Lokubalwa kwabantu ukuguga

Xa nobukhulu eSoviet Union elithi "inguqu" yaye "manani 'ixesha elide kubonwa nje ntonye. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto uyakwazi ukuva bhalo malunga iintlobo ezintathu ubuxoki (ubuxoki, ubuxoki akruqulayo, kunye statistics) kunye malunga nezifundo zezibalo. Sabantu ukuba nezwi ngokuthi ukusuka kwisiGrike ngokuthi "inkcazelo zabantu", kodwa imo ilizwi Latin (apho oko akhiwa manani ngelizwi.) - "imeko" Akukho nzima ukubona ukuba amagama ahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo zombini ixabiso kunye nemvelaphi. Yini na onokumxelela isifundo sezibalo?

Elibonisa abagugayo emhlabeni

zabantu Practical ufunda imeko kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo, ngokuhlalutya iintsingiselo kunye iintsingiselo asakhulayo wonke kunye namazwe ngamnye. Uphononongo baboniswa iyaxela ezahlukeneyo zentlalo, amaqela ubudala. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zophando iziphumo kuvela kwi phambili ngenkangeleko izikhombisi 1, 5, 10, maxa wambi emva kweminyaka engama-50 ngaphambili, echaza le meko anokubakho imeko elizayo.

Uqikelelo imibutho eyahlukeneyo manani ukuthetha malunga nokukhula ayinakutshintshwa yenani labantu abadala ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-65 kulo lonke ihlabathi. Good okanye embi - kukho izimvo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba nokwenzeka yenkqubo efana usungule revolution "inkcubeko ubomi kunye nemveliso" kwi: ukufikelela kwimfundo, impumelelo isalamane, uphuhliso amayeza, ukuphuculwa imeko yococeko kunye kwezifo, iimeko abasebenza phantsi kwi mveliso. Konke oku kungentla inegalelo isongezo ubomi bomntu, nto leyo, ngomnye wemiba ephambili imikhwa abagugayo ehlabathini.

Iindidi kunye nezalathisi izifundo zezibalo

Phantse yonke uphando linqanam yokuqokelelwa kwedatha, inkcazo kunye nokutyhilwa nemiqathango yeziphumo. Abasekho ngaphandle kunye nezifundo zezibalo. Umthombo iphambili lwedatha kokubalwa, ke, ziyabanjwa kunye neesaveyi micro-isampuli kwaye ukuba ziqaqambise izinto ezithile zentlalo, ezoqoqosho nezopolitiko eziphembelela imeko kule ngingqi. Ngenxa yoku, amaphononongo ezichazwe abemi bayo isakhiwo: ubudala, isini, ubuzwe, inkolo kunye nolwimi, emsebenzini kunye zemfundo. Ingqalelo ihlawulwe yokukhula kwenani labemi zendalo ukufudukela, inqanaba bengeniso amaqela athile kunye nabantu. Zonke Inkcazelo yenziwa ngenjongo yokuseka i echanileyo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo inani eliphezulu izinto eziphembelela, ithiyori apho, kwixesha elizayo, wabeka phambili uphuhliso yeengcinga kunye nokusekwa kuluntu.

Yamanani nje isayensi ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulwe yaba esesikweni, analytical, yembali, lwezenhlalo, emkhosini.

• yokumiwa komhlaba okuseSikweni sele ephanda icandelo ubuninzi zonke iinkqubo kunye nefuthe lazo ukukhula okanye ukuhla kwenani labantu.
• Kohlaziyo - ukuhlola unxulumano kunye neepateni nempembelelo, unobangela kunye nesiphumo kwiimeko eziphathekayo yoluntu. Kwenziwa isifundo kwinqanaba iindlela zezibalo, kwakunye ngoncedo yokubumba uqikelelo. zabantu kohlaziyo uhlola impembelelo kwemozulu lwentlalo noqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye nezenkcubeko kummandla ukuba inxalenye ezahlukeneyo ubudala yabemi. Akumangalisi ke, ukuvela yabantu ukuguga ngokunxulumene nemeko ngoku kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho, inani labemi bathi ayikho iminyaka kweshumi yokuqala.
• yokumiwa komhlaba Historical izifundo kususelwa zentlalo kunye nezinye iziganeko ngokunxulumene ngokuvela nokuwa labemi kwimimandla befundela. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zophando ziqokelelwe yaye alungiswa kangangethuba ixesha elide (iminyaka), wabeka phambili ukugwegweleza theoretical zize ziqulunqe iipateni emiselwe zembali. Enkosi kubo, yaye oko kwaba lula ukuqikelela ukuguga yabantu ehlabathini.
• Impembelelo macala yokumiwa komhlaba kunye isosioloji ufunda inguqu kwezentlalo. Ukususela fomu yangaphambili nesenzeko ezahlukeneyo olufundwayo kwinqanaba micro (ngumntu wosapho, izalamane olusondeleyo, identity). Uphonononga inguqu kwezentlalo yoluntu zengqondo, izithethe, indlela yokuziphatha echaphazela iindlela zophando: udliwano-ndlebe, iimvavanyo, uphando njalo njalo ..
• zabantu Military ufunda izinto ezahlukeneyo eziphembelela imeko zomkhosi kunye noqoqosho. Kuba eli candelo libhekisa ukuhlola amathuba ukuhlanganisa zoluntu ungquzulwano, abafa kunokwenzeka umphakathi njengamaxhoba kunye ukufudukela, imiphumo neemeko kule ngingqi. Eli yokumiwa komhlaba candelo inxulumene nenzululwazi emkhosini.

Population, nokuphinda uhlelo zokuzala - iindidi eziphambili zifundwa nezenzululwazi umbuzo. Umxholo labemi walupheleyo ochaphazelekayo ngokunxulumene isifundo wesini kunye nobudala nokwakhiwa yabemi mmandla. Le thiyori zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu: nobu-, zokubhala kunye kuchaswa (phantse ziphinde zenzeke ngendlela ecocekileyo).

• Kuba udidi lokuqala uphawuleka amazinga aphezulu ngokuzalwa kunye nokufa. Oku kunokubonwa izizwe Afrika, apho abantwana musani babhalise de bafikelele kwiminyaka elishumi (ngenxa yokuba izinga lokusweleka kweentsana eliphezulu).
• Uhlobo lwesibini, njengoko kuchasene wokuqala yabonakala wenzala ephantsi kunye nokufa. Le meko ibonakala kumazwe aphuhlileyo, neengcali ukuqikelela ukuba kuluntu post-mveliso.
• Okwesithathu, uhlobo kuchaswa luphawulwa yokufa kunye nezinga ukuzalwa ephantsi (elibukelweyo ngexesha lomsebenzi zomkhosi kweli lizwe).

Term ukuguga demographic ithathwa njenge umlinganiselo yamaqela amathathu ubudala abemi bommandla: umntu ongaphantsi kweminyaka eli-15 bebonke yokusebenza-ebudaleni, abantu emva kweminyaka 60-65. Le kwayo kweli qela phezu yokuqala 10-15% kwaye sibizwa ukuguga iintlanga yabemi. Ngethiyori, imodeli ubume ngokupheleleyo yabantu apho abantu abatsha abakhubazekileyo yi-20%, abasebenzi - 65%, abantu abakhubazekileyo baziintanga umhlala-15%. Esi sikimu ithathwa efanelekileyo ngokunxulumene nokwabiwa umthwalo kwezoqoqosho ngabantu yokusebenza (kusekelwe 1000 500 abasebenzi abakhubazekileyo). Ngoko ke, ezinye kuphantse kusoloko kubonwa kukudala umthwalo ngokugqithiseleyo, ekhokelela ekuweni koqoqosho.

