Letter Gogol ku Belinsky: isishwankathelo, uhlalutyo

Ebudeni iinkulungwane enye enesiqingatha imibutho yoluntu ofundileyo Russian inxaxheba silinene, umbutho wamaKomanisi, ngomdla ukuhlolisisa impikiswano odumileyo phakathi V. G. Belinskim kunye N. V. Gogolem, ukunika imiyalelo ingxoxo yokuqala.

kwemibhalo

Emva 1917, imbambano kula madoda amakhulu yaqukwa kwi izifundo zemfundo ngokubanzi. Noko ke, kule zezifundo yayibizwa echazwe ingongoma kuphela lwembono zikhuthazwe Belinskiy V. G. Ileta eya Gogol yabonisa isimo sakhe sengqondo inyaniso ubonisa nokubaxhasa iingcinga zakhe iingcamango zobunene-lwentando yesininzi. UNikolai ngokufanayo babebambelele. Ngo Gogol sazi wokuvukela eRussia kuphela angafunekiyo, kodwa nokuba yingozi. Zonke izigwebo eyaphuma kuye, bekucingelwa kwimeko kakhulu, ukutolika, ngaloo ndlela itshintsha nabo phesheya ingqalelo. Kuba eminyaka, igosa zoncwadi Lubonakala Gogol kwicala elinye kuphela. Wanga umhlalutyi yokuba 'uluntu awayephila kulo. " Wabonisa ukuba umbhali umsebenzi wakhe ufuna kuphela ukuba abonise izinto ezimbi yoohlohlesakhe ezikhoyo kumnini-ihlabathi, anti-abantu nohlobo lobuzwilakhe. Icala yokomoya UNikolai wahlala izithunzi.

isizathu imbambano

NgoDisemba 31, 1846 kwafika upapasho incwadi Gogol. Yayibizwa ngokuba "izicatshulwa okhethiweyo osuka Imbalelwano Friends". Nomsindo Belinsky phantse nangoko wabhala ileta eya Gogol. Kuyo, ubiza ethi "ububi", uzibize ngokungazi umbhali wayo leyinene. Le mveliso Ekugqibeleni Waziqhiwula ngokusisigxina ukusuka kwegazi kufakwa yokugcina nesigqubuthelo. Russian wavumela ukuba afunde "uMhloli", "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo", "Wii", "Nevsky Ithemba" kunye nezinye ebubuxoki. Noko ke, umbhali ngokwakhe ngokuba "ezikhethiweyo iindinyana ..." incwadi yakhe onengqondo kuphela. Okwangoku, yena wabuyela readers.

uluvo lwabantu

Book-1846 kubangelwe phambili Russian kuluntu Ndilicukuceze. Ngexesha le minyaka, ababhali abaninzi baye phambili ezahlukeneyo izizathu Gogol ukuba ubhale kuyo. Abanye bathi ukuba umbhali olulahlekisayo nzima yaye kukrakra ophelelwe ukuqondwa lasekunene leyinene ngeenxa zonke kuye. Abanye bavakalelwa ukuba le ncwadi ibonisa ubuthathaka bakhe, kungekuphela nje njengomntwana onengqondo, kodwa umntu wonke. Ukanti abanye bathi Gogol ndoyika izigqibo ababelandelene kwezinye imisebenzi yakhe yobuciko. babekholelwa wesine le ncwadi yabonisa ukuhla nokunyuka ezizinzululwazi umbhali, abo bafunyenwe ngokwakhe labanjwa ezeni utopias mva.

