MG-34 German. Lo matshini gun kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I (1914-1918) iSivumelwano Versailles wawayalela baseJamani ukuphuhlisa okanye ukuvelisa naziphi na izixhobo, kuquka namatanki, lweenqanawa ezintywilayo kunye nezixhobo oluzenzekelayo. Kodwa ke ukuza amandla ngamaNazi-1930 kanti imvuselelo yomkhosi waseJamani uninzi izithintelo phantsi kwesiVumelwano abasemagunyeni bayisindisile, ngokuba kwakhona kokususa impi elitsha ihlabathi. Ngeli xesha strategists German emkhosini yaqulunqa ikhonsepthi ayisindi eziphathwayo multi-njongo umatshini gun.

Air esikhundleni amanzi

Abanye xesha lo sigqibo le MG-13. Kuqaliswa ngo-1930, yaba zokwazisela umpu womatshini ukususela ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi I nge yamanzi-zipholile Dreyse Model 1918 eguqulwe-moya. Wayehlala phezu imagazini-ngeenxa-25 okanye engama-75 ngeenxa zonke igubu, kwaye samkelwa umkhosi Isijamani umpu umatshini eqhelekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, lo umpu umatshini lowo elifakiweyo amatanki kunye moya le Luftwaffe, kodwa ngokubanzi, yaba eninzi ukuvelisa kwaye umlilo ngesantya kwemijikelo 600 ngomzuzu. Ngoko ke, le ndlela iye kuyekiswa kwangethuba 1934 yaye ithengiswe okanye zibekwe lokugcina.

Inguqulo Swiss

ukusilela Relative wehlelwa MG-13, kufuneka uvavanyo olongezelelweyo. Le nkampani Rheinmetall-Borsig, benza nokuveliswa kwezixhobo ukususela ngo1889 ukuya kuthintelwe izithintelo ezibekwe yi-Versailles iSivumelwano, imibutho abaveliswayo angabamelwane Switzerland emthunzini "Solothurn" kwaye waqhubeka ukuba basebenze entsha air-lupholile. Ngexesha yeHlabathi yokuQala imipu ukuba lwehle jikelele ngamanzi, nto leyo ebangela kubenzima unakekelo yokuhamba. Iimvavanyo ezenzeka ukususela ekuqaleni kuka-1930 yaye kungekudala bagqiba ukudalwa akumgangatho modeli.

Kwaya "Solothurn MG-30", wadala ngo-1930 I-umpu womatshini eyasetyenziswa kwi-Austria ezikufutshane iHungary kwakunye eJamani, kodwa abasemagunyeni yaseJamani wayefuna ukufumana izixhobo ezininzi ekhululekile kwaye ephathekayo, ukukhuthaza uphuhliso ngakumbi emgceni. Kungekudala, oko yaveliswa MG-15, nto leyo yaba luncedo kakhulu njengoko izikhali moya ukuzithethelela kwaye wafumana imiyalelo ezinkulu emva kokwamkelwa ezisemthethweni Luftwaffe.

Maschinengewehr 34

Ezinye nasekusungulweni kwale umgca yabangela edume MG-34 - umpu ngomatshini, okwabizwa ngokuba Maschinengewehr 34, ihlanganisa iimpawu intle imifuziselo ezidlulileyo, kuquka MG-30 kunye MG-15. Umphumo waba revolution kangangokuba waba ngowokuqala lokwenyaniso umatshini jikelele-njongo gun - izixhobo ukubetha emininzi, ekwaziyo ukwenza imisebenzi eziliqela ngaphandle kokutshintsha isakhiwo zalo ezisisiseko. ngumdali kwayo igama injineli armorer Vollmer.

Umkhosi waseJamani ngokukhawuleza zaqalisa umpu umatshini omtsha, yaye yamkelwa ngo-1936. Ekuqaleni, inkampani yakhe imveliso baxoxa Mauserwerke AG, kodwa kwakhawuleza udityaniswe Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG kunye Waffenwerke Brunn. Xa zizonke, iiyunithi 577.120 zaveliswa ukususela 1935 ukuya 1945.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Xa imilinganiso isiseko MG-34 umatshini gun gqitha: ubude - 1219 mm kunye umgangatho buti 627 mm kunye ubunzima yi 12.1 kg. Isebenzisa stroke elifutshane unique kunye ukujikeleza kwesango yesilayidi ukubetha bahlehla ekhaleni ukubuyisela umsindo. MG-34 - umpu umatshini, zizicatshulwa leyo akhethe ukuba eqinisekisiweyo 7,92x57 Mauser umpu iCartridge. Kala le mifuziselo okuqala rounds 600-1000 ngomzuzu, kunye yokukhetha indlela ukudutyulwa elinye okanye oluzenzekelayo. Isantya lokuqala 762 m / s, enze kube lula ukuba ukubetha kweli qondo imigama ukuya ku-1200 m. Lo mgama angandiswa ngokusebenzisa umatshini eyenzelwe ngokukodwa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo njengoko umpu umatshini enzima. Lo mbono ke eqhelekileyo, kunye isandi m 100 ukuya 2000 m.