Iimpawu zale meko demographic eYurophu

kubhuqwa Ukuguga kumazwe aphuhlileyo zezeminyaka amahlanu yokugqibela. Impembelelo le ntsingiselo zimeko ezininzi:

• ukuphucula ezempilo;
• nokwandisa iminyaka ubomi;
• rate sokuzalwa;
• imeko yehlabathi yezoqoqosho nezentlalo zopolitiko kweli lizwe.

A imeko efanelekileyo ukuvela ekuthiwa-kuqoqosho yesilivere. umongo wayo kukuba ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabantu abadala iinkonzo, iimveliso kunye nokugcina umgangatho wobomi ngokusebenzisa isakhiwo kunye neendlela yemodeli kwezoqoqosho. Enye yeendima zoqoqosho Silver kukuthi, ingakumbi, ukufakwa - binzana rhoqo kusetyenziswa kwiminyaka yakutshanje kule post, kodwa mercilessly nawenu kumxholo iguqulelwe zibe yinxalenye eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo yabemi.

Kumazwe aseYurophu basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela ukuze bawubuyise mali yomhlalaphantsi:

• Ngokwendalo ukuba uvukile umhlala-phantsi (ekuziseni umhlala-phantsi ukuya kwiminyaka 70 sihlelwe kwixesha elizayo);
• kumazwe amaninzi phantsi ingqalelo le ubude ubuncinane inkonzo kunye isixa ubuncinane iminikelo kwingxowa-mali yomhlalaphantsi;
• ukususa umthwalo mali yomhlalaphantsi ithi bazama ngoncedo iidipozithi zabucala imali umhlala ukuba zikhulule phezulu ngabanye uqikelelo ukuya kwi-2% of GDP (okwangoku ithi yaseYurophu ukuchitha malunga ne-15% ye-GDP ukuxhasa mali yomhlala-phantsi);
• laqalisa inkqubo "ukuguga esebenzayo" kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, leyo ijolise ukunceda abantu ukuba bahlale elidana kwimarike yezemisebenzi kunye kamva umhlala-phantsi;
• Amanye amazwe bavavanya phantsi part-time, abantu abasebenza iiyure bhetyebhetye uze ufumane umvuzo buso yaye inxenye - yomhlalaphantsi (ngokweentloko zibonisa ukuba olu hlobo lomsebenzi nomtsalane 68% yabantu abadala eYurophu).

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inkqubo yabemi ukuguga esebenzayo ezithandwa ngabantu abadala kwaye yaphunyezwa phantse yonke imimandla zaseYurophu. Ingxaki engundoqo amazwe euro lo ukuguga kunye nokwehla iqondo yokuzalwa ixhaswa izinto ezifana nemfundo ngesondo ubudala abancinane, inkxaso kunye nokukhuthaza ubufanasini,-bulumko edume "Child-free" njalo njalo. D. Noko ke, konke oku kungentla kungabonwa ngezenzeko nje yingxaki kunye nemiphumela ehambisana.

Okuhambisa yabantu baseRashiya

In Russia ukuqikelela labemi ukuguga ngo-2020, kodwa ke, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kuxhomekeke umlinganiselo abemi eyomeleleyo kunye nabantu ngaphezu nethemba (ongaphantsi kweminyaka engama-15 ubudala - 15.2%, ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka 65 - 71,8%, emva kokuba 65 - 13%). uphawu kanti unako ukukhonza ukuncipha ngonyaka wenzala izinga lokusweleka eliphezulu (in a umyinge ukusuka kubelekwa). neqondo lokuzalwa kwabantu ayonto kunyaka wokuqala kuhlala negative. Ukuguga yabantu eRashiya, singatsho kwibakala lokuqala, kodwa isantya yale nkqubo ukuba sizilindele amathuba eliphantsi.

