Izithethe zonqulo: imizekelo. UMthetho kunye nezithethe zenkolo

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwezi ndidi zomthetho kunye yokuziphatha ngentsulungeko yenye kakhulu anzima nomthetho. Xa iinzame ukuba bazahlule ezi ndidi okanye kangangeenkulungwane, okanye, kuwo nawuphi na umcimbi, ukuze kubekho uzinzo esebenzayo. Kodwa namhlanje ingxaki sikude isonjululwe.

ukuziphatha zenkolo kunye nomthetho

Ukuba ulwabelo lwezimiselo ekunene kwaye zonqulo anxulumene ngokusondeleyo, kuyabonakala ziingcali ezininzi kakhulu omnye komnye. ERashiya, mhlawumbi, kuphela abameli kakhulu olukhulu theory Libertarian (V. Chetvernin, N. Varlamov kunye nabanye) zithande ukuba ezizalana yokuziphatha polar kunye nomthetho, uya ngaphaya kwemida yasendle asemthethweni izithethe zonqulo. Imizekelo zibonisa ukuba kuvela kakubi, ngenxa yokuba nkqu yesalathiso esemthethweni ababemi ingqiqo - ingqikelelo inkululeko - uye iingcambu ethical ezicacileyo kunye nangaphaya kwemida yokuziphatha, enyanisweni, yenza mqondo. Kwelinye icala kucacile ukuba uyaziphaphela izimiso izithethe zonqulo. Le ngcamango okulungileyo nokubi nto ngaphandle ndawo kuvuka. Oku kubangelwa yokusebenza yabantu azibekele inkolo ethile, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, oko kubangelwa izithethe zonqulo. Ukuba le mimiselo ezibalaseleyo kwinkqubo yomthetho, ukuba uqinisekile ukuba kukho isizathu ukuthetha "inkolo", njengoko akhuthazwa ukuba mgwe- odumileyo Rene uDavide. Ngokwembali, indima inkolo likhulu kwimeko lanamhlanje hlabathi ngaphantsi ecacileyo, kukho enclaves nje ezimbalwa.

Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale inkolo

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo inkolo kukuba isiseko zokuziswa zonke nemimiselo eyaziwayo ukuzimisela angaphezu, abhalwe kwiincwadi ezingcwele, ezithathwa njengemithombo nezithethe zonqulo. Ukuseka ukuthembeka akakwazi yathandabuza, yaye zonke isenzo yabantu ivavanywa ngokungqinelana nayo. Inkqubo yomthetho lonke ngezinga elikhulu swi nemfundiso yonqulo. Eneneni, eyesibini i ongenabuyambo ethile umxholo komthetho yendalo (Spinoza, zh. Zh. Russo, Kant), apho, ngokwesithethe esekwe kakuhle lwezenzululwazi, umyalelo woqhawulo-mtshato kunye nomthetho. Ilungelo ungenakuxhomekeka ixabiso kwinjongo ebantwini, umthetho Ngokunqwenelekayo le amaxabiso kwenza kube esemthethweni. Ngokwahlukileyo kwindlela esemthethweni echaza kanye ukubhidana yomthetho (njengoko imveliso lomsebenzi karhulumente) imithetho njongo.

imizekelo nowangoku ilungelo yenkolo

Le peculiarity ilungelo yonqulo kukuba njenge "nomthetho injongo 'ukuza kulo mmiselo, ukuba baqaphele i" angaphaya "kwaye kubhalwe kwiincwadi ezingcwele. imizekelo Classic yomthetho zonqulo imithetho kumaXesha Aphakathi emva kwexesha, aba isiseko kwiinkundla ukuNcinwa (ingakumbi eJamani, apho izizathu "yomthetho" iinkundla Kwamacala babhaliswa ngokweenkcukacha ezininzi), iinkqubo ezininzi zamandulo zomthetho, ezifana odumileyo "Avesta" emisela kwecala on ngokwesiseko postulates edume Ahura Mazda, ebonisa izithethe zonqulo. Imizekelo rhoqo oludlulisa: nkqu inja ivela njenge iqumrhu elisemthethweni.

