Komthetho wamaRoma iitafile 12: isishwankathelo jikelele kunye nembali

Imithetho iitafile 12, inkcazelo jikelele eziza kuqwalaselwa yi kuthi - litye lesikhumbuzo odumileyo komthetho wamaRoma yamandulo. Kukholelwa ukuba aba phezulu sokugunyaziswa amadoda alishumi (decemvir) kwiminyaka 451-450. BC. e. Decemvirs ngexesha msebenzi ikhomishini kaThixo baba oomantyi. Kangangexesha elide, ezinye zazo awufuni ukuba ahlukane igunya kunye wamitha ukuphumeza yazibandakanya d'AFP ukuseka nguzwilakhe.

IiBhodi kunye nemithetho, impembelelo ekunene Athene

Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba imithombo iitafile 12 kwemithetho - amaxwebhu yomthetho Athene. It decemvirs ke ukuba guided kwimibhalo yabo. Koloni Greek, ibekwe kumazantsi eItali, wathunyelwa wozakuzo eRoma. Apy, lo mdala amadoda alishumi, ekubeni ndiwugqibile ifundwe, kutyholwa ukuba bathi kufuneka zibe ukuze kuxhamle nempumelelo ombuso. Leyo yimbali emfutshane yezintlu 12 nemithetho.

Igama bevuka akukho ithuba. Kwaba 12 iibhodi yeplanga egxothiweyo yombhalo. Imithetho 12 iitafile ezagqitywa phambi yeeNgwevu kwi Forum. komthetho wamaRoma yaMandulo lee ngaphandle kwazo. nangoko Imithetho waqalisa ukufunda esikolweni. Namhlanje, le yokuqala ilahlekile kubo, mhlawumbi ngonaphakade. Xa ummandla eRoma yamandulo ihlaselwe Gauls, ibhodi yatshatyalaliswa. Ukuba yasinda ngamaqhekeza kuphela izivakalisi amagqwetha, ababhali, izazinzulu, abezopolitiko yexesha.

iitafile Ixabiso 12 Imithetho eRoma Ancient

Le mithetho kwimo yazo ngendeb yingqokelela amasiko ezikhoyo kule minyaka yokubhala kwabo. Bona ekhethiweyo ngokungqinelana neemfuno nabalawulayo. Ngoko kwakukho 12 iitafile nemithetho. iimpawu ngokubanzi bahlala umdla omkhulu. Le mithetho lweminwe nezixhotyiswe ukwayo zomthetho kubonelelwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. KumaRoma, zazijongwa ziyindlela ngokwenene ubulumko. UCicero, edume mgwe- yamaRoma, waphawula ukuba iitafile umthetho waseRoma 12 - ". Umfanekiso amaxesha zethu amandulo" uxwebhu apho unako ukufumana UCicero wayekholelwa ukuba ukuphuphuma okulungileyo ubunzima baso yedwa, le ncwadi encinane ingcono zonke zefilosofi onke amathala eencwadi abo bafuna ukuba imithombo kunye iziseko nomthetho. Abantwana owayehlala eRoma yaMandulo, bafunda ngokufunda le mithetho. Decemvirs, ukuphumeza ifundwe namasiko abo, bezama ukulondoloza amalungelo yemeko ezibalaseleyo kunye patricians, kodwa basilela ukufikelela le ngokupheleleyo.

ukulingana osesikweni nje kunye patricians

Ngokutsho imithetho iitafile 12, nje zaba ukulingana ngokusesikweni ezintendelezweni kunye patricians. Ukongeza, bamkela nabo amalungelo athile ezopolitiko. Kuba nje oku yaba luloyiso olukhulu, kuba ukutyhilwa olithandayo eli siko kuphela wabonakala umthetho ebhaliweyo. Yaba isiseko esisemthethweni eRoma yamandulo. Imithetho 12 iitafile agade nje-mthetho kunye nalwazelelelo obenziwe ngoomantyi patrician kunye neejaji. Kulo nyaka 304 BC. e. INdlu Yeengwevu wagqiba ukuba, xa amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kunye yoluntu amagosa kufuneka akhokelwe yi-mthetho ubhaliweyo. legends ingahlali bayeka ahlonelwe.