ileta Belinsky ukuba Gogol: isishwankathelo

Kukholelwa ukuba wazoba umgca lwemisebenzi ukuhlalutya uncwadi, njengokuba kubhaliwe kwathiwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe. ULenin babekholelwa ukuba ileta eya Gogol wayengomnye imisebenzi ezibalaseleyo eendaba wedemokhrasi mthethweni. ixabiso layo igcinwa nokuba ixesha elide. Ekuqaleni, ethi "ezikhethiweyo iindinyana ..." wakhuliswa ukuba yibhanile, wadibana impendulo entle yinxalenye yoluntu. Noko ke, la izigqibo waziseza ileta eya Gogol. Ntoni abanye bathi? Xa imigca yakhe, wabanika indawo abalinganiswa bazilindele zombhali. Umgxeki ebizwa ngokuba 'umshumayeli isabhokhwe, umpostile yokungazi, yintshatsheli obscurantism kunye obscurantism amachaphaza yokuziphatha ukubola. " ileta Belinsky ukuba Gogol, isishwankathelo leyo ezixoxa Petrashevzy zonke izangqa komphakathi, yimbonakaliso komdla kunye nezimvo abantu ngokuchasene lobuzwilakhe, serfdom. Abahlalutyi bathi umbhali ngaphambili wakukhalimela urhulumente tsarist, bahlekwa abanini alwa serfdom. isangqa Revolutionary wathatha Gogol. Wenza lonke ilizwe ukuhleka Plyushkin Sobakevich, jikelele umhloli, nokuququzelela ngokuqinisekileyo kakhulu nomzabalazo kunye nabo. Ngengqiqo njongo, eveza serfdom. ileta Belinsky ukuba Gogol UNikolai Vasilievich embhoxo kwaphakade zikho. Abanye bathi ngokuhlonipha nothando ngaye, njengomntu, ibaluleke edibene lizwe, bakhonza njengomnye weenkokheli endleleni inkqubela. Emva kokukhutshwa ethi "izicatshulwa ezikhethiweyo ..." Belinsky wamnika ngokutsha elibi kakhulu kwi "Contemporary". Ngelo xesha ebiza UNikolai Vasilyevich ingakwazanga ukunikwa eziprintiweyo, kodwa bona, ke, ngokubanzi. Inxalenye oluphambili oluntu ngaphandle kobunzima wayeyiqonda kakuhle eli ileta eya Gogol. Umgxeki nawuphikisa wokushumayela 'okubi ilale phantsi nokukhuselwa unqulo isabhokhwe. " Belinsky wabonisa kwileta uhlobo yokungabi yabantu Russian. Ngelo xesha wabona wayekhona uKristu kunye nemfundiso yakhe inkululeko, abazalwana kunye nokulingana. Ileta eya Gogol, Belinsky, ngamafutshane, waba imanifesto yokucinga wadlulela Russia. "Igama ukugxekwa yaziwe zonke ummeli ulutsha wenkqubela", - watsho Aksakov.

ileta Belinsky ukuba Gogol: Uhlalutyo

Kakhulu eliphezulu zokudumisa umgxeki wamnika uLenin. Nangona urhulumente liye lalandela ukugcina ukuyifunda. Xa ngokoluvo arhente kunye Petrashevists isebe wesithathu, abahlalutyi uthe wenza nokunconywa jikelele. ileta Belinsky bukaThixo njengoko lesikhumbuzo enkulu yokucinga lwentlalo. Abanye bathi ngayo UNikolai Vasilievich ixesha elide njengokuba umculi okusemandleni, kodwa yekhasi mva. incwadi yakhe zikhuthazwe Nikolaev lobuzwilakhe, serfdom inkxaso. N. V. Gogol alinyusayo idini ndawo, uYesu 'uyise abalimi ", waveza imfuneko yokuthobela kuye. YaseYiputa ngokuba "empumlweni ezingahlanjwanga." Umnikazi Gogol wafundisa ngakumbi preying kwi yabasebenzi neyabalimi, ubiza ukuba ukuthobela ukumkani nabathetheli bakhe, ukuba ukubulawa izithethe ubudala. Konke oku kwakhokelela ukugxeka. Belinsky wathi usindiso eRashiya ayikho nangokuthobeka kwentliziyo, nobugqi kunye pietism, kwaye nasempumelelweni uluntu, imfundo kunye nempucuko. Yena ngokucacile eliphikisa iintshumayelo ubiza ukuba ukuvuseleleka of ukuzithemba kwabantu, nto leyo kangangeenkulungwane zazixovulwa ukungcola kunye nokungcola. Kwincwadi yakhe eya umbhali Gogol Belinsky wachaza impazamo ngokunxulumene ngokoqobo. Abahlalutyi bathi uluntu akayi kunixolela ukungaluxabisi enjalo inkululeko, leyo ichazwe kule ncwadi. Ethetha nxamnye serfdom, Belinsky eqaqambileyo, esibanekile yonke ihlazo lakhe. Emva kokufunda i "izicatshulwa ezikhethiweyo ...", umhlalutyi yahlaselwa iinguqu ezenzekileyo engqondweni yombhali. Kutshanje, ukususela usiba yakhe i "uMhloli" yaye "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo", ukuyilahla inkqubo umnini, bahlekisa ngaye. Ndimele nditsho ukuthi ngexesha lokubhala incwadi yakhe Gogol wahlala amazwe. Esi sesinye ingxabano ukugxekwa. Belinsky wathi awukwazi, ukuba kude lizwe, ukuqonda imeko. Ngelo xesha, umgxeki, ngethemba lokuba zonke ezi iingcinga umbhali kube ngumphumo iimpazamo zakhe, ikhuthaza ukuba ukudala umsebenzi counterweight, eya yokungenelela ifuthe encwadini yakhe.

