Le metal kakhulu esebenzayo - nto?

Xa abantu usiva igama elithi "metal", ngoko ngokuqhelekileyo enxulumene yingqele aqinileyo, kagesi conductive. Noko ke, isinyithi kunye aluminium yabo yahluke kakhulu phakathi kwabo. Kukho abo bamanywe kwiqela enzima, ezi izinto kufuneka ukwangowona mmandla unomthamo omkhulu. Abanye, umzekelo, lithium, kulula, ukuze akwazi ukudada emanzini, ukuba kuphela akazange bazibandakanye nayo kwindawo esebenzayo.

Zeziphi iintsimbi bamatasa kakhulu bonke?

Kodwa yintoni metal ubonisa iimpawu kakhulu? Le metal kakhulu esebenzayo - i atom. Ngokutsho umsebenzi yonke intsimbi eziwudibanisayo indawo yokuqala. Njengoko 'abazalwana' bakhe zithathwa ukuba eFransi, ngubani na indawo yesibini, kunye ununennium. Kodwa iimpawu izazinzulu yokugqibela asikazi kancinane.

Iimpawu atom

Atom - into leyo, ngathi kaLayishe waseGalim metal, kulula ukunyibilika ezandleni zabo. Noko ke, Ukuze wenze oku, kunokwenzeka kuphela kwi imeko ukuba atom na a ampoule yeglasi. Kungenjalo, intsimbi kungaba asabela ngokukhawuleza kunye emoyeni okukufutshane - phemba. A atom intsebenziswano ngamanzi kunye dubulo - oku kubonakaliswa metal yayo kakhulu esebenzayo. Nantsi ke impendulo umbuzo wokuba kutheni kunzima kangaka ukuba ezityeni ye atom.

Ukuze ukuze sibekwe ngaphakathi kwimibhobho, kuyimfuneko ukuba mawenziwe iglasi ekhethekileyo ezaliswe argon okanye hydrogen. Atom yokunyibilika point of 28.7 ° ^C. Xa lobushushu igumbi, intsimbi sikwimo semi-ulwelo. Atom lulwelo segolide umbala omhlophe. I-metal ilulwelo ngumfanekiso kakuhle ukukhanya. umphunga atom zibe nombala oluhlaza-blowu.

Ngayiphi indlela kwavuleka atom?

Le metal kakhulu esebenzayo yaba yokuqala isiqalelo lwekhemikhali, ogama ubukho ibhaqwe usebenzisa indlela Uhlalutyo ye uqweqwe komhlaba. Xa oosonzululwazi efika spectrum metal kuyo, babona imigca ezimbini isibhakabhaka-blue umbala. Ngaloo ndlela ke igama nesiqalelo. igama Caesius yaguqulelwa isuka kwisiLatini lithetha "siluhlaza".

History of izovela

Umqala wamantla ayo ungowabantu abaphandi German Robert Bunsen kunye Kirchhoff. Nokuba ke, izazinzulu ziye babezibuza ukuba izinyithi esebenzayo, yaye yintoni - akukho. Ngowe-1860, abaphandi wafunda nokwakhiwa amanzi ichibi Dyurkgeymskogo. Benza ngayo ngoncedo Uhlalutyo. Oosonzululwazi isampula amanzi bafumana izinto ezifana kwiteksti, nemagnesium, lithium, calcium.

Ngoko bagqiba ukuhlalutya nethontsi lamanzi kunye uncedo spectroscope. Ke babona imigca emibini eliqaqambileyo blue ukuba basondele omnye komnye. Omnye kubo yezikhundla zabo phantse ingqamana umgca kwiteksti metal. Iinzululwazi bagqiba ukuba ekuchongweni ukwimo akaziwa wamsa iqela le iintsimbi kwealkali.

Kulo nyaka Bunsen wabhala ileta eya asebenza yakhe, uMnu Roscoe photochemists, abazixelayo ngexesha lokufunyanwa. Ngokusemthethweni malunga atom ingxelo May 10, 1860, kwintlanganiso izazinzulu ye-Berlin Academy. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva, Bunsen wakwazi ukunika malunga-50 iigrem atom hloroplatinita. Izazinzulu ziye ukuqhubekekiswa iitoni ezingama-300 zamanzi izimbiwa kunye zabelwe malunga 1 kg lithium chloride njengoko eceleni, ukuze ekugqibeleni ukufumana intsimbi kakhulu esebenzayo. Oku kubonisa ukuba atom kumanzi kwezimbiwa eziqulathwe encinane kakhulu.

