Le into inzima kwi Universe

Osmium namhlanje ichazwa iziyobisi esisinda ngaphezulu kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. enye nje sentimitha cc ukwimo ubunzima 22,6 grams. Kuye kwavulwa 1804 yi-yasekhemesti yaseBritani Smithson Tennant, ngokuthi ezinyibilikayo igolide aqua regia. Emva eksperimenti imichiza wahlala pellet. Oku kubangelwe ngakumbi osmium, oko ezingenakunyibilika kwi alkalis kunye asidi.

Ilungu esisinda kwi planethi

Kuyinto ngumgubo ebuntsimbi oluhlaza namhlophe. Kwindalo, eyafunyanwa ngohlobo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezisixhenxe, ezintandathu kubo abazinzileyo enye ezingazinzanga. Density lilikhulu kancinci nje iridium, nto leyo iba ukuxinana 22.4 grams nganye sentimitha cc. Ukususela izinto bafumanisa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izibonelelo zokuncedisa ukufunda esisinda ehlabathini - kuba osmium. Lingcwaba lomfo iqela neemethali zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezifana lanthanum, yttrium, scandium, kunye nezinye lanthanides.

Kakhulu elinqabileyo ngaphezu kwegolide kunye nedayimani

Yavelisa, malunga namadoda angamawaka alishumi eekhilogremu yayo encinane kakhulu ngonyaka ngamnye. Nkqu umthombo enkulu osmium, Dzhezkazgan idiphozithi iqulathe ezintathu ezilishumi million izabelo. ixabiso Market zesinyithi ezinqabileyo kwiimali ehlabathini malunga 200 lamawaka eerandi gram nganye. Limsulwa eliphezulu zokucoca element ngexesha malunga asixhenxe ekhulwini. Nangona iilebhu Russian ikwazile ukufumana ukusulungeka 90,4 ekhulwini, kodwa imali ngentsimbi ayikho ngaphezu milligrams ezimbalwa.

Ukuxinana lomba ngaphandle Earth umhlaba

Osmium Akuthandabuzeki ukuba inkokeli eziqalelo esisinda iplanethi yethu. Kodwa ke ukuba siyayijika amehlo ethu emajukujukwini, ngoko ingqalelo lwethu luya kuvula izinto ezininzi inzima "inkosi" yethu izinto ezisindayo.

Inyaniso yokuba xa iphela kukho ezinye iimeko eziliqela ngaphandle on Earth. Ubunzulu inani lezinto indawo bukhulu kangangokuba izinto aku- ubunjwe.

Xa siqwalasela isakhiwo-atom, sifumanisa ukuba umgama interatomic ehlabathini, thile efanayo ukuba jonga isithuba. Apho izijikelezi, iinkwenkwezi nezinye imizimba yasezulwini zezona kumgama enkulu ngokwaneleyo. Ke ezinye kuthatha ungalanjathiswa. Yiyo le sakhiwo ezi athom kunye gravitation strong lo mgama yancitshiswa ngokwaneleyo ngamandla. Ide "isibotho" of yamasuntswana omnye komnye.

Neutron star - izinto isibhakabhaka superdense

Sikwajonge ngaphaya Earth ethu, sinako ukubona lo mba kakhulu anzima isithuba iinkwenkwezi neutron. Le abemi ekhethekileyo ngokwanelisayo yesiqalo, omnye yeentlobo zazivelela ogcwele kunokwenzeka. Le ububanzi bezinto ezinjalo yi-10 ukuya 200 km, xa enobunzima elingana ilanga lethu okanye amaxesha 2-3 ezinkulu.

Lo mzimba engaphandle kakhulu sakhiwa engundoqo neutron equka a neutron fluid. Nangona ezinye Document of izazinzulu iye ukuba ngokwaseburhulumenteni eziqinileyo, ulwazi oluthembekileyo ayisekho namhlanje. Noko ke, siyazi ukuba inkwenkwezi neutron, ufikelela ucinezelo kwayo ngokutsha, ngoko ijike ibe supernovae kunye Ungqabhuko emikhulu yamandla, zomyalelo 10 ⁴³ -10 ⁴⁵ ziijowule.

Lexinene inkwenkwezi enjalo enokuthelekiseka, umzekelo, kunye ubunzima Mount Everest, ibekwe bhokisi. Kuyinto amakhulu ezigidi zeetoni aphindwe kathathu. Umzekelo, ukuba kucace gca ukuba zinkulu lexinene iziyobisi, sithatha iplanethi yethu kunye ubunzima bayo 5,9 × 1024 kg kwaye "ukuguqula" inkwenkwezi neutron.