imiyalezo Notes

Belinsky yahlaselwa amazwi Gogol malunga ubuze kunye harmfulness isiqinisekiso kubantu abaqhelekileyo. Amazwi UNikolai ukuba mhlawumbi incwadi yakhe - balahlekisa, benqaba ngokucacile. Belinsky wathi umgca enjalo lengqiqo eRashiya Kudala kwaziwa. Ngaphezu koko, abagxeki yokunqongophala nayiphi yezobuntlola kunye italente emsebenzini. Uthi ukuba akukho nangayiphi na indlela wamkeleke nabo zidalwa ezaye zadalwa nguye ngaphambili. Kwisigqibo sokuba incwadi iziqhamo ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo Gogol, Belinsky uyakugatya ngamandla. Usichazela oku yokuba ukubhala okuyiphatha phandle ngaphezu usuku okanye iintsuku ezimbini, kwaye mhlawumbi iminyaka.

Phendula UNikolai

Njengoko sesitshilo ngasentla, umhlalutyi lapapasha inqaku malunga incwadi entsha "izicatshulwa ezikhethiweyo ..." kwi "Contemporary". Akakhutyekiswa kuyo, Gogol wabhala ileta eya Belinsky. Kuyo uthi ukuba ukugxeka sencwadi yakhe ethi, cishe okubangelwa ubuhlobo. Ngelo xesha Belinsky wagula. Ukuhlala eRashiya, akaba nako ukuphendula UNikolai Vasilyevich, kuba ngelo xesha wenza zazihlolisiswa ngokungqongqo. Kodwa kwanyanzeleka ukugula ukuba aye kwamanye amazwe. Ukusuka apho ke wathumela impendulo ngumsindo.

Letter Gogol ku Belinsky wathunyelwa ngoAgasti 10. Kulo umbhali wothuswa ngokunzulu indlela uluntu incwadi yakhe. Uthi ukuba wamkela malunga 50 ncomo kwaye bonke ezahlukeneyo. UNikolai liyaqonda ukuba, enyanisweni, imeko ayikaqondwa. Noko ke, incwadi Gogol eya Belinsky kubizwa ngokuba inguquko "izicatshulwa ezikhethiweyo ...". Ngaphezu koko, sinokuthi akazange ukubona impazamo izimvo zakhe, iziphumo, amagama kunye neengcamango. Uthi kuphela ukuba beze eRashiya, kwaye khangela kwakhona ukufumana phandle zonke kukho kuwo. Ileta lokugqibela Gogol eya Belinsky ibonisa namnqweno we umbhali udale into entsha, phambi kokuba akazange ukutyelela ilizwe. Ngaloo ndlela Umbhali ukholelwa ukuba nabo abantu eRashiya, asikwazi ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo yonke le meko. Ebhekisa Vissarionu Grigorevichu, uveza ukuba naye yena iqela lakhe ayikwazi ukuba izinto ezininzi ezaziwa kuye. Ngako oko, ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo izizathu zokuba ukudala "izicatshulwa ezikhethiweyo ...", akanakuba. ileta Gogol ukuba Belinsky Akalinyusi nantoni na, ndawo ubiza. UNikolai uzama ukuzithethelela ngandlel 'ithile ukuze achaze imeko komhlaba. Ngelo xesha ke uyaqonda ukuba, mhlawumbi, amazwi akhe aya ibe ukugxekwa.

ileta Gogol ukuba Belinsky ibonakalisa isimo lombhali. Waba udandathekile yaye phantse litshatyalaliswa abagxeki. izangqa Progressive wadibana kunokujala umsebenzi wakhe, kodwa ngehlombe ukuxoxa impendulo G. Vissarion. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso enikwa incwadi yakhe ngurhulumente, Gogol akazange namava ulwaneliseko elo kulindeleke. Xa impendulo yayo ukugxekwa oko iyabonisa izizathu yokwenene kuyalelwa ukuba ukubhala le ncwadi. Letter Gogol ku Belinsky ibonakala akuboni kwaye luzizi, xa kuthelekiswa isigidimi ukugxekwa. Noko ke, kuyabonakala ukuba kakhulu swi ngokwabo. Ngelo xesha ke uchaza Belinsky ukuba naye "saa." Uthi ukuba mhlalutyi ayiluhoyi imfuneko ukwazi yonke into yena uyazi ukuba baqonde iinjongo zakhe neengcamango. ileta Gogol ukuba Belinsky 1847 eziphelweni zempilo umnqweno. UNikolai Vissarionu Grigorevichu usikhumbuza ukuba kuphela ukungabikho sifo kuba sengqiqweni ukulawula amatyala kuyo nayiphi inkalo.

