Lo moya "Mxim Gorky" (imbovane-20): Ukucacisa

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba eSoviet ubuxoki vosmimotorny umkhweli moya "Mxim Gorky" - imbovane-20 - ingqalelo ukuba airliner inkulu ngexesha layo, ilizwe oxhobele isisu semoto. Yakhiwa kwisixeko Voronezh kwi mveliso moya.

indalo

Makhe sihlolisise indlela iyilwe kakuhle moya "Mxim Gorky". Ngowe-1932, ngo-Oktobha, oko kwaba engama 40 Maksima Gorkogo ukubhala. Iintatheli nababhali, ikhokelwa ngu uMikhail Koltsov ngelo kwesi siganeko umdla. Kwangaloo mini, bagqiba ukwakha agitsamolot, wasithiya imbeko umbhali edume - "Mxim Gorky". Kuba ukwakhiwa kwale ndawo yamiselwa All-Union Committee, lonke ilizwe waqalisa ukuqokelela imali yokwakha. Ngexesha elifutshane abantu bakwazi ukuqokelela engange abangaphezu kwezigidi ezithandathu.

Ngubani na ke Umsunguli-moya "Mxim Gorky"? IKomiti kumafa yayo amalungiselelo Council Technical, ogama usihlalo ndamiselwa oyintloko TSAPI Kharlamov. Ukuba wabelwa ukuba ukujonga ubuso elizayo yeentaka zentsimbi kwaye adale iimeko zobugcisa ngokusekelwe iinjongo zalo ezisisiseko.

Xa kuphuhliso Technical Council of the amaziko achaphazelekayo: TSAPI, CIAM, uphando kunye nokuqalisa kwe-Air Force, ishishini wokushicilela, Kinofotoinstitut lwezenzululwazi, abayili ezininzi kunye iinjineli: VM Petlyakov, N. Nekrasov, A. Saukke (elikhokelayo injineli), AA . Engibaryan (equipment), A. A. Arhangelsky, VN Belyaev (amandla ukubala), B. M. Kondorsky (uhlobo total), EI Pogossky kunye nabanye. Lo msebenzi iphethwe AN Tupolev.

Lo moya "Mxim Gorky" wadala inani elikhulu imibutho. I ndabukela isakhiwo wegqitha umyalelo kwi ezahlukeneyo izixhobo kunye nekomiti zokwakha (uSihlalo AN Goryanov), umbutho kunye neKomiti. Ngowe-1933, Matshi 10 , le Komishoni bangena kwisivumelwano TSAPI ukwakha moya imbovane-20.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba umyili AN Tupolev ngo-1933 ngempumelelo ngokusesikweni i-TB-3 ngena bomber kwi kwimveliso serial. Ukuba wayenza kuyilo ngakumbi sondo emikhulu - zilikhusi izikhakhamela. Ngaphezu koko, iingcali ziye liphuhlise idrafti yokuqala imodeli abakhweli TB-4 bomber ebizwa imbovane-20.

ngoyilo lwezinto ezintsha iye kwakhona ngo-Apreli 1933, ubonelela amathuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo bomber isithuthi buvuvu, leyo eziku nenokuthi ngakumbi abakhweli. Lo moya "Mxim Gorky" ukwenza imisebenzi kwikomkhulu mobile for izakhiwo kwezopolitiko zomkhosi ngaphezulu eli lizwe.

device

UMbovane-20 TB-4 (imbovane-16) yahluke kuphela ubungakanani yaye ukumelana payload ka-1500 kg enkulu, ibe ezisebenza nge-moya encinane. Ukuze ufumane off emhlabeni, kwafuneka ukuba athathe kukukhawuleziswa ukusuka kumgama 300-400 m (kwi-TB-4 - 800 m).

Ngenxa yesi sizathu, iingcali benze i iphiko elitsha, apho waba zobude ephakamileyo indawo ngaphezu iphiko-4 TB. Phantse zonke kumphezulu wayo ezenziwe yenyuka.