Imeko yabantu apha eMzantsi-East Asia

Ngo-2030, oko kulindeleke uvale enkulu kubemi nokushwabana amazwe mpuma Asia. Nanamhlanje, xa entendeni isikali manani bobabo eJapan. Long-term, umgaqo China ngayo "enye intsapho - umntwana omnye", ikwachaphazela hayi indlela engcono yobudala kunye nesini ukwakhiwa kwesizwe. Inzala kutshanje nkqubo usapho China akayi ngokukhawuleza ukunika iziqhamo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho ukungalingani eyomeleleyo inani lamadoda nabafazi (kwicala yokwandisa inani lamadoda). Oku kwakhokelwa-nkqubo ngaphandle kwinkqubo komhlala-phantsi kukarhulumente (ukuqinisekisa abazali wazala unyana, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni kubekho inani elikhulu kwezisu kunjalo, ukuba abazali bazi besini umntwana (a intombazana)).

Ifuthe tshintsho kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho kule meko yezibalo kule ndawo

Le mizekelo ikhankanywe ngasentla ingumzekeliso ngokucacileyo impembelelo imeko yezopolitiko, yezoqoqosho kunye lomhlaba ukwakheka abemi kulo mmandla. zongcoliseko Mechanical yokukhula kwenani labantu, njengoko kuboniswe yi mkhuba Chinese akakwazi ezinqkqenkqeza uluntu kwinkqubela kwaye utshintsho kwibutho post-mveliso, kodwa sidala iingxaki zabo isisombululo singathatha nasiphi ilishumi enye, kwaye mhlawumbi ingafuna eqatha. Ngelo xesha, i "mvume ekuhlaleni" amazwe aseYurophu kukhokelela kurhulumente ukuba nedinomineyitha, kunye umahluko ukuba kwilizwekazi "abaselula omdala" aseYurophu inkululeko engakumbi ngokukhetha umendo wobomi.

Yemozulu nempembelelo malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenqaku labemi, iintlekele zemvelo kunye ezenziwe ngumntu, ukhathalelo lwempilo

Ngokuchasene nentsukaphi kwishishini lezonyango, izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu abemi ukuguga kumazwe aphuhlileyo ukuba ujonga njenge into sibulale ekuweni koqoqosho. Noko ke, ukulungisa zabo zisoloko eyenziwe "iziganeko ezingacwangciswanga" efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, iintlekele zemvelo kunye ezenziwe ngumntu.

Ukuba sicinga ngabantu intlekele, oko kudla ngokukhokelela kubo ukutshintsha kwemozulu neentlekele zendalo (iinkanyamba, neenkanyamba, izikhukula, imililo, amaza ubushushu, njalo njalo. D.). Noko ke, "into zabantu" bakhokelayo. Njengoko umzekelo intlekele eyenziwe ngumntu odalwe ziintlekele zendalo kunokubangela ingozi isityalo samandla enyukliya Fukushima-1, impumelelo Bantyao kwidama 1975 (China). Le ngozi iye bachatshazelwe kakhulu kubantu behlabathi kwi chibi Horizon (Gulf of Mexico), iqonga (nangona ezinye yayibaluleke wayengumntu okanye yendalo, kubonakala ukuba ukwazi namhlanje kunokwenzeka).

Yonke intlekele "ukuqokelela" iintlobo ezimbini nangoko kwaye ixesha elide. Instant ichazwe ilahleko kwezoqoqosho, amaxhoba entlekele, kodwa ixesha elide (maxa wambi ngaphezu ngokonangoko) sigxininiswa kwezopolitiko (zezenkolo) ozikhethayo yezentlalo, ezoqoqosho, uluntu. yesiqinisekiso bala la mazwi kuba umonakalo ukuba iNkanyamba uKatrina, ixesha elide "irhafu" nolusasebenzayo nangoku okoko.