Ukwahlulwa komthetho wesintu emva kokuba senziwe imithetho

Imithetho 12 iitafile eziboniswe ngokupheleleyo inqanaba lokuqonda zomthetho, uphawu kwexesha. Kumaxesha tsarist, ixesha kwenkqubo yezizwe, kwakukho ngamazwe kunye namanye amasiko zezizwe. Isizwe waba isifundo sabo. Umthetho wesintu emva ukwamkelwa komthetho 12 yahlulwe iitafile ezimbini. Omnye wabo - embindini kuluntu wamaRoma (kviritskoe, kamva eyabizwa ngokuba yoluntu okanye ephucukile). Imithetho 12 iitafile zinxulumene kuye. ilungelo yesibini lokulawula ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe karhulumente kunye nezinye waseRoma. Ukongeza, eRoma wenza umthetho fetsialny. Kuye kuchazwe izithethe ezenziwe yomiselo imfazwe, ukuba amanyathelo eziliqela ukuthobela izivumelwano karhulumente kunye namanye amazwe. Ukususela ngexesha S. Tullius njenge saziwe kuvunywe isibonelelo phantsi apho amasiko kviritskie kunye migaqo isebenza kuphela abemi eRoma.

Ukuthintelwa umtshato nje kunye patricians

Imithetho iitafile 12 eRoma amandulo kwakukho eziliqela amanqaku, abonisa amasiko yamandulo zoluntu oosolusapho, ngeempahla yayo. Baye zazijoliswe sigcine iziseko ubudala ubudala. Ngokukhethekileyo, Akuvunyelwe imitshato phakathi nje kunye patriciâmi. Ngo-445 BC. e. Kuye watshitshiswa lo mthetho.

Relations ngokuphathelene ezithengiswayo

Ezi theyibhile 12 zibonisa ukuba ilizwe kufuneka alawule iqela loluntu baseRoma. Ngokutsho isiko lenkolo, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba athelekelele izithixo neetempile. Ilizwe wayeza kuhlala phantsi kolawulo loluntu, ukuba abe impahla yayo. Ngoko ke, oko kuphelele ipropati yabucala kuyo.

Gift, ilifa, ukuthenga nokuthengisa kweepropati ezibalulekileyo (izilwanyana esayilwayo, amakhoboka kunye nomhlaba) baxhotyiswa izithethe ezikhethekileyo. Baba phantsi kweliso ekuhlaleni. ZeTestamente ngokuyimfuneko kwafuneka ukuba ivunywe yi-curiata comitia (kwaye ngamanye amaxesha centuriata, ukuba uyise ovinjwa yindlalifa isabelo sayo esemthethweni ilifa). Xa kunjalo, ukuba umntu ephatha yinkangala esilibhodlo okanye isiqwengana engenanto somhlaba, waba emva kweminyaka emibini umnikazi wayo. Noko ke, phezu abasemzini abazange ukwandisa ilungelo. Ngomhla kummandla eRoma ukuze tshabalalisa umhlaba bayime ingaba ngummi waseRoma kuphela.

izohlwayo ezimandundu akhuselwe amalungelo somnini kwiitheyibhile 12. Umzekelo, ukuba abethelelwe emnqamlezweni emthini igwebe kwabenzi ukubiwa a ngobusuku yezityalo. Kwi umoni babesenza ukutshisa kwezindlu kunye neenkozo ibekwe ecaleni kwakhe, ayenxiba ngamakhamandela, wayitshisa babatyabula.

