Lwemibandela Legal: imizekelo. Iimpawu namazinga zomthetho

Uninzi iinkqubo ibakho ukuzalana abantu noluntu, kwezoshishino, kwezopolitiko, bulawulwa yimigaqo yomthetho. uphuhliso lwabo - inkqubo, uludwe lwezifundo kunye nokuqulethwe elandelwayo exhomekeke kwiimeko ezininzi - ukusuka ingakumbi kuphuhliso kwimbali nenkcubeko kurhulumente kunye nenkqubo yayo yezopolitiko. Kwakhona ezibalulekileyo kunye factor ngamazwe.

Ngokusebenzisa Ziziphi iindlela indalo yezixhobo zomthetho ezibonisa imithetho echaphazelekayo, kungenzeka practice? Imithetho-siseko zikwinqanaba bohluke ukusuka ngokwesiqhelo? Zeziphi imimiselo esemthethweni ngokwemigaqo yokuhlelwa kwazo? Yintoni intsingiselo ngokophuhliso sabo siseko yokwahlukana kwamagunya?

Yintoni na umthetho?

Kanjani isigama ethile. Yintoni na ingqikelelo umthetho? Ngokutsho kwenye ukutolika kwemininzi eqhelekileyo, oko kuthetha umthetho, iqela ezibophelelayo lwamaqumrhu phantsi komthetho. Oko enemvume ngabasemagunyeni, kwakunye kweliso kuye kwinkalo zokuphula kunokwenzeka. Qaphela ukuba igama elithi "umthetho" kunye "ulawulo yomthetho" amagqwetha mihla Russian bakholelwa kuyahambisana. Nangona kuvumelekile, kunye ngokwahlukahlukana ukutyhilwa kwalo. Ngokomzekelo, phantsi kolawulo lomthetho lungenakuqondeka ulawulo esekwe ngurhulumente, njengesiqhelo, imiqathango eqhelekileyo kwimbono nkampani okanye ezinye indlela yokuziphatha yeqela ngalinye akuthethi uhlelwe imithetho.

Ziintoni iimpawu ezikhethekileyo umthetho? Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukukhumbula yokuba luphawulwa orientation lwentlalo. into yokulawula mhlawumbi noluntu luphela okanye amaqela ayo ngamnye, kwiimeko kakhulu - search umsebenzi. orientation Personal ayikho uphawu ulawulo lomthetho, ngenxa yokuba umxholo zabo, Kakade ke, hayi isicelo.

Umgaqo ezingundoqo apho ulawulo lomthetho we-Russian Federation kunye namanye amazwe enze - isiphetho amiselwe izakhiwo kunye nemihlaba, njengoko ummeli kangangoko kunokwenzeka ibonakalisa uphuhliso yangoku ubudlelane phakathi izinto yommiselo. Ukuba i ethile umthombo yomthetho yenzelwe ngempumelelo ngokulinganayo ukuphumeza iimfuno liqela labantu, okanye, njengoko natshoyo, lonke uluntu.

ilungiselelo Legal ejolise elawula imisebenzi ezo izinto babe neempawu ezifana, ngokusekelwe, umzekelo, lo msebenzi, udidi lwentlalo, ubudala, njl Ukuba sithetha nakuluntu luphela, kukho wayede uhlanga abantu okanye ummandla apho kuhlala.

Ingxaki ulwalamano phakathi ithiyori practice

Owona ubunzima ngenxa mthetho, yona imiqathango esemthethweni, - imfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa imimiselo equlethwe kule mithombo, izinto ezenzeka ekuhlaleni. Okanye inxalenye yalo ohambisana kakuhle komthetho. Xa iinkqubo zomthetho phantse naliphi na ilizwe ehlabathini umthetho abangafezekanga. Imizekelo yezi zifumaneka eRashiya. Kwakhona phakathi amagqwetha (zombini ezo ezinxulumene izenzo yaye abo benza uphando kumba womthetho) wayivula ingxoxo malunga ngezifundo ezikhethiweyo indlela esisiseko yokuqonda lomthetho.

Kukho abo bakholelwa ukuba kufuneka kwenziwe (ukuba kunokwenzeka) ukufunda umthetho. Oko kukuthi, kufuneka ngqo intsingiselo kolwimi ngoku kwisicatshulwa komthetho, ngengqiqo eqhelekileyo. Kodwa kukho namagqwetha abo utoliko ngenyameko nemimiselo yomthetho. Bakholelwa ukuba umntu kufuneka ukufunda oko kubhaliweyo emyalelweni ngokoqobo. Okunye ngqo, oko kunokwenziwa, kodwa kuphela ukuba akukho sizathu ebonakalayo ngokuthandabuza ukufaneleka equlethwe izenzo zomthetho kule meko.

