Izinga ezihlelelekileyo wokumelana - ntoni na? izinga ezihlelelekileyo of ukufaka imali zabasebenzi

Yonke into ebomini kufuneka akhethe. Yiya ngaphandle isina okanye yokwenza umthambo, anxibe sisiketi okanye iibhulukhwe (amadoda, kakade, loo nto lula), ukuthenga iyogurt okanye cottage samasi dessert? Ngokuba yonke le nkqubo iingcali kudala waphawula kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo: isosioloji, ngezengqondo, ukuthengiswa kunye noqoqosho nje.

Xa microeconomics, kukho imfundiso izinga abekelwe zokutshintshaniswa. Ngokwengcaciso, oko ubungakanani impahla yohlobo olufanayo, ukusuka apho umthengi uyavuma ukuba alahle ngokuthanda yentengo lomnye imveliso. Thina Musa ukuthetha obusebenza ngayo kule meko.

Kutheni microeconomics?

Iguqulwe ukusuka 'microeconomics "Greek - imithetho wokufama" izindlu ezincinane ". iingxaki imveliso, ukusetyenziswa nokukhethwa kwezibonelelo lwamashishini kweefom ubunini ezahlukeneyo kunye nendlu elula - esingunobangela umdla in microeconomics.

Le inzululwazi yolwazi, kodwa ikuvumela ukuba ukuchaza phantse zonke iinkqubo zoqoqosho ezenzeka eluntwini.

Ukweyona umdla zibizwa ngokuba microeconomics:
• Ingxaki nkonzo.
• ingxaki lomenzi wayo.
• Imibuzo kuvuselele emarikeni.
• I-theory kwempahla karhulumente.
• Imibuzo yempembelelo yokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle.

Le mbono "izinga litheni zokutshintshaniswa ubutyebi" libhekisela nje ukuba isigaba iingxaki microeconomics kwaye yenza kube kakhulu lula ukuphendula imibuzo.

theory into eluncedo

Theory of eluncedo impahla uthi uthenge ngeyunithi nganye imveliso, umthengi oluhlangabezana neemfuno zabo. Ngoko, kuba ngakumbi kancinane. Iimfuneko zonke iingcali ehlabathini ekugqibeleni ijolise ekwenzeni abantu bonwabile.

Okwangoku, nakuba kukho loo theory eluncedo: iimpawu kunye olandelelwano. Eyokuqala luthatha ukuba eluncedo impahla imali ngokoqobo ukubala. Le mbono ngamanye amaxesha obizwa imfundiso ubungakanani eluncedo. Bathini bathi luncedo ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso ye ilinganiswa ngeeyunithi - eziluncedo.

Okwesibini, theory eliluncedo aqhelekileyo okanye isalamane, uyangqina ukuba umboleki ithelekisa iinzuzo (eluncedo) nokusetyenziswa kwempahla kunye inzuzo efanayo kwezinye umbane. Lwaba ukuthetha, ixesha ngalinye nokukhetha phakathi ikomityi yeti kunye muffin kwaye cola kunye hamburger, siya isigqibo siya kuba yintoni luncedo ngakumbi ngalo mzuzu. Phakathi-sikhokelo theory ka kwaye eluncedo wabonakala izinga litheni zokutshintshaniswa.

definition

Kweli hlabathi uzama ukulinganisela. uluhlu kwethu iimveliso - akukho ngaphandle. Ukuthenga enye into, sizama ukunika phezulu enye. Ngelo xesha kukholosa athenga iya kuba luncedo ngakumbi ekhohlo kwi kwithala thina. izinga ezihlelelekileyo wokumelana iimveliso lusinika ukuqonda indlela abanye "iimveliso" kubaluleke ngaphezu kwabanye. Kakade ke, ngamnye kuthi ukhetho lwabo kunye eziphambili. Kodwa lo mbono ayinyani akafanelanga kusetyenziselwa kuqoqosho. Kufuna indlela ngokubanzi.

izinga ezihlelelekileyo wokumelana lilingana utshintsho zibe inani lempahla ziphele. Formula ibhalwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Mrs = (y ₂ - y ₁₎ / (x ₂ - x _1).

Ukutshintsha kuselwe (sebenzisa) kwempahla X kunye Y ivumela ukuba bafikelele kwizigqibo malunga ezikhethwa kumboleki, ngokunjalo ukuthetha malunga ubukhulu yexabiso yempahla. Le nto kuphela ezinakho kulinganiswa ngokwenkcazo ukhetho kwimveliso kwakhona, into ngexabiso layo. Zonke ezinye iimpawu imveliso kunye nezizathu ukhetho yalo ezikhathazayo kakhulu. Kwiinzame ukubuyisela umba omnye ngomnye umsebenzisi ezama ukugcina iindleko zemali kwinqanaba elifanayo. A ngcono - inkcitho ukusetyenziswa kunye nokunciphisa.

ngabandayo ijika

ezigoso ngabandayo abonise iiseti ezahlukahlukeneyo izibonelelo ezivelayo kubathengi. Ngelo xesha ke sithi ukuba ababoleki kuzixhalabisa ngoko imveliso ukukhetha. Umzekelo, ukhetho phakathi-apile kunye orenji, izithuthi zikawonke-wonke okanye iindlela zorhwebo. Kwinani iiasi iimpahla kuthelekiswa (X-axis, umzekelo, ikomityi yeti, kunye y-axis - cookies) ibonisiwe moya.

Xa ekupheleni curve, sibona kakuhle apile ezingaphi bakulungele ukunika umboleki inzuzo bathenge orange extra omnye. Vice versa. Kwimeko apho imali nganye kuluncedo ngokulinganayo xa uthenga izinto ezifanayo, ukuthetha malunga nokukhulisa eluncedo kunye nokusasazwa eyiyo mali nkonzo, t. E. Ufike rate litheni zokutshintshaniswa. Eminye kokuma nkonzo inkqubo nokuthatyathwa kwezigqibo ukuthenga zibonisa ukuba, ukuba ixabiso ngaphantsi kwe iindleko 1 apile 1-orenji, umsebenzisi ukhetha i-apile.

Imfundiso ngokubanzi ukusetyenziswa nenengqiqo

ezