievo" yaye "New Village" ku Bulgaria. Indlela yokubala urhulumente weli lizwe Balkan, ukutyalwa imikhosi NATO komeleze ukhuseleko karhulumente, ngokunjalo abe nempembelelo entle kwinqanaba yoqeqesho imikhosi exhobileyo.

Russia and NATO

Russia and NATO, nakuba imbali ende ngxabano lwezopolitiko kule nkulungwane yama-20, ukuzama ukwenza intsebenziswano neyakhayo kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ngo-1991, yena lityikitye inani amaxwebhu ngokudibeneyo ekusombululeni eminye imiba kwezopolitiko ehlabathini. It wajoyina NATO laqalisa inkqubo "Partnership Uxolo" Ngowe-1994, i-Russian Federation. Ngowe-1997, iRussia kunye NATO wasayina isenzo kwintsebenziswano kunye nokhuseleko, wadalwa Esihlala Joint Council, ngubani kungekudala waba vimba uphambili yophendlo ye imvumelwano ngexesha thethwano phakathi Russian Federation kunye block. Iziganeko e Kosovo, ngokutsho abahlalutyi, kubukela ngamandla ukuthembana eRashiya kunye nembumba. Kodwa ke, nangona oku, kusebenzisana waqhubeka. Ngokukodwa, umsebenzi weBhunga kuquka iintlanganiso rhoqo lobuchule phakathi oonozakuzaku kunye nabameli Army. Imimandla ephambili intsebenziswano kwi-sikhokelo yeBhunga - wokulwa ubunqolobi, ulawulo izixhobo zokubulala abantu abaninzi, enomjukujelwa ukuzithethelela, kwakunye nokubambisana kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo. Elinye lamanqaku aphambili wentsebenziswano - le kwezithandani kokurhweba iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni e Central Asia. Ubudlelwane awodwa naseRussia muncu emva kwemfazwe eGeorgia ngo-Agasti 2008, nto leyo dialogue phakathi sikhokelo i "Russia-NATO" IBhunga limisiwe. Kodwa ehlotyeni ka-2009, enkosi imigudu abaPhathiswa yangaPhandle, iBhunga waqhubeka nomsebenzi wayo kwinani zeenkalo eziphambili.

Namathemba iNorth Atlantic Alliance

Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba Ukusoloko NATO kunye amathemba ukwandisa impembelelo yunithi kuxhomekeke kwimeko kwezoqoqosho kumazwe ilungu '. Isibakala sokuba ubambiswano kwezomkhosi sikhokelo lombutho ithetha ipesenti ethile mali karhulumente namahlakani inkcitho yokuzikhusela. Kodwa ngoku imeko-nkqubo werhafu kwamazwe amaninzi aphuhlileyo kude zimbi. Oorhulumente ngeqela NATO angamalungu, njengoko abahlaziyi bakholelwa, akanayo izibonelelo zemali mali ezinkulu-isikali kwimikhosi exhobileyo. Ngaphezu koko, umzekelo ibonisa eUnited States - kuqikelelwa ukuba ungenelelo yomkhosi kwiminyaka yakutshanje Bazizisile US uqoqosho ukuya umonakalo ezinesiqingatha ezigidi zeerandi. Kuyabonakala ukuba, akukho namnye namahlakani wayengafuni ukuba abantu lokusetyenziswa loo zomkhosi wamajoni kwibala ehlabathini. Ngowe-2010-2013 ngolwabiwo-mali ka yamazwe aseYurophu kwi NATO ukuziphendulela khange igqithe-2% of GDP (ngaphezu kwama - kuphela UK, Greece kunye Estonia). Ngoxa kwi 90 Kungokwemvelo ukucinga ukuba izinga 3-4%.

Kukho kwinguqulo amazwe EU batyekela ukuqhuba elizimeleyo US nkqubo emkhosini. Ingakumbi esebenzayo kule ndawo ibonisa eJamani. Kodwa oku kwakhona lixhomekeke kwi icandelo mali: nokudalwa semkhosini eYurophu, efana US, nako abiza amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi. amazwe EU abanengxaki mihla le nangenxa yokudodobala kwezoqoqosho, iindleko ezo kuba nako ukuyenza.