Law and Ukuziphatha

Ngokuphathelele inkalo yesibini, xa kukho utoliko kwemimiselo yezomthetho, indima ebalulekileyo kuthathwa yi amagqwetha amaninzi, udlala udidi efana yokuziphatha. Umntu onoxanduva isicelo imithetho ethile ebekwe phantsi imithetho, sikhokelwa imbono kakhulu lobuqu imeko yangoku entsimini kuhlawulwa yi-ummiselo. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba ephatha umthetho, ukususela kwindawo yokuqala, ngenxa yokuba iinkolo zakhe, kungekhona ngenxa yokuba isiqulatho lwabo yesemantiki.

Kukho ezinye iindawo yokuziphatha akufunekanga ibe apho component kakhulu isicelo eluncedo umthetho. Umzekelo, imithetho yemali neyomthetho elawula imisebenzi beebhanki, kufuneka kube lula kangako ukutyhilwa kwalo. Okukodwa yabo ufundo engqongqo, ukusebenza ngamanani.

Iintlobo namazinga zomthetho

Abameli norms zomthetho zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu eziphambili - siyabophelela, owalela kwaye igunyazisa. Umda phakathi kwabo kunokuba ngokuthe ngqo. Ngokomzekelo, amanye nemigangatho yemali neyomthetho, ukuba siqhubeka ukuthetha kubo, kwezinye iindawo yibhanki eyongameleyo ukunika ilungelo ukukhangela ngetyala zorhwebo kunye namaziko ezemali, kwelinye - ukuze afune ukuba i Central Bank ukuba akwenze oko esi sihlandlo efanelekileyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, izenzo zomthetho Isakhiwo icebisa ulandelelwano ethile iimeko ligunyazisa phantsi apho amagatya ukuze isetyenziswe qho kuqala, yaye kuphela xa kukho iseti ethile kweemeko - yokubopha. Le meko umva.

Kukho nezinye izizathu ukuhlelwa kwemimiselo yezomthetho. Bona, ngasendleleni, angaba kakuhle abo siye nje ngaye. Sithetha ngecandelo amalungiselelo omthetho kwi efihlakeleyo, ayisosinyanzelo kwaye yokuzikhethela. Ezo kuqala ukuvumela ukuba inkululeko ethile isifundo onoxanduva isicelo amalungiselelo omthetho. Yena uyakwazi sizibuze ukuba okanye hayi ukuphumeza ethile mthetho okanye kuvunyelwa ukuba basebenzise eli thuba? imithetho ozikhethelayo lubonisa imeko ethile eyenye, kodwa hayi non-ukusebenzisa isikhundla. Kunyanzelekile, nto ayithethi ukuba nawuphi na omnye ngaphandle kwezo emiselwe ngumthetho iinketho. Indlela zombini ukuhlelwa masihambelane omnye komnye? Yinto elula kakhulu. Njengomgaqo, nabafuna yaye owalela izithethe of an kunyanzelekile okanye ozikhethelayo. Ugunyazisa badla dispositive.

Ulawulo lomthetho kuthatha Society

Xa kolawulo lwentando yesininzi, kukho umyalelo apho iimpawu imithetho zomthetho ziquka i parameter efana nohlobo lwentlalo lemvelaphi. Oku kuthetha ukuze sikuzuze ukwenziwa komthetho eqalwe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kuluntu. It uyavuma ukuba imisebenzi yayo iza kulawulwa ngumthetho. Imizekelo xa uluntu inxaxheba ekusekweni yabo --zimvo, kwiNdibano yaBantu. Ukuba sithetha ngendlela ngqo inxaxheba uluntu kuphuhliso imithetho echaphazelekayo, oko kudla onikwe amagunya okuwisa yi epalamente.

norms zomthetho ngendlela

A iseti yemithetho zomthetho yamkelwa kwinqanaba amaziko oluntu, kunye nenxaxheba yoluntu, eyenza inkqubo efanelekileyo. Oku kungabandakanya imithombo, iinkqubo zolawulo kwinqanaba zamaqela ezahlukeneyo zentlalo, ayiqhakamshelwa kwezinye iimeko. Nangona kunjalo, izibonelelo izinto zomthetho, imigangatho kunye neenkqubo zokwamkelwa imithetho, iikhrayitheriya ngempumelelo yabo kulo mzekelo kuya enemo systemic. Le yokugqibela eqhelekileyo ukulawula imithombo kunye kumacandelo ahlukeneyo nolwazi lwentlalo.