Ngenxa yoko, ukuba ukuxinana uMhlaba kukuba esilingana ukuxinana inkwenkwezi neutron, kufuneka azezi ubungakanani iapile eziqhelekileyo, 7-10 neesentimitha ubukhulu. Density izinto ezikhethekileyo ogcwele kwanda kunye nentshukumo ukuya embindini.

Ingaphandle kwanokuxinana ukwimo

Umaleko engaphandle lenkwenkwezi imelwe ngendlela magnetosphere. Ngqo phantsi lexinene umcimbi sele kufikelelwe malunga kwitoni enye isentimitha ityhubhu. Ngenxa ulwazi lwethu yoMhlaba, ngalo mzuzwana, akukho iziyobisi esisinda zonke izinto bekubona. Kodwa musa ukutsiba kwizigqibo. Siza kuqhubeka isifundo sethu leenkwenkwezi ezizodwa. Zibizwa pulsars kwakhona, ngenxa yokuba isantya eliphezulu ukujikeleza ngeenxa axis yayo. Esi salathisi izinto ezininzi ukusuka emashumini ezimbalwa namakhulukhulu ngomzuzwana.

Siya kuhambela phambili isifundo lwemizimba superdense yasezulwini. Emva koko kulandela umaleko apho uneempawu kwensimbi, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba efanayo kubume kunye nokuziphatha. Ezi ziikristale ziphantsi kakhulu kunokuba esikubonayo yikristale emkhusaneni lomba eziphila. Ukwakha umgca kwezi ziikristale 1 sentimitha, kuya kufuneka ukuba babeke izinto billion 10. Ukuxinana kule nwebu ngamaxesha kwesigidi ngaphezulu langaphandle. Lo mba nto inzima le nkwenkwezi. Oku kulandelwa umaleko neutron osisityebi ogama konga ngokuphindwe kaliwaka mkhulu kunalowo yangaphambili.

Undoqo kwenkwenkwezi neutron nama mninzi yayo

Ngasezantsi undoqo, kulapha ke konga iphezulu - amaxesha amabini ngaphezulu kwe esibekwa overlying. Osisiqu esinye umzimba yasezulwini ngumongo siquka zonke ezaziwayo sabaqalayo yamasuntswana physics. Kweli nqanaba sele sifikelele esiphelweni kohambo ingundoqo iinkwenkwezi ekhangela mba esisinda endaweni yonke.

Mission ufuna lexinene elikhethekileyo into ekuyo yonke kubonakala ukuba izaliswe. Kodwa ke indawo izele iimfihlelo ngezimanga eyay, iinkwenkwezi, izinto kunye nemithetho.

Imigodi labamnyama Yonke

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba namhlanje sele ivuliwe. Kulo mngxuma emnyama. Mhlawumbi ezi zinto angaqondakali kunokuba contenders ngenxa yokuba lo mba esisinda kwindalo iphela - iinxalenye zayo. Nceda uqaphele ukuba ubunzulu imingxuma emnyama lomelele kangangokuba ukukhanya akakwazi ukubaleka. Phantsi assumptions wenzululwazi, into shi kummandla isithuba-ixesha, utywinelwe ukuze sithuba oseleyo phakathi kweengqakumbana nezakhiwo.

Ngelishwa, ngomqukumbelo isiganeko (umda ekuthiwa, apho ukukhanya, kwaye nasiphi na isixhobo phantsi amandla womxhuzulane, andinako ukuzisindisa una emnyama) ukulandela lwesimo zethu kunye nokucingela ngqo esekelwe ukukhutshwa kwemali kwamaqondo eparticulate.

Ezinye izazinzulu ziye zacebisa ukuba isithuba ephikisanayo kunye nexesha kolundi siganeko. Kukholelwa ukuba babe 'ukudlula' nangenye iphela. Mhlawumbi oku kuyinyaniso, nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba la mida ivula esinye isithuba kunye nemithetho emitsha kraca. Ummandla apho ixesha ukutshintsha i "indawo" kunye isithuba. Indawo elizayo kunye elidlulileyo uzimisele zilandelayo choice kuphela. Like ukhetho lwethu ukuya ngasekhohlo okanye ekunene.

Ezinokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba Yonke kukho impucuko ukuba Sendisicwaba umdla ixesha kumngxuma emnyama. Mhlawumbi abantu elizayo kunye uMhlaba uya kuvula imfihlelo uhamba ixesha.