Lo mthetho, nto leyo eyaye yamkelwa entlanganisweni yabantu, kuye kwavakaliswa umthombo engundoqo yomthetho. Akafanele ukuziphikisa nasiphi na isivumelwano. Imithetho iitafile 12 iinkcukacha liwanyele ezindimeni kunye imida iipasile ilizwe, ngokomyalelo yolandelelwano kunye nexesha zobumnini. Sikhusele umdla umnini, impahla yakhe lokukhuselwa eluvalelweni mthethweni. Ukubiwa yomnye propati, kwakunye namatyala ezinxulumene nokuhlaselwa impilo kunye nobomi Quirites, kohlwaywa ngokuqatha ethile. Indlela ephambili ukukhusela amalungelo umnini xa ulwaphulo yalo ubundlobongela emzimbeni nxamnye unetyala.

ubudlelwane Family

Ukwamkelwa ibeke Isohlwayo le Pontifex Maximus kunye kuriatnye ntlanganiso. Umbingeleli, Comitia kwaye yikhanyele, ukuba nokutshintshwa adoptee kunokukhokelela kwezinto eziphilayo, ekutshabalaleni yangaphambili igama lakhe nosapho.

Umthetho ngokukhuselwa usapho aseRoma eninzi kwentloko amandla yentsapho. Kwakhona ukuba zibonwe ukunyamekela malunga yoluntu kunye nokomelezwa amazwi yexesha elidlulileyo. Phakathi kwezinye izizwe, eli lungiselelo akukho analogs. Intloko le ntsapho ilungelo elikhethekileyo lelifa kunye nokulahlwa yonke impahla engenakususwa kunye eshukumayo. Ngaphezu koko, amandla akhe phezu inzala yakhe umfazi zisihla (kubandakanywa abazukulwana), waba phantse mda. Emva kokufa yentloko ipropati yosapho sahlukana ngokulinganayo phakathi agnates (njalo-ebizwa amalungu igama). Ukuba ke abo, izalamane elikufutshane ilifa zikarhulumente (umz, bazalwana abangasekhoyo, noonyana babo et al.).

talion siseko, ukubaluleka yesifungo

Le lesikhumbuzo iye yaba ebizwa ngokuba "umgaqo ukuziphindezela" - isohlwayo ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka alingane alinganayo. Kwakhona wathetha ngalo ukuqinisa yokutyiwa kwale nkqubo yezizwe. Isifungo wanikwa kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuba umntu amafunga-buxoki, uthe wamqubula wamtyhala, eliweni Tarpeian.

Ukukhusela ukulingana abemi '

Kuyimfuneko ukuba bathi embalwa kunye nokukhuselwa ukulingana yabemi, echaza imithetho iitafile 12. iimpawu ngokubanzi kuzo kule nkalo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ukuba ukuzisa isidima, imbeko amalungelo abemi, kwakunye ukulingana kwawo. amalungelo awodwa lokunika omnye okanye enye kuzo esalelweyo. UMthetho ukuze kugcinwe ukulingana phakathi abemi kulinganiselwe iindleko zomngcwabo avumelekile, kwakunye ixesha lokuzila.

Nabani wabhala ingoma, neliya kuthi eziqulathwe ukunyelisa nxamnye naluphi ngummi waseRoma, akaba sisigwebo sokufa. Nangona kunjalo, ukwenziwa awukwazi kuthwalwa ngaphandle kogunyaziso comitia ekhethekileyo iinkulungwane. Imithetho ukukhusela ubulungisa. umntu Ukuhlaselwa nguLwesihlanu ijaji wayeza kubulawa.

Amandla kuba ngabantu

Ekugqibeleni, njengokuba amazwi bamaxesha amandulo kufuneka izigqibo ezenziwa kwiintlanganiso zoluntu. Kuba bonke abemi baseRoma baba amandla esibophelelayo. Ngoko ke, kwakubekwe, abantu baseRoma (ngaphandle amakhoboka, izityalo nezilwanyana kunye yabaKhululwa) umnini omkhulu nayo yonke indawo karhulumente. amandla iNkosi kunqulwe ngaye. Wonke ummi, lowo wamngcatshayo kwilizwe lawo, ngaloo ndlela ngcatsha. Ukuba wanikela compatriot yakhe elutshabeni, ejamelana ngexesha le nokuqalisa.