Kwengalo yomthetho kunye karhulumente

Ingaba uRhulumente ubandakanyeke njani ekwakhiweni kunye nenkxaso nokusebenza kwenkqubo kwemimiselo yezomthetho, hayi kuquka iindlela zokuqinisekisa ukwamkelwa kwabo? Phendula lo mbuzo ngokujonga kwi-siseko yokwahlukana kwamagunya olawulo. na uphuhliso norms zomthetho elalijongene kuphela elinye amasebe amathathu - mthetho. Kodwa kukho kwakhona elilawulayo kunye neejaji. Ngako oko, indima karhulumente - hayi kuphela kule ncwadi ka kwemimiselo yezomthetho, kodwa ukuqinisekisa ekubulaweni yabo, kwakunye isigqibo kwiinkundla kweembambano kunokwenzeka phezu nokutolikwa imigaqo ethile.

Enye yeendlela ezibalulekileyo-sikhokelo apho intsebenziswano phakathi onke amasebe karhulumente (ngakumbi abo ezinika umsebenzi sabaphathi), - ilungelo yesinyanzelo. Urhulumente ufuna ukuzalisekisa iimfuno imithetho bonke abo apho zisebenza. Kumazwe inkqubo yezomthetho equlunqiweyo akavumelekanga ukuba kufakwe endaweni eminye imithetho yomthetho enemvelaphi ngaphandle amaziko karhulumente (ngaphandle kwakwiimeko xa livumelekile ukuba ulawulo lomthetho ngokwawo). Imizekelo zingafunyanwa nkqu kulo mkhuba Russian. Ingakumbi, le Code Civil iqulethe igatya, ekuthe ngenxa yawo kwahlaziywa ukusayinwa kwezivumelwano embambano ukuba iifom emiselwe nemigangatho kufakwe namashishini isiko, eli nto leyo ngokuthe gca naphi na - oko kusekelwe izithethe bommandla othile yaseRashiya. Kodwa kumthetho wembambano jikelele - umthombo uphambili imilinganiselo yokuziphatha inkampani okanye amaqela ngamnye enqila.

Kwamanye amazwe, indima enkulu kulawulo esemthethweni iinkqubo zentlalo udlala zesiGqeba yowiso-mthetho, kunye neejaji. Waba yintoni elidityaniswe kuyo? Okokuqala, kunye iimpawu inkqubo yezomthetho, ezisebenzayo kwilizwe elithile, eli nto leyo, uzimisele iimpawu becala zenkcubeko nezembali zophuhliso zeli lizwe. Yintoni le nkqubo? Makhe sihlole kubo.

Roman Anglo-Saxon umthetho

Imithetho kumazwe ahlukeneyo bangasebenza ngaphakathi sikhokelo kweenkqubo abanemfundo. Noko ke, kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, ngamnye yeeseti imigangatho kazwelonke kucacisa uhlobo nefuthe ulawulo lomthetho, ngendlela enye okanye omnye ubonisa enye jikelele iingqiqo zenkqubo yokwenziwa kwemithetho. Ukuba sithetha kumazwe, kwiinkqubo zabo ithandwa ezimbini ezinxulumeneyo - yamaRoma-zesiJamani Anglo-Saxon. Ziziphi iimpawu ngamnye kubo?

Njengenxalenye yenkqubo Romano-nesiJamani ukusebenza iinkqubo zomthetho lwesizwe uhlelwe imithombo. Oko kukuthi, imithetho ngokwaneleyo, kwaye kuhle - ngendlela ebanzi ukumisela le okanye ulawulo into ukuba baziphathe ngokwemiqathango ethile. Kusenokuba umthetho jikelele yamakhaya, arekhodwe ikhowudi eyahlukileyo. Okanye, umzekelo, awuyomiqathango elawula ubudlelwane kumacandelo athile ezoqoqosho. Uhlelwe kwinkqubo Romano-esiJamani kwakunye nawuphi na umthetho mthetho.

Le ndlela apho imithetho zenziwa apha nomthwalo indima ephambili ye amaziko asepalamente yesigqeba. Izenzo zomthetho ikhutshwa kuphela xa indlela neminye imithetho komjikelo ezithile iingxoxo kunye nolwamkelo.

