Ukulawula ngokupheleleyo kunye nezinye iintlobo zokusebenzisana kwemfuza

Abaninzi bethu baye bakuva malunga neengqungquthela eziphambili kunye neengqungquthela - ezinye ietyunyudi zeetysididi ezifihliweyo kwi-genome yethu, ezijongene neempawu zobomi. Bahlangana njani kunye nomnye? Yintoni ekulawulwa ngayo kwaye kwenzeka ntoni? Kutheni i-alleles eziphambili zihlala zingabalulekanga? Le micimbi ibanjwe izazinzulu ukususela ekufumaneni ijeni.

Imbali yophando

Ukusebenzisana kwama-alleles bekulokhu kunomdla omkhulu kwii-geneticists. Ngethuba lophando kwafunyaniswa ukuba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisana kwemfuza - ukulawula ngokugqibeleleyo, ukugqithisa ngokugqithiseleyo, ukuxhaswa kwezinto ezininzi, ukulawula okungaphelelanga kunye nekhowudi.

Ngokufanelekileyo ekuthiwa nguyise we-genetics yanamhlanje, uGregor Mendel wayengowokuqala ukuba nomdla kwimithetho yokuhanjiswa kweempawu zobomi. Kwimizila yakhe eyaziwayo ekuhlambulweni kwezityalo zeepea, uMendel waphawula ukuba ukuwela i-peas ephuzi kunye ne-green does not result in a feature intermediate feature. Kwisizukulwana sokuqala, zonke iipayi zaziluphuzi. UMendel ngokwakhe akazange akwazi ukuchaza iziphumo zovavanyo lwakhe oluqaqambileyo. Isiseko semfundiso sibonakala kamva kamva, emva kokuvuselela inzala kwimfuza kunye nokufunyanwa kweyunithi yeprayimari ye-heredity - i-gene. Kuxhomekeke kuye umbala wepea, ukuma kwempumlo, umbala wamehlo, ukukhula, ubukho bezifo ezizalwe ngabantu.

Masibuyele kuvavanyo lukaMendel. Umbala ophuzi weehayi uphendulwa yi-gene A, ngokuluhlaza-a. Xa uwela emibini imigca ecocekileyo, ukwahlukana kuya kuba ngale ndlela:

P: AA x aa

F1: Aa Aa Aa

Nangona i-genotype yazo zonke iziphambano ezithathayo zezityalo kwakukho umgubo wombala ophuzi kunye nombala oluhlaza, uluphuzi luvele kuphela ekupheleni. Ngamanye amazwi, uphawu oluphambili lubomile ngokupheleleyo. Ngokufanayo, ukuma kweeereyithi kwakuzuze ilifa - eligqithiseleyo liphezulu phezu kombhaka. Nguwuphi lo mzekelo obonisa ukulawula okupheleleyo kwezesini - ukunyanzelwa ngumgangatho ophezulu wokugqithisa ngokugqithisileyo ukuba babini bobabini kwi-genotype.

Imizekelo yolawulo olupheleleyo

Ukunqumla izityalo ezahlukeneyo akukuphela kwendawo apho ulawulo olupheleleyo lubonakala khona. Imizekelo yale ndlela yokusebenzisana nayo ingacaciswa kwintsimi ye-genetics yomntu: ukuba omnye wabazali unamehlo aluhlaza, okwesibini unamehlo aluhlaza okwesibini, kwaye bobabini banama-homozygous kule miqondiso, ke bonke abantwana baya kuba nombala obomvu.

Ngokufanayo, ubukho beR Rh, i-polydactyly, i-freckles, umbala omnyama obumnyama uzuze ilifa. Yonke le miqondiso ilawulwa kwaye ayiyi kubonakalisa kwi-phenotype.

Ukulawula okupheleleyo kubaluleke kakhulu kwifa lezifo zofuzo. Uninzi lwazo (isifo seTeya-Sachs, isifo se-Urbach-Vite, isifo sika-Gunther), sizuze kwi-autosomal type excessive form, oko kukuthi, ukuba i-gene ejwayelekile (ebonakalayo) ikhona kwi-genotype, i-mutant allele ayiyi kubonakala.

Kulawulo olungaphelelanga

Ukulawula okungaphelelanga ngenye yeentlobo zeendlela zokusebenzisana kwemfuza ezihlala zihlala kwindalo. Ngaloo ndlela, i-allele exete ixinzelelekanga ingagqithanga ngokupheleleyo, kwaye isibonakaliso esitsha, esibonakalisiweyo sibonakaliswe kwi-phenotype. Umzekelo ocacileyo wokulawula okungazalwanga ngumbala wemibala yezulu. Ukuba isityalo esibomvu siwela ngezimhlophe, ngoko kwisizukulwana sokuqala i-phenotype ekwahlukana iya kuba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 1 (AA): 2 (Aa): 1 (aa). Oko kukuthi, enye intyatyambo iya kubomvu, imhlophe ibe nye, kunye neepinki ezimbini. Lo mzekelo ubonisa umzekelo wokulawula okungaphelelanga, kuba umgangatho ophezulu, obomvu, uxinzelele ukungaxhomeki ngokupheleleyo. Ngenxa yoko, umzimba ubonisa impembelelo yeesibini zomzimba.

Ukulawula okungapheliyo akubonakalisi nje kuphela kwe-cosmece, kodwa kunye neminye imibala eminingi: i-pharynx yengonyama, i-tulips, i-carnations.

Ukugqithisa

Ubukhulu becala luhlobo oluthambileyo kunye nolunye uhlobo lwe-gene interaction, apho i-gene ephawulekayo ibonakalisa kakhulu kwi-phenotype ye-heterozygous organism (Bv) kunokuba i-phenotype ye-homozygote (BB). Ukunqongophala akufumaneki kwindalo ngokuqhelekileyo njengokulawula okupheleleyo. Umzekelo ukuguqulwa komdlavuza we-HBV, okunciphisa umngcipheko wokufumana i-malaria.

Intsebenziswano

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezinomdla wokuthintana kwemfuza, kwaye enye yazo iyimfuneko. Kule meko, i-allele ephezulu ayigcini kwaye ayigxininisi, kwaye kwi-phenotype zombini impawu zibonakalisa ngokwabo.

Indlela elula ukuyiqonda into ebalulekileyo yenkcazo ngumzekelo weentyantyambo ezibomvu kunye ezimhlophe ze-rhododendron, okanye ubuhle bobusuku. Lo mbala ufunyanwa ngokuwela iintyatyambo ezibomvu nezimhlophe, kwaye nangona i-pigment ebomvu iphezulu, ayigxinyi i-allele ejongene nombala omhlophe. Ngoko sifumana iintyatyambo ezinemibala engaqhelekanga nge-Aa genotype.

Njengoko umzekelo wenkcazelo yindlela yokwenza igalelo lamaqela egazi. Vumela omnye wabazali abe neqela lesibini legazi (I- ^{A A I} ), kunye nesithathu yesithathu (I ^{B B B} ), ngoko umntwana uya kuba neqela lesine elingekho phakathi kweyesibini neyesithathu, kunye ne-genotype I ^A I B.