Kule mihla kakhulu ngokucacileyo ilungelo unqulo bawuzame kwiinkundla elifuna kunye kumazwe apho izithethe zonqulo isiseko umthetho, umzekelo eIran.

Ilungelo enkolo iintlanga

Kwiimeko ezininzi inkalo inkolo kukuba isebenza kuphela ngaphakathi kuluntu abakholwa. zintlanga phantsi komthetho zonqulo. Bona zixhomekeke nokuba ukugxothwa, kwaye nkqu intshabalalo ngokwasemzimbeni, ukuba imisebenzi yabo kunye nonqulo akavumelekile abasemagunyeni esemthethweni (imizekelo oku - ukugxothwa amaYuda avela Christian eSpeyin ngo-1492, ukugxothwa Armenia yi baseTurkey ngo-1915, njalo njalo), okanye iintlanga iboniswe nje ngaphandle komthetho yenkolo system. Umzekelo, e-Iran yanamhlanje, le zonqulo ilandelayo umthetho: kuba othembekileyo kukho ukuvalwa kotywala, kwaye kubemi yaseYurophu okanye amaYuda wenza ngaphandle. Isizathu kukuba badla ukuba abantu elukholweni lokwenyaniso aye ezulwini xa zonke izithethe kunye nemithetho, kunye iintlanga sele wanyula yabo, ngokulandelelana, imiphefumlo yabo asikwazi ukuthatha unonophelo. Kakade ke, umntu kufuneka singayithatheli phantsi imiceli-izithethe zembali zonqulo, ngokufuthi ziyalela bokuqonda umthetho.

Inkolo elungileyo mihla

Ukuba i "wayengekho" ilungelo yonqulo kwimbali mihla ngaphandle kunoko umbuzo ukuzalana phakathi komthetho kunye nokuziphatha, nto leyo kwakhona ukuba, ubukhulu becala isekelwe kwisithethe yonqulo, yenye yeyona ibalulekileyo nomthetho. Mhlawumbi nokuba umba ebaluleke ngakumbi. Eneneni, ukuba uhlobo olufanelekileyo lolwalamano esekwe norm (akakukhathalele nesimilo)? Okanye ilungelo zingathathwa kuphela njengento ephantsi i nesimilo? Ukuze ukubeka nje, ukuba nawuphi na umthetho wokumkani, nokuba icandelo layo zokuziphatha, sisenzo esemthethweni? Ngubani na ongaphunyelwayo inkqubo yomthetho wezenkolo lo mbuzo, ngenxa yokuba akukho kumkani akazange abe nobuganga lokukhupha umthetho ngokuchasene izibhalo. Enye into - umthetho yehlabathi, nto leyo eye nezinye izizathu. Umbuzo lwasekuqaleni: "? Ukuba kukumkani okanye urhulumente uza kukhupha umthetho efuna uphumezo bonke abemi beli lizwe, nokuba omthetho wokuba" Ukuba ngu-ewe - inkqubo yezomthetho ayikho ngqiqweni. Ukuba akunjalo - apho imida kolawulo lomthetho kunye nendlela azimisele? Ngesi sihlandlo, kukho izinto ezimbalwa iimpendulo ezizezinye kwinzululwazi mihla.

theory legistskih

Bale thiyori isekelwe phezu iimpawu izimvo ngendlela yokunxulumanisa ekunene kunye nezithethe zonqulo, njengoko aphume ubungcwele umthetho. imvelaphi yayo asusela iingcali amandulo Chinese zomthetho. imithetho musa ukuba ingxoxo kunye nezimvo, ukuba uzigqala njengezingabalulekanga. Ngemvume sibe yinxalenye ilungelo zonqulo, kodwa ulwalamano kunzima kangaka: njengoko umthetho, umthetho yonqulo uvumela utshintsho yemithetho zabo ukuze zilungele inkqubo- umoya isityalo kaThixo. Ngale ndlela, ngokomthetho, kunokuba absolutizes umthetho zonqulo kwezentlalo hayi.

theory esemthethweni

Le mfundiso kwakhona indlela yalo ibonisa ukuba zithethe zonqulo. Imizekelo inokuba ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ngokuyintloko inxulunyaniswa igama Kelsen.