Ziintoni iimpawu imodeli Anglo-Saxon? Into yokuba lo mthombo uphambili mthetho kuyo - owawuza egwebayo. Inyaniso kukuba lo umthetho, njengoko sesitshilo ngasentla, wamkelekile kuluntu okanye zimvo, yaye iindlela ezifanayo kunye naye okanye emphakathini amagunya ayo izakhiwo epalamente. Noko ke, isandulela osemthethweni iimfuno ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo zokungenela amandla. I-wonke kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ukuba baqhube ezindlebeni. Xa ziya kwenziwa isigqibo esifanelekileyo, iba umthombo equlathe, imigangatho ukunyanzeliswa osemthethweni ngokupheleleyo. Imizekelo yamazwe apho ukusebenza imodeli Anglo-Saxon - eUnited States, eNgilani, eKhanada.

Kufaniswe egwebayo kuboniswe, kwakunye nomthetho, injongo yommiselo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuba liqela loluntu kunye iimpawu ezifanayo elo nani amaqela isimangalo - ummangali, ummangalelwa okanye ummangalelwa. Xiya xikombiso lexi.

Umntu yayihamba esitratweni ebusuku ngengozi yawa waya kummandla kwizikolo yoomasipala isixeko Jacksonville. Unogada ebizwa amapolisa, kwaye ummi ndabanjwa esolwa ngenjongo ukubeka isikolo abanye umonakalo. Ityala wathatha indawo apho injongo eziyimfuneko zange ukuwuphumeza, kodwa umntu wafunyanwa enetyala lokwaphula imithetho ekhoyo owalela ukuphazamisa kwipropati kamasipala. Isiphumo kufaniswe lomlinganiswa elilandelayo - Jacksonville akwamkelekanga ukungena kummandla kwizikolo zikamasipala ngokuhlwa. Kukho ziyabophelela umthetho mthetho. Ngoku abahlali besixeko US kufuneka uqaphele ingakumbi ngexesha ngokuhlwa uhamba kwingingqi kumaziko emfundo achaphazelekayo. Kakade ke, kukho kufumaneka zomthetho kwinkqubo yezomthetho yamaRoma-zesiJamani. Noko ke, abanalo amandla komthetho, kwaye ke ayikwazi ukuba ingasetyenziswa ngaphandle kweenkundla. Bona musa ngokubanzi siyabophelela, njengoko amazwe apho i-Anglo-Saxon izithethe zomthetho enamandla.

amagqwetha abaninzi bathi: umda phakathi kwezi nkqubo zimbini yomthetho, ekuthethwe badla ukuba ungabe ngcembe. Kwi-US, umzekelo, kuba ngakumbi kubaluleke ngakumbi njengoko imithetho ixesha - abo zamkelwa ephalamende ze ngamazwe, okanye, ukuba sithethe kwinqanaba federal, Congress. Kumazwe aseYurophu amaninzi, kufumaneka enkundla, nangona ukubaluleka kwayo ezingephi xa kuthelekiswa kunye nemithetho, aqalile kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu zokusonjululwa kweembambano kule inkalo zokunyanzelisa umthetho, yaye de facto busebenza njengoko olusemthethweni.

Rule komthetho kunye namazwe

Njengenxenye iinkqubo abasebenza oko nemigangatho zomthetho ngamazwe kwi imeko ukuba kumgangatho kazwelonke ukusebenza efana kakhulu xa imigaqo engundoqo imodeli kwemithetho? Eneneni, ugxininiso apha kudityaniso iinkqubo. Enye siseko engundoqo yomthetho ngamazwe - imimiselo kubaluleke ngokulinganayo eyaneleyo ukubonakalisa indlela yophuhliso loluntu elimiweyo liphela okanye kwimimandla ngamnye ehlabathini, phakathi apho ubudlelwane zakhiwa kwiindawo ezithile.

Esinye isici izenzo zamazwe ngamazwe - ingqibelelo indlela zokuqinisa le. Yena ligqibe ngempumelelo lo mbuzo kunyanzelekile. Enyanzelekileyo kumazwe amaninzi kunokuba kuphela ezo zenzo, oko kukuthi i-logic uphumezo efanayo kuzo zonke iimeko, oko kukuthi complex.

Enye amaxwebhu engundoqo elawula umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe - i Vienna Convention ka-1969. Kuyo, ingakumbi, kusithiwa ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe amabini kufuneka zakhiwe kumgaqo ekuqakatheni ye ulawulo lomthetho esekwe kwinqanaba lehlabathi. Umthetho wesizwe kufuneka nokuba athobele imiqathango International kwiingingqi apho esebenza, okanye ukuncwasa kuqala lwesibini ngexesha Ukunyanzeliswa. Ukuba urhulumente, ukwakha inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, lo mgaqo anayenza, ukuze mabangezi intsebenziswano afanelekileyo engqongileyo phakathi kwamazwe endle zomthetho.