Lo moya "Mxim Gorky" yafakwa kunye isityalo ngamandla, nto leyo yaba iinjini ezisibhozo M-34FRN, ngamnye waneelitha 900. a. (Umthamo Zizonke 7200 l. C.). iinjini moya amathandathu aba phezu kwamaphiko, ezimbini - phezu fuselage kwiyuniti ababili. ngezikhonkwane ezinkulu ezenziwe ngomthi yaye ububanzi of-4 m. Ntlandlolo eyayicwangciselwe ukuba ukufaka injini ezintandathu, kodwa wafumanisa ukuba umthamo yabo akwanelanga.

Lo moya "Mxim Gorky" mkhulu ngaphakathi! Ummandla nezibilini zayo yaba macala 100. m:. bakwazi ukubonelela abakhweli malunga asixhenxe. Amaphiko ibhedi-level yahlula ukuba ukuphumla. Le airliner yafakwa nge ileli,, leyo, yokukhwabusha yaba yinxalenye emgangathweni.

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala iingcali moya omkhulu baye basebenzisa inkqubo yolawulo wire. Navigation nokukhokela izincedisi imbovane-20 uvumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngexesha lasemini nasebusuku. Wayengenako ke ukwenza zokumisa engalungiswanga sezwe.

Hi ndlela leyi, imbovane-20 Kwakhona izixhobo kunye neengcali yalawa. On ibhodi wagcinwa Unezixhobo ezininzi phulo, kuquka projektha umboniso, irediyo enamandla "Voice evela ezulwini", ushicilelo, zidlulisele irediyo, photo ilebhu, ithala leencwadi, njalo njalo. Ezintsha izixhobo air mail.

Aircraft "Maksim Gorky" (mbovane-20) ifakwe kwinkqubo umbane kunye AC 120 V, 50 Hz. Le ezintsha busetyenzisiwe okokuqala (kwaye mhlawumbi ehlabathini) xa kusenziwa ekhaya. Eyayifakwe isikhululo izilingo iinjini ezimbini zepetroli (ngamnye kwisantya rated 3000 Rev / min) neejenereyitha ezine (ngabavelisi ezimbini zenziwa alternating amandla yangoku 5.5 kW-3, ngabavelisi ezimbini babe ombane rhoqo 27 V kunye nomthamo 3 kW 5.8 kW).

Ukuba kuyimfuneko, lo moya nto zezikhali naxa uthuthwa ngololiwe.

moya

Uyavuma, iingcali ibalulekileyo yokwakha-moya "Mxim Gorky". Icebo kunye noyilo yayo mihle! indalo yayo ngo-1933, 4 Julayi, yaye ngowe-1934, ngoAprili 3, imveliso sele zithunyelwe indiza. Ngaphezu koko, 24 Epreli, kwathatha uthumo olukhethekileyo. Kuba okokuqala kuyo ukwenza uvavanyo flight pilot M. M. Gromov-17 Julayi, kunyaka omnye. Lo moya yathatha lemizuzu engama-35.

Airliner kwi moya yesibini ahamba iintsuku ezimbini kamva iphaphazela phezu Red Square ngexesha kwintlanganiso Chelyuskinites. Bona amkhapha lo moya ezimbini mlilo I-5.

Kulo efanayo 1934 N. S. Zhurovu kunye M. M. Gromovu kulo matshini ayikwazanga ukwenza impumelelo ezimbini engazange yenzeke: baphakamisa impahla anobunzima ezilishumi elinesihlanu ukuya kubude amawaka amahlanu eemitha! Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba nkqu Antuan De Saint-Exupery, uhlawule utyelelo eSoviet Union, uziphose kuyo!

ebuhlungu

Lo moya "Mxim Gorky" nezakhi gorgeous, kodwa ubomi bakhe sahlala phezu nje konyaka. Ngowe-1935, i-flight umboniso ngoMeyi 18 yaqhutywa e Moscow Central Airport, emva koko kwacetywa ukudlulisela imbovane-20 agiteskadrile kubo. Gorky. Aviator agiteskadrili I. V. Miheevu Wagqitha pilot imoto N. S. Zhurov. It wavunyelwa ukuba ibhabhe phezu kwayo, kunye namalungu osapho na abasunguli imbovane-20.

Ngokubanzi, "Mxim Gorky" moya Umsunguli enelunda kakhulu ngumqondo yakhe. Le ntaka inkxaso kaloliwe kuthwala moya ezimbini: kabini F-5 (pilot esebenza imoto Rybushkin) kunye umlweli-5 (uvavanyo wabaleka Umatshini N. P. Blagin). Icebo lokucoca ulwelo bhanya bayithwala umqhubi Schekutev ukuya P-5.