nkqubo yokufudukela Europe

Amaphononongo amaninzi lubonisa ukuba abantu ukwaluphala isiphawuli likarhulumente ntle, kunye nokwehla nokuchuma isuke ngokwanda kweminyaka yokuphila umgaqo bona. Noko ke, nangona ezi izityholo, iYurophu ihlaziya rhoqo labemi ngeendleko lwabasebenzi. imigaqo-nkqubo wokuthuthwa kufuneka aphathwe kwaye ilawulwe yokuziphatha, ingeyo iliza yokugqibela "yahlaselwa basemzini 'ezweni EU kaThixo. BaseYurophu sebenzisa imodeli rotary, nto leyo ibandakanya ukubuya abafudukayo kwilizwe lawo xa bafikelele kwiminyaka yomhlala-phantsi. iziganeko zakutshanje zibonisa nakwenzeka nokwenziwa ezayo labemi, kwaye kuphela imbuyekezo ezinganyanzelekanga bo kwenzeke.

nkqubo Ukufudukela elalisakuba yiSoviet Union

ESoviet Union, yonke into ibukeka eyahlukileyo kancinci. Kuyaqhubeka yokuzenzela ekuthiwa imfuduko yabasebenzi (umsebenzi kwiinguqu kunye nokungabikho lowo usebenzayo, kuloo mmandla endlwini iinyanga 10-11). Enyanisweni, abasebenzi kufika ekhaya ngathi iiholide. Shift kwenzeka ubukhulu becala emizini abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi mnye, kwiziza ekwakhiwa, iifektri, nezimbiwa ithuba kuthuthwa kufutshane kwindawo yomsebenzi. Umahluko phakathi kwale nkqubo yokufudukela yaseYurophu kuba isebenza ukutsala iingcali abaqeqeshwe kakhulu (as in the US) kunye nomkhosi zabasebenzi bazo. amazwe Post-Soviet ngenxa iimeko zoqoqosho nezopolitiko andiyiboni imfuneko kubasebenzi ezisezantsi abanezakhono kwi simemo kwaye nje abaxhomekeke, ingakumbi njengoko nokungasebenzi kwezinye iindawo ngokulingene $ 20 ngenyanga.

nkqubo yokufudukela eTshayina

China senze imfuneko wokwandisa indawo, nto leyo yokuqasha umhlaba ithi ezikufutshane. Urhulumente Kuyakhuthaza labantu ukuba iya ku kwamanye amazwe, kunye imitshato kunye nabameli bamanye amazwe, kuba inani yamabhinqa kwiriphabliki kuba ngaphantsi kakhulu kubantu abangamadoda. Kucacile ukuba loo imfuduko akuthethi ukubuyela China eneminyaka engama-65. elala isisiTshayina kumazwe akude, bahlala ngokwahlukeneyo, ngokunxulumene nemithetho yabo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwisigqibo malunga ukungafuni ukwamkela amasiko nezithethe yamazwe ahlala kuyo, kwakunye nokwandiswa lwemethodoloji, imiphumo apho kungenzeka zimbi ngaphezu ingxaki yokufuduka yaseYurophu.

Ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso Imeko ekhoyo demographic

Enyanisweni, ukuguga yabantu ngokuchasene nentsukaphi rate wokuzalwa zizinze (izinga labantwana 2 umfazi nganye), ebonisa ukwanda umgangatho wokuphila, intuthuzelo yayo, kunokuthiwa, kuba kunokuba enokuxelwa kwangaphambili. Kokuba kube nokuqwalaselwa Umkhuba eziyingozi xa izinga lokuzala liyenyuka kunyaka ngamnye, kodwa abantu lehla ngaxeshanye ngezinga elifanayo. Ezahlukeneyo ze lokusekwa imeko ngokwedemografi, baninzi, ahluke kuphela inani lemiba kuthathelwa ingqalelo xa kubhalwa kuzo. Noko ke, nantsi into esiqiniseke ngayo - abemi bomhlaba baya kufuneka kwakhona isimo sabo kwithuba yobudala abantu kule minyaka 64-100 lekhefu yaye bafunde ukwamkela 'izipho sivuthiwe "kunye namava.