iziphumo

Gogol Belinsky wabonisa ukuba ngaphandle eRashiya, kubonakala ngathi imeko ukonwaba kakhulu. Noko ke, loo nto ayiyi kuba kufuphi intle kangaka. Gogol uyavuma kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, kunye nalo, yaye uthi umgxeki ngokwakhe izinto ezininzi ngeke ukwazi. Kodwa ke, ngokungafaniyo Belinsky, Gogol ibonisa ukuba ukulungele ukuvuma iimpazamo zabo baze basebenze phezu kwabo. Kulo mzekelo, umnqweno enye ukuba ukubona umgxeki, leyo, Kakade ke, kuba nzima gqitha. Uthi ukuba iRussia embundwini womnyango wendlu iziganeko ezinkulu efuna abantu ukuba ukujonga ubomi evela kumacala onke; ngokungxama ngenyhek luqhushululu. Mhlawumbi Gogol eneneni aphenjelelwe ziimfundiso zonqulo. Imbono abenazo, wathumela iingcinga zakhe lobuzwilakhe. Wayethetha malunga uxhulumaniso yokomoya yabantu kunye nokumkani, imfuneko yokuba kulondolozwe uze uqhubeke. Oku ngokungafaniyo asifani iingcinga ukuba walandela ngaphambili. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba impendulo Belinsky yawo ukuba bashiye iingcamango zabo, yena akafuni. Ukulungele ukuphinda-kuhlola kuphela eRashiya kunye imeko apho. Kodwa Inokuba, kwakuyimfuneko ukuba isiqinisekiso ukuba nangakumbi iingcamango zakhe.

abasebenzi Communication

Belinsky and Gogol baba abahlobo kunye nabaxhasi kwezinye iingcamango kanye olungileyo. Okokuqala, njengokuba umhlalutyi, ndafaka phambili iimfuno zoluntu kunye nezopolitiko enamandla kaRhulumente, efuna ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezingxamisekileyo yenkitha umlimi, abaphantsi kwedyokhwe serfdom. Phakathi kwemiba njengezona nkalo zitshisa ibunzi ixesha lethu, wayesithi yokurhoxiswa nezohlwayo, ukuqaliswa Ukunyanzeliswa okungqongqo kwenkqubo yemithetho ekhoyo. Eyona nto ifunekayo ukuze ukubhukuqa inkqubo serfdom. Gogol, nayo, njengokuba umbhali lingqina nxamnye abanini, amagosa lobuzwilakhe. Kungenxa kule iimbono zokuhlangabezana aba bantu. Belinsky, zicacisa indawo ehlazisayo abalimi, wabhala ukuba iRussia uba ilizwe eyoyikekayo, nto leyo human trafficking. Xa urhulumente kwakungekho nje iziqiniseko for impahla, imbeko ubuntu, kodwa umyalelo amapolisa. Eyona njongo iphambili Belinsky wabona ukutshatyalaliswa serfdom. umsebenzi wokubhala, ngokwembono yakhe, yaba sisikhokelo abantu. Njengoko umbhali, wabona iinkokheli omtsha. Phakathi kwabo Bahloneleni nibathande, kunye Belinsky, kunye namanye amalungu oluntu ophezulu kwakumnandi Gogol. Kodwa ke, ukuba uye kwelinye ilizwe, wapapasha incwadi abhukuqe zonke iingcinga ngaye.

isiphelo

Ukuphendula lo ugxekwa, Gogol obangela naziphi na iingxoxo emagemeni abo. Uthi nje izibakala lusekiwe. Hayi, kwileta yakhe umnqweno ukuba ngcono, "ucinga kwakhona", kukucela uxolo, emva zonke, phambi kwabantu. incwadi kwakhe wayengekho ngelo xesha elaziwayo amacandelo phambili oluntu. Kwaba ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba abantu zendele umnqweno ukuba, ubomi obutsha ezamahala ezinika lobuzwilakhe asikwazanga.