Wayekholelwa ukuba ekunene - yinto ezithile imithetho emiselweyo, esithathwe ngabasemagunyeni kunye noluntu. Ukuba uluntu ijonge ukwamkela njengoko amalungelo yokuziphatha zonqulo - yinto yoluntu ngokusemthethweni. Ukuba yamkela yokuziphatha anti-zenkolo (umzekelo Pirates zoluntu,, ukufakelwa yokuziphatha eSoviet okanye YamaNazi Hitler) - kuba intlalo nomthetho-based, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kubuhlungu ukuthetha ngayo. Ngethiyori, Kelsen amacandelo ethical ezazithinjwe kwizibiyeli yobudlelwane zomthetho. Ngenxa yoko, imfundiso yakhe uye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wagxeka ngokwembono kwezinye izinto zomthetho.

Yusnaturalizm (umthetho zendalo)

Yusnaturalizma ubudlelwane umthetho yonqulo eyahlukileyo. rhoqo - up to ngoku - abaxhasi yusnaturalizma kuquka zonqulo nezithethe zoluntu kumGaqo phantse zonke iinkonzo ( 'Uze ungabulali;' 'Uze ungebi, "njl ...) Xa uluhlu lwemithetho zendalo lobuntu ukuba uchaze iikhonto ye umfanekiso yezomthetho yalo naliphi na ixesha .

theory positivist

Lo mbono - omnye ethandwa kakhulu ebomini mihla, kuyo nayiphi na imeko, kubomi Russia yanamhlanje - ngokwendalo isekelwe kwinto yokuba umthetho umisa elithile kule nkqubo nemigangatho xesha. Umlinganiselo positivism zomthetho ekuziphatheni yonqulo nomthetho zonqulo ngeendlela ezimbini: kwelinye icala, positivism iqwalasela amava onqulo, kwelinye - ngoyaba oko ukuba iimeko zitshintshile, ukuba umsebenzi liyayeka ukuba aqhube elawula izithethe zonqulo. Imizekelo yahluke kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, positivism zomthetho kwaye kulula ukufumana kunye eSoviet (anti-zonqulo), kwaye imeko post-eSoviet.

theory zobunene

Ummeli likhanya ngamandla kwe Njengomhlaziyi odumileyo American zomthetho Lon yomsuki weengubo.

Ngokutsho Fuller, ilungelo asinakuba kakubi. Nangona kunjalo, le yokuziphatha umthetho lifezekiswa hayi imithetho abstract, ethile inkolo, kwakunye nenzuzo yokwenyani ukuba ilungu ngalinye yoluntu. imithetho zomthetho ngcono, abantu abaninzi bazuze kuzo. theory yomsuki weengubo ngenxalenye esilala nokuziphatha zonqulo, kodwa kuphela ngengqiqo ukuba inzuzo indlela yokuziphatha iziphaluka zemali ecacileyo abstract.

theory Libertarian

Le mbono unxulunyaniswa igama VS Nersesyants, kodwa isigqibo sokugqibela efunyenwe imisebenzi abafundi bakhe. Kakuhle eli ingcamango kukuba ekunene - ke inkululeko yomntu, umda kuphela inkululeko yabanye. Abaxhasi lo mbono bakholisa ukwenza yonke imimiselo zonqulo neemfundiso ngaphandle kwebala esemthethweni (kule yaye kangaka Nersesyants). Isakhiwo Yokuziphatha, ngokutsho ababemi, kukho imiqobo enzima ekunene, njengoko abanye bathi amaxabiso "jikelele", lithintele inkululeko. Kulo mzekelo, ukuba sisetyenziswe nale ngcamango ngobunono awuboni indida loo nkululeko ngokwayo, uyeva njengoko udidi nangobunto, sisichazela ngqo nje kuphela yokuziphatha, kodwa kwakhona (umzekelo, kwi ubuKristu) ukuya filosofi yenkolo.