Ngaba wakha wambona-moya "Mxim Gorky"? Inkcazelo, iifoto le ntaka zentsimbi emangalisayo inokufumaneka kwiincwadi zenzululwazi baloo maxesha! Kodwa siqhubeka ibali lethu ngezantsi. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba N. P. Blagin kwakufuneka enze umsebenzi othile phezu icebo abenzi ifilim yembali, kwafuneka ukubhabha ngexesha bhanya malunga imbovane-20, ngoko ababukeli bakwazi ukubona umahluko ngobukhulu.

Unyuse giant echazwe ngasentla kuluhlu aerodrome ngokubanzi. Kodwa singalindelanga moya ufumene ifomu enkwantyisayo Blagin lwenziwa kwi ukulwa tricks onesidima ukuba oko kumgama encinane ukusuka imbovane-20. Kuba nomsila, "Maksima Gorkogo" Blagin wathumela imoto yakhe incopho elifutshane, wavele wasidiliza intonga yolawulo (wayezimisele ukuchaza emhlabeni "ndzhendzheleko kwabafileyo" giant). Akuba phezulu mlweli rate ixhomekeke nabahluthwe wawa phantsi flying ezilungisayo ngaphantsi mbovane-20.

Yaba moya eyothusayo - "Mxim Gorky"! imizobo yakhe ukudala iingcali kakhulu. Kwaye Blagina moya wabalekela phakathi injini yakhe inkqonkqoze kuye isibetho sokugqibela. Yena waziqhekeza waza wawa phantsi, exabileyo kumatshini Blagina wabonakala nasemiqhokrweni yeengxondorha umngxuma iphiko. Le ramming airliner ezoyikekayo sasinda.

Mhlawumbi Mikheev and Zhurov Besinokuzityala nto, ukuba mna-5 akuyi kuwa ngaphandle ngumsila, awalibethayo owesibini, ngoku ngesibetho esibulalayo kwi "Maksimu Gorkomu" wabetha ulawulo lwakhe.

intaka ezilungisayo ebengekaweli iphiko, awazibhukuqayo waza waqalisa ukuba ayichithe phezulu esibhakabhakeni. waduma yesiqalo kakhulu, kwaye imbovane-20 ndihlanjwe kwi kwefama iholide Falcon xa isibini lemizuzwana. Lo moya kwabulawa abantu 49, kuquka Blagina, 11 amalungu yabasebenzi kunye abakhweli 37 airliner - abasebenzi TSAPI kunye neentsapho zabo, kuquka nabantwana abathandathu. Eqhuba le ntlekele iye yaphela (abaninzi bacinga ukuba lahlelwa kunye ngetyala).

lesikhumbuzo

Yokungcwaba amaxhoba sokonakala moya senzeka ngo Novodevichy Amangcwaba. Xa uhambo lwakhe lokugqibela amkhapha amalungu abafileyo kurhulumente, waba phakathi kwawo unobhala yokuqala MC kunye CIM CPSU (b) N. S. Hruschov kunye nentloko Moscow Soviet N. A. Bulganin. Imizimba ingqayi sitshisiwe abafileyo wangcwatywa kwindawo yesithathu columbarium kwi ingxenye endala emangcwabeni. Namhlanje, lo sisikhumbuzo nigcobe umdla BAS-isiqabu indiza omkhulu owenziwe lenyengane.

Izinto ezibangela le ntlekele

Wonke umntu wayemthanda ngokwenene loo moya "Mxim Gorky". Inkcazelo umnika indawo nabacinga Iyandonwabisa nje! press esemthethweni eSoviet lonke ityala wayibeka phezu Blagina abaphula ingqeqesho kwaye enze aerobatics, waye unobangela ntlekele.

Enye, uguqulelo fantastic ngokupheleleyo kukuba Blagin ngabom ingene imbovane-20. Iphephandaba Polish "Ikrele" ngo-1935 Septemba 12 epapashwe ileta esayinwe Blagin, apho umxholo sesibheno zaye nabanyelisi kwakulawula amaKomanisi. Kamva kwabonakala kwiphephandaba Paris lamanene Russian "Imvuselelo". Namhlanje wavuma ukuba incwadi manga.