design ergonomic

MG-Umatshini umpu 34 uyilo yomgama apho ingalo inkxaso kunye buti zibe kumgca ezifanayo ngengqondo. Oku kwenziwa ukuze zinike ukudubula ozinzileyo ngakumbi, kodwa hayi kuphela. Ndandisisigculelo sisongezelelo ergonomic kwiqela lenjongo kwibhokisi ngasemva ngoxa ibhokisi ngokwalo i "unqaphele" encinane, umfanekiso slim. Supply kunye ejection imingxunyana zibe lula phambi distinguishable nothwathwa eshiyelelweyo ngendlela eqhelekileyo. Xa phambi duct yi istili tubing ukuyigubungela buti ngaphakathi kuyo. Elise umgqomo etsobhileyo nelangatye arrester. Xa kusetyenziswa izixhobo zenkxaso nomkhosi phantsi ukhuselo bipod yokukhwabusha eqhotyoshelweyo, Ukusasaza kuhlangana. Machine gun loo ubude kufuna inkxaso ngaphambili, ingakumbi xa utolo kwindawo lisalele.

Ukupholisa umoya

Izixhobo yale hlobo enye ethile - kukuthembela zendalo emoyeni okupholisa ajikeleza ngeenxa zonke umphanda ngexesha ukudubula. Ngoko ke, lo umphanda ibekwe ngaphakathi istili tubing ukuba Ukupholisa loo nto, kodwa esi sisombululo awuvumeli ukuba aqhube ixesha elide-mlilo, nto leyo ebaluleke inkxaso izixhobo okanye ingcinezelo. Imigca elifutshane-elawulwa aba umthetho ngemipu ezinjalo. Wonke ukudubula 250 kwagcinwa ukuze itshintshwe, kwaye nobomi yenkonzo iyonke kuqhume 6,000. Ukwenza kube lula ukutshintsha iinjineli German zenze kube lula ukuba ukuvula ucingo, "eversion" lee istili. Shooter zifumana lo buti ngaphakathi izindlu ngasemva open yeyunithi yaye ukuyisusa indawo. Emva koko faka i ifatyi omtsha kuyabanda, yaye umlilo zaphinda eqhelekileyo.

iindlela sokudubula

uvu- xa ucinizela 'umnyele, equka iinxalenye ezimbini. Icandelo eliphezulu ephawulwe E incwadi (Einzelfeuer) kwaye inoxanduva izithonga olunye, kunye emazantsi ephawulwe unobumba D (Dauerfeuer) kwaye siyilelwe umlilo oluzenzekelayo. Ngenxa yoko, ukulwa uyakwazi ukulawula unikezelo iimbumbulu kunye zokufudumeza umphanda.

Unikezelo ezakhiwe

MG-34 umbane sele inikwe ingqalelo ekhethekileyo. Kwi sixhobo karhulumente emileyo ngokuqhelekileyo kuxhaswe kwitshaja 50 ngeenxa igubu 75 okanye igubu sokutshajisa elikabini poppet vana (uyilo MG-15 ilifa). Ukuququzelela ukulayisha xa usebenzisa tape-iCartridge 50 yayisetyenziswa njengendawo izixhobo zenkxaso ephathwayo. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, oko izakubanodibaniso kwezinye ezineeribhoni de intlawulo epheleleyo neekhatriji 250. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa mechanism lomthwalo tape kwaye kunciphisa umyinge komlilo.

umatshini-gun crew

Emva MG-34 iye yavavanywa mkhuba, abaxhobileyo kunye kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo umkhosi waseJamani - ukusuka imikhosi ngokukhethekileyo elihamba. Enye umpu womatshini wakhonza ukubala, ebandakanya abantu ababini ubuncinane. Omnye igcinwe lokudubula wathwala isixhobo edabini, kwaye enye uxanduva emthethweni, wanceda ezineeribhoni kwaye wenza nokupheliswa kokulibaziseka. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, bakwazi ukunceda amalungu eqela - ukuthwala imipu ezingaphezulu, izixhobo umatshini okanye Ammo ezingaphezulu.

Wayo yonke imisebenzi

Ngokwemo, le MG-34 - umpu machine tactically bhetyebhetye, wakhawuleza wathabatha yonke yokulwa imisebenzi kunokwenzeka. Kodwa injongo olona inkxaso elihamba. Kuba lo gun yafakwa kunye bipod, yaye amajoni asebenzisa ibhetri-50 tape. Izinga lomlilo bekusoloko ingongoma ngamandla isixhobo, kodwa utolo khetha izithonga olunye okanye Ungqabhuko mfutshane kakhulu ukuchana ngcono.

Umlinganiselo omkhulu kuyimfuneko, xa MG-34 umatshini umpu (photo wakhe review) enze umsebenzi anti-moya ukuze atshabalalise moya utshaba ephantsi-eziphaphazelayo. Ukuze le njongo saqhotyoshelwa kule anti-moya umatshini yokubeka, ngaphambili nangesemva anti-moya emehlweni viewfinders.