Enye uxwebhu ebalulekileyo - Declaration on Principles of Law International, yamkelwa ngo-1970. Ngoko ke, ngokukodwa, ngumzekelo obalaseleyo umthetho, imigaqo apho ingqibelelo khona. Le isibhengezo ithi ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba kwi ubudlelwane amazwe kufuneka basebenzisane xa kufikwa kuphuhliso imigaqo-sikhokelo ye standard isondela emanyeneyo. Olu xwebhu luqulethe imigaqo States kufuneka bakhokelwe. Makhe sihlole kubo.

1. Umgaqo uphepha ukusetyenziswa amandla ngu wombuso ngakomnye ngenxa yomnye.

Isithunzi sendawo amazwe, ngokunjalo ulongamo zabo zopolitiko, ziya aqinisekiswe ngumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. ukungenelela kunokwenzeka imicimbi yabo yi emkhosini kufuneka kuvunyelwane kwinqanaba UN.

2. Usombululo iimbambano ngeendlela Musani ukubaphatha kakubi uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe.

inyathelo Military njengendlela yokusombulula imbambano kufuneka kungabi isiphetho ngokwalo. UMbuso uya kunika kuqala ukusombulula iingxabano ngoxolo.

3. Umgaqo non-ungenelelo karhulumente omnye kwimicimbi yabanye, ubuchule ukucombulula iingxaki linobuchule yayo.

Ukuba ilizwe a uyakwazi ukumelana neenzima kuphela, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe luqikelela ukuba abanye banyanzelise uncedo lwabo.

4. States kufuneka ukukunqwenela kwentsebenziswano efanayo.

Lo mgaqo kuthetha malungiselelo alandelayo achaphazelekayo UN Charter.

I 5. abantu banelungelo self-determination, kwakunye ngokulinganayo.

Le kuqulunqo eziliqela amagqwetha iqondwa xa enika resource uhlanga ukuyilwa ithi ezintsha ezizimeleyo.

6. amazwe iNkosi ukwakha ubuhlobo kunye nabanye kwi-siseko yokulingana.

Kuthathwa ukuba urhulumente akakwazi kuqala olungenamiqathango ukusombulula naziphi na iimbambano. Ngolo kusetwa kuphela kwinkundla ngamazwe.

7. States kufuneka ukuzalisekisa izibophelelo zawo ezenziwe kwi-sikhokelo wentsebenziswano kunye neminye imigangatho yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngokholo elungileyo.

An caveat ebalulekileyo: yonke imigaqo ngasentla kufuneka ingqalelo kwimeko efanayo. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba urhulumente, leyo isebenza amazwe ngokungqinelana nale Tshatha yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neminye imithombo komthetho, yamkelwa entlanganweni, hayi ungakhetha indlela yokusebenzisa imigaqo nento - akukho.

imiba siseko nezomthetho

Cinga ngendlela walungelelanisa lokusekwa imithombo zomthetho enyangweni, inqanaba siseko umzekelo indlela ezisebenza eRashiya. Ziintoni iimpawu yomthetho kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemithetho ukuba kwinqanaba eliphezulu kwi lwemigangatho yabasemagunyeni izenzo emisiweyo ye-Russian Federation?

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko kunye esemthethweni iimpawu zayo eziphambili kukuba ziyafana nezo naziphi na (abo elawula amashishini ngamnye okanye amaqela zentlalo). Oko kukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uhlobo oluthile nemigangatho siseko kunye neyomthetho, baya kuba iimpawu ezifana semthethweni jikelele, ukugcina kunye abstractness. Ukuzaliseka esekwe kule migaqo liqinisekiswa ngurhulumente.

Ngenxa yoko, imilinganiselo zomthetho-siseko nawo luphawulwa kwiimpawu ezikhethekileyo. Ezi ziquka:

- ingakumbi ngolwimi;

- obuphezulu kwiqela elinegunya ngemithombo komthetho;

- obscheregulyativnyh inani elikhulu imithetho nemigaqo;

- nohlobo usemthethweni imithetho (abazidlayo ukuxela kwabo imithetho olongezelelweyo);

- ezicacileyo kweendlela zokunyanzelisa umthetho;

- uhlobo imizimba zolawulo;

- inxalenye encinane ngendima kwezohlwayo kwi kwesakhiwo setekisi.

Ukuhlelwa siseko kunye neyomthetho, yamkelwa eRashiya, inikeza ezininzi ezahlukeneyo nemimiselo echaphazelekayo. Noko ke, malunga ngamnye kubo kusebenza nayiphi na imihlathi ngasentla.