Blagin bamngcwaba ecaleni kwamanye amaxhoba le ntlekele. Intombi yakhe nomhlolokazi wanceda; bahlala endlini entsha, wazimisela ukufunda intombi ukuya kwisikolo esitsha. Ntombi yam, umhlolokazi kunye omnye wabazali Blagina nangoko pension yexhoba. Usapho lwakhe yayibiyelwe ukunyanyekelwa kweenkokheli iqela lasekuhlaleni. Ngokucacileyo, uguqulelo injongo ukugula kwakhe yangoonomgogwana bezizwe.

YaseXhora Isiphelo moya "Mxim Gorky". imizobo yakhe nangoku ezigcinwe kwii-akhayivu. Siyaqhubeka ukuhlola ngakumbi nentlekele elo xesha. Ngoko ke, ezi zibakala ngasentla ukunika isizathu ukuthetha wesithathu, uguqulelo kakhulu sinenyaniso: abaninzi bakholwa ukuba Blagin wayalela ukwenza amaqhinga ezingafanelekanga emoyeni. Ngenxa yoko, wawelwa "tailspin" ngenxa isantya eliphantsi. Ngaphambi kwesi siganeko, Stalin laqalisa newsreel amazwe, nto leyo eziqulathwe nobude tricks zomoya, ethandwayo kuloo minyaka. Isiphumo yaba ingcamango kwizenzo ezinjalo ebandakanya moya "Mxim Gorky".

NKVD waqhuba uphando, nto leyo wagqiba ukuba isiqingatha seyure phambi kokuba indiza nge pilot inxaxheba ukubhabha kunye isigebenga moya, wadibana uqeqesho lwabasebenzi kunye nomkhosi bhanya bhanya studio V. G. Ryazhsky kunye A. A. Pullin. Bona nomdla kakhulu kwi moya giant imbovane-20. Photo ( "Mxim Gorky" sasisikhulu ngokwenene), ukuba bayilibale phezu kwabo, baye befuna ukulwenza. Isohlwayo senior ubunkokheli Air Force wabavumela ukuba inyanzelise utshintsho kule meko flight. Ngenxa yoko, nabaqhubi, ngaphandle Ngokuququzelela intloko ye-flight neesuphavayiza, kwafuneka ukuba uyavuma. Obungamaxwebhu bhanya wabasukela injongo bhanyabhanya engozini ezonga kufuphi "Maksima Gorkogo" umsebenzi ubuxoki. Ryazhskiy Pullin kwaye emva kokuba ntlekele yaba ngaphaya kwezitshixo.

Mbovane-20 bis

Enyanisweni, siye wajonga moya "Mxim Gorky". Ngubani owavela kuyo, thina ngoku yaziwa kakuhle. kwagqitywa ukwenza ikopi yesibini yokuphuculwa emva kokuwa kwalo. Ababili bayiyeka, kwaye endaweni 34FRN asibhozo M-M-kusekwa amathandathu 34FRNV capacitance 1000/1200 l. a. Ukudala umatshini omtsha yagqitywa 1938, yena baphinde M. M. Gromov intlungu yakhe.

Ngowe-1940-1941, waye nqanawa phantsi kwegama SS-124 (R-760) ephethe abakhweli ukusuka eMoscow ukuya Mineralnye Vody nge eKharkov kunye Rostov-on-Don. Ekuqaleni kwemfazwe, oko yasetyenziswa njengomthuthi babenikela ngasemva. Yena yantlitheka 1942 NgoDisemba 14, ngo-60 km ukusuka Tashkent ngexesha lihlala siganeko iiyure 272.