Heavy umatshini gun MG-34 (bona ifoto. Kwinqaku) ukuqhuba umlilo gqolo saqhotyoshelwa umatshini Lafette 34. Le ndibano iquka eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi indlela buffer zokuzinzisa ngexesha ukudubula. Ukongeza, umdlali ubeka yinto enombala yokulandela ngcono kwaye betha ithagethi mgama.

MG-34 - umpu umatshini, isixhobo evumela disassembly zalo ezikhawulezileyo entsimini, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukucoca, lubricated wazilungisa ngexeshana elifutshane. izixhobo Precision ubucukubhede zingonakalisa nayiphi butyobo kwi edabini, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba alandele ngqo imo yesondlo ukususa izixhobo kuyo nantoni na ezinokuba kukhokelela stop ngalo mzuzu esibi.

ukuphelela obulalayo

Enye ilahleko le MG-34 yaba yingxaki eqhelekileyo yonke imipu pre-imfazwe: ukuveliswa kwemigangatho ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ezifuna ixesha elininzi, amandla kunye neendleko. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni nompu yokulwa umatshini MG-34 babusoloko yonikezelo elifutshane ngexesha lemfazwe, njengoko kwakuyimfuneko ukuba zonke iinkonzo German kuwo onke amanqanaba. Ekugqibeleni, ukwenziwa kwawo kuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukujongana izityalo ezintlanu, kwaye ezinye izixhobo ezongezelelekileyo, ixesha namandla ichithwa ekudalweni add-ons ukwenza imisebenzi yayo ezahlukeneyo. isixhobo Good ndisebuthathaka kakhulu kwiimeko ezinzima yomkhosi kukhokelele kuphuhliso uguqulelo kolunye ulwimi olulula --MG 42 nemiba edume ngokulinganayo, 1942.

kokulungiswa

MG-34 - umpu kumatshini, apho umsebenzi owenziweyo kunye nokuphuculwa ngexesha lemfazwe. MG-34m ibhatyi ezahlukeneyo enzima, kuba bekucingelwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo nje izixhobo anti-abasebenzi, ekhwele phezu iseti izithuthi German vehicles. Umatshini MG-34s kwaye inguqulelo yokugqibela yeTshata ye-MH-34/41 zifumene i umphanda asisifutshane (560 mm) ukuba isantya sokukhula indima anti-moya imipu umatshini yaye umlilo oluzenzekelayo kuphela. MG-34/41 ukuze indawo MG-34, kodwa oku akuzange kwenzeke ngenxa ukuvela uthotho ngempumelelo MG-42. MG-34/41 zange wamkelwa ngokusesikweni, nangona eveliswa kwezinye nobungakanani.

MG-34 Panzerlauf bekhonza umpu itanki. Kwezi imifuziselo wasebenzisa izindlu esinamanzi imingxuma ezimbalwa. Ndandisisigculelo isusiwe ukuba iprofayili compact ngakumbi kwisithuba limited ngaphakathi izithuthi German vehicles. Noko ke, phezu kwibhodi ithuthwa ukuguqulwa kwikhithi ikuvumela ukuba ngokukhawuleza vula Panzerlauf emhlabeni umpu umatshini ukukhanya kwimeko, ukuba ndithe kwafuneka ukuba bashiye isithuthi. Le ibandakanya bipod, lempundu mavonelo.

Enye iinguqulelo ezintsha zala MG-34 - MG-81 umatshini gun, anti-moya isixhobo ukuzithethelela ukubuyisela MG-15 lixesha. MG-81Z (Zwilling) uye waba isebe umgca kakhulu kokuxhuma MG-34s ezimbini imbangela eqhelekileyo. Uyilo yatshintshwa ngendlela efana ukuvumela imipu kumatshini amandla macala omabini. izinga yayo iye yafika i umdla rounds 2800-3200 ngomzuzu. Ukuveliswa thotho kwacutheka, njengoko MG-34s kwakufuneka ngaphezu kwezinye iindawo.

Nangona yokuba ngowe-1942 kwakukho umpu umatshini MG-34/42, imveliso MG-34 aziphazamiseki de ekupheleni kwemfazwe eYurophu ngoMeyi 1945. Nangona le MG-42 yenzelwe indawo MG-34 nje isixhobo ekuqiniseni yena yaye ndandingakwazi ukufikelela nakumazinga ngokungenamkhethe phezulu kwaye, ekugqibeleni, badlale indima kwisi kuyilo wezinto-1930.

ingqalelo emhlabeni

MG-34 German umpu womatshini yasetyenziswa Germany kuphela hayi kuphela ngexesha Second World War. analogs yayo zisasazwa ngokukhawuleza ehlabathini lonke. Kuloo mazwe, umkhosi wona Ayithimba ebhodini, - Algeria, Angola, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Finland, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, Sirayeli, Korea, North Vietnam, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan ne Turkey. Umpu Umatshini yasetyenziswa ngethuba leMfazwe Civil e China (1946-1950), lo impixano Arab-Israeli (1948), i-iMfazwe IsiKorean (1950-1953), Vietnam (1955-1975). De kube ngoku, ingafunyanwa kwiindawo ezikude apho isixhobo edume nangoku wenza edabini.