Ubunzima ukufumana atom rhoqo utsalo izazinzulu ukukhangela izimbiwa eziqulathe oko, enye yazo pollucite. Kodwa nezokukhupha atom ukusuka ekrwada usoloko engaphelelanga kwi atom kweenkonzo ngokukhawuleza dissipated. Oku kwenza elinye zinzima zemathiriyeli yokunyibilikisa isinyithi. kolu qweqwe lomhlaba, umzekelo, iqulathe 3.7 iigrem atom ngetoni nganye. Kwaye nelitha enye olwandle 0.5 kuphela micrograms izinto amele intsimbi kakhulu esebenzayo. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni nenyaniso yokuba nezokukhupha atom yenye yeenkqubo ezininzi ekusekweni kwemisebenzi.

Ukuya ku Russia

Njengoko kubonisiwe, izimbiwa inqununu apho atom yi pollucite. Kananjalo ke metal kakhulu esebenzayo nibe senilungile ukusuka avogadrita ezinqabileyo. Kushishino ngayo kusetyenziswa pollucite. Nezokukhupha kuyo emva yiSoviet Union iwa eRashiya zange kuthwalelwa phandle, nangona into yokuba ngaloo maxesha baye bafumanisa zigcine ye atom e Unomyayi kumathafa kufuphi Murmansk.

Ngexesha xa imboni yasekhaya ikwazile ukufikelela nezokukhupha atom,-mvume ukuze uphuhliso mhlaba ezizizwe eKhanada. Ngoku atom nokukha ivelisa naseNovosibirsk Cjsc "Rare weZinyithi".

Ukusetyenziswa atom

Le wentsimbi kusetyenziswa Manufacturing photocells ezahlukeneyo. Kunye nemixube atom zisetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezikhethekileyo ngokukhanya - ekwenziweni kwezixhobo infrared, omabonakude ngombono ebusuku. Atom isetyenziswa ekwenziweni ulise kwi umpu, ezivumela ukuba bagcine izixhobo zabantu yotshaba. ламп. Kwakhona isetyenziselwa imveliso yezibane iintsimbi halide okhethekileyo.

Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ifikelele uluhlu isicelo sayo. Atom yenziwe iqela amayeza. Eli yeza ukuze ukunyanga isifo somqala omhlophe, isifo isilonda Peptic, kunye uyothuka schizophrenia. Njengoko iityuwa lithium, iityuwa atom kufuneka iipropati normotimicheskoe - okanye, nje, ekwaziyo gulwa imvelaphi ngokweemvakalelo.

francium metal

Enye omnye isinyithi kunye iipropati enamandla yi francium. Got igama layo wokuwonga elaa metal kwilizwe discoverer. M. Pere, owazalelwa eFransi, uye wavula into entsha imichiza ngo-1939. Ngomnye ezo zinto, apho ekhemisi abaphandi bade ngokwabo ukufumanisa kunzima ukuzoba naziphi na izigqibo.

Francium sisinyithi enzima. Ngelo xesha, kunye nentsimbi kakhulu esebenzayo - lo eFransi, kunye atom. Le yindibaniselwano ezinqabileyo - umsebenzi yemichiza phezulu kunye nokumelana asezantsi kwaye anazo francium yenyukliya. Yakhe ixesha elide Isotope nesiqingatha-ubomi imizuzu-22 kuphela. Francium wasebenzisa ukubona ezinye element - actinium. Kwaye ngaphambili ityuwa France ocetywayo kusetyenziselwa ukubhaqa ngamathumba ngumhlaza. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu zemveliso ityuwa anisizakali.

Uthelekiso insimbi kakhulu esebenzayo

Ununennium - ayikenziwa obala metal. Iya kuhlala kweyona ndawo yokuqala kumqolo yesibhozo nkqubo ngamaxesha athile. Development kunye nophando lwesi sakhi agcinwe eRashiya kwiNdibanisela Institute for Research Nuclear. Le metal kuya kufuneka ukuba ilifa umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu. Xa sithelekisa atom owaziwayo francium, ngoko ke ionization amathuba aphezulu - 380 kJ / Mol - kuya kuba francium.

Kule izinga atom yaba 375 kJ / Mol. Kodwa ke akukho nto ukuphendula francium ngokukhawuleza atom. Ngenxa yoko, atom - lo metal esebenzayo. Yinto - impendulo (chemistry kangangokuba isifundo, apho ezizeleyo ngeprogram zinokufunyanwa umbuzo efanayo), esenokuba luncedo njengoko isifundo esikolweni kwaye esikolweni yobugcisa.