Eneneni kwacetywa ukwenza ngakumbi moya imbovane-20 bis-18, nangona kunjalo, yena imbovane-20 ukuya kwimveliso ngobuninzi yaye akazange avunyelwe. Kakade ke, iingcali ziye iiprojekthi ezininzi koomatshini ezinkulu Imbovane-26 kunye imbovane-28, kodwa wayeka ukusebenza ngo-1936.

imbroglio

Ngoko ke kwenzeka ntoni ngaloo mini sibi ngo-1935? Makhe sithethe ndiza ezikhethekileyo yenzeke ngoMeyi 18. Into yokuqala ukubalaselisa eyoyikekayo umhla commonality yo fanekisela: 1896 Meyi 18, (. Art style) kanye 39 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ngomhla we-ibekwa Nicholas II, kwi Khodynka endle kuzityumza abangcangcazelisi okukhona yasebukhosini nabalulamileyo ezilinyaziweyo, kwakukho malunga 1,300 abantu njengoko bafa kwakhona kakhulu.

TASS ngokusemthethweni isaziso iinkcukacha ntlekele: ezifana, ngokwenene, malunga amahlanu naziphi abantu abamsulwa, kwaye abantwana ezintandathu, kuquka, zonakale Pilot scorcher. Sekunjalo, enye eneempendulo ezinokuthenjwa kwimibuzo ezininzi enxulumene ekuweni le nqanawa, kukho unanamhla. Kakhulu kutshanje, amaxwebhu ukusuka kwiindawo ezigcinayo iKGB declassified, kwaye bacinga okokuba iimeko bedidekile ngakumbi le meko.

Kakade ukuba uyilo kunye nolwakhiwo inqanawa babelwa ukuba OKB A. N. Tupoleva TsAGI: ukuba into kwakufuneka kwakhiwa May 1, 1934. Lo moya "Mxim Gorky" lwaqhutywa kwindawo intuthuzelo ekhethekileyo: siyinxalenye yezinye abakhweli kwi windows babenamathele amalengalenga, neetafile bebexhotyiswa kunye nezibane idesika, izitulo zibe banzi, umgangatho, wayifulela iikhaphethi. Le nqanawa Kwakhona ezingontsini zokulala ezininzi, indawo yokugcina amalungiselelo, gumbi imithwalo, ithala leencwadi, izimuncumuncu bar umbane kunye namaqebengwana ezibandayo kunye eshushu, izindlu zangasese kunye olubi.

Kwaye ekugqibeleni, umatshini isigebenga wavuka waya emazulwini. Kwaye ngoko waqalisa esibi kunazo. I-5 ndaqalisa ukuba bazakhele amanani ehlabathini imbovane-20. Xa waba nguvulindlela "loop ofileyo" yesibini, mna nemoto iphiko "Maksima Gorkogo". Kuvuthelwa ke amandla ezoyikekayo. Ante-20 yokuqala itsheke ukuya ekunene, ngenxa inertia flying imizuzwana Okuninzi 10-15 waza wafudukela ekufakeni nkqo yaye yaphazamiseka phezu kwethole. Lo moya wawa phezu kwemithi, ndankqonkqoza phantsi imithi yaye ekugqibeleni saa phezu komhlaba. Le yabhalwa emva kosuku iphephandaba "PRAVDA» (inombolo 137 1935 20 May).

Kakade ke, inani lamaxhoba wawungapheleliselwanga ukwinqwelo-moya. Lowo doti saa ecaleni kummandla kwilali amagcisa "Sokol", ukusebenza inombolo yendlu 4 esitratweni. Levitan eziyingozi esitratweni. Surikov inombolo yendlu 7 no 11. Apha, inani lamathole waye azicaciswanga.

Uhlalutyo ngozi ayifumanekanga kubangelwa oyinyaniso. Impendulo imfihlelo eziphambili - oko into kabani bayalelwe ukuba enze efaka ezonga ehlabathini imbovane-20, okanye ngaba eqhelekileyo "umoya ububi" Blagina - balifumane. I "Inyaniso" ngoMeyi 19-20 kwapapashwa footage lomsebenzi, kodwa azikho zimi ndawonye umyalezo wombhalo TASS. Intlungu wazama ngokukhawuleza zisabonakala, ngoxa nokuba kutshatyalaliswa Sekukancinane ukuba baqeshe i film ubugcisa "amaphiko Enkulu."

"UMphanda" okanye "loop"?