iinkolelo zonqulo

Iimpawu kwemithetho iitafile 12 bekuya kuba njengezingaphelelanga ukuba akazange ayikhankanye le kokungeniswa unqulo yamaRoma, ukuba kubonakala. Unxibelelwano nabo bubonakala kwinto yokuba pontiffs, abagcini zonqulo ngelixa iitoliki wenza amasiko. Baba abafundi yokuqala yomthetho. Code of Laws iitafile 12 ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho singazihoyi izithethe emiselwe unqulo. Imizuzu ezisesikweni xa wanikwa kubaluleke kakhulu. Quirites, oko kukuthi, i-patricians inkunzi, ngubani izikhali, waba ephambili ecacileyo.

Uluhlu zolwaphulo-mthetho ezibaluleke kakhulu, isohlwayo kunye amathuba ngentlawulelo

Lo mthetho uye uluhlu zolwaphulo-mthetho ezibaluleke kakhulu ekhankanyiweyo. Oku intlebendwane eyingozi, ukunyoba zeejaji, uMbuso, lokuxoka phantsi kwesifungo (kakhulu yingozi), kwakunye ukutshatyalaliswa kwezityalo umlilo. Kulo mzekelo, umthetho wavunyelwa ukuba intlawulelo ngokwesivumelwano, nenokuthi endaweni ubundlobongela. Nangona kunjalo, oku kusebenza kuphela abemi ezamahala benze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Njengoko umthetho, ikhoboka usoloko uxanduva ngezenzo zabo kunye nobomi babo. A ngummi waseRoma, koko, ayikwazanga sisigwebo sokufa kuphela emva kokuba isigqibo ekufikelelwe comitia abantu iinkulungwane. Njengemeko eyenza mandundu wabonakala nenjongo yabo.

Meaning umthetho iitafile 12 kwimbali komthetho

Yintoni sibaluleke kwimbali umthetho waba iitafile-12? iimpawu ngokubanzi iindima zabo ngolu hlobo. Baba enye ezikhumbuzo yokuqala kwihlabathi lamandulo amalungelo khoboka-ento. Zabo.Bacinga iziseko ubomi babantu loluntu baseRoma, kwakunye neziko kwipropati yabucala. Indima kulo mzimba woku uhlelwe kuphuhliso umthetho wobukhaya wamaRoma waba mkhulu kakhulu. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ngokugqibelela yayo engaphenduli eme phakathi kwezinye amaxwebhu efanayo imithetho ixesha iitafile 12. KaHammurabi ne Manu, umzekelo, ayikho ngaphantsi zaphuhliswa ngokwemigaqo yomthetho mthetho. komthetho wamaRoma akazange ukulungisa ezininzi zolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwakhona, oko akuthethi ukuvala amathuba nalwazelelelo ngokubakho uxwebhu enjalo, njengoko imithetho iitafile 12. Kakade ke, imithetho uHammurabi, kwakungekho nto kule nkalo. E Egypt, njengokuba usazi, kwakukho amakhoboka nabo disenfranchised ngayo inkosi unokwenza ngokwakho. Nangona kunjalo, umthetho kwabalawuli baseRoma ezinxulumene kwaye ukuchaza into eyenza ulwaphulo noko ayikho. Isohlwayo lo mba ngokwesigqibo esicalanye. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba umthetho kulwaphulo-iRoma ekuqaleni kakhulu zizakubalulwa indalo labucala kunye noluntu na ulwaphulo-mthetho. Le yenye iimpawu zayo ebalulekileyo.

Imithetho iitafile 12, imithetho uHammurabi, imithetho Manu - konke oku umdla amagqwetha nje kuphela, kodwa kubo bonke abathanda imbali. Ngapha koko, ulawulo lomthetho zibonisa iimpawu uluntu elinikiweyo. Njengoko kokuba bagwetywe, amasiko nezithethe, kunye malunga nenkqubo yezopolitiko, yaye imida kwamandla intloko karhulumente.