Kuyimfuneko ukugxininisa into yokuba umoya trick uyagula-lombutho imiyalezo Tass ebizwa ngokuba "umtya abafileyo", yaye xa ibali lakhe pilot wakhe Rybushkin ebizwa ngokuba "umphanda". Berry nembonakalo yakhe memo Blagina ikwabizwa ngokuba "umphanda", emva koko ezinye mbali Aviation kuphando bakhe baqalisa ukubhengeza ukuba Blagin eyenziwa "umphanda" - kuba Stalin ayikwazanga ukuba ingxelo engalunganga! Ngenxa yoko, uhlalutyo yakutshanje iinguqulelo noonobangela ingozi endaweni kwingxoxo eyakhayo rhoqo kakhulu indawo disputation engenamsebenzi ngalo mbandela: "umphanda" okanye "loop"? Ngokutsho ukucamanga kwezinye iingcali, kunokwenzeka ukuba babambelele inguqulo Blagin enze "loop."

Wena uthi kuphela enye into: kumsebenzi osovnom e NP Blagina waba kakhulu ngokugqithiseleyo kakhulu, ngaphezu umqhubi odumileyo V. P. Chkalova, yenza moya phantsi Neva kwo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uBlagin wenza iingubo zokuqala zokungcebeleka, ezibonisa ukuba umqhubi ngexesha elide lomsebenzi kwisikimu kunye nendlela yokuhamba. Ayaziwa ukuba ngaba umqhubi unobungcali bokuqulunqa ... Siyazi ukuba wazakhela izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo kwaye, ngokungathandabuzeki, wayeyazi kakuhle izibalo zobunjineli. Ngokuphathelele kwinto eyenzeka ngexesha lokuqhutyelwa kwelophu yesibili, unokuqiqa nje. UThixo uyazi ukuba uyayigcwalisa ngokuqhubekayo (ukuqwalasela iifowuni zamaphuzu ahlukeneyo wokudubula, akunakwenzeka ukufumana), okanye ushiye ikhwelo elitsha.

Iingcinga

Ngokusekelwe kwingcaciso engentla, iingcali ezininzi zithetha oku kulandelayo:

1. Imbono yekhamera ye-P-5 ngelixa lolophu oluqhutyelwayo, isikhundla sayo kunye nomgama omncinci ukusuka kwinqwelo-moya (amaphiko kwisakhelo awazange awele ngokupheleleyo) ivumela ukuba sicinge ukuba yonke into yayilungelelaniswe kwangaphambili phakathi kwekhamera kunye nabaqhubi. Akungabazeki, kwakukho umqondiso womntu wokwenza olo hlobo lokudubula.
2. Akunakuqinisekiswa ukuba "ukuqhuma umoya" kwenzelwe. Ewe, inkohliso yayiyingozi (kuqala yavela, ngoko kwakungekho), kodwa siyabona kuphela ukuba imithetho yokukhuseleko yendiza iphulwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezinjalo iindiza ezinabantu abahamba ngebhodi ekufowunweni ziphulo-mthetho.
3. Umthombo wangempela wale ntlekele kwakuyimpembelelo ye-Blagin, kwaye akukho nhlobo (ngokuchanekileyo ibalwe i-loop yokuqala), kodwa kuphela ubuchwepheshe, obonakaliswe ukulibaziseka okuncinci (ngaphantsi kweyesibini) ngexesha lokungena kweyesibili.
4. Izakhono zokuhamba ngeenqwelo-moya NP Blagin uthetha nge-universalism kunye nobugcisa obuphezulu - unokukhuphisana noM MM Gromov. Ngomnyaka we-1935 i-Blagin yahamba ngeenyanga ezintlanu iiyure ezingama-26 ezili-11 imizuzu.

Kuyaziwa ukuba ngexesha lophando bonke abo babandakanyekayo ekufayeleni imfucuza babulawa ngenxa yeBlagin. Nangona kunjalo, urn kunye nomlotha weBlagin ungcwatywe eludongeni loMangcwaba waseNovevicvic, kunye namanye amaxhoba entlekele. Kwibhodi ehlanganisiweyo yamabhodi ebhaliweyo ibhalwa ngokusemthethweni kwiphepha lokufa, echazwe yiTASS.

Umbhali M. Gorky, ngendlela, wayecaphuke kakhulu ngenxa yokufa kwegama elithi "namesake". Kodwa, ngokubanzi, iiprojekthi ze-serial production of passenger and jets-giant-giants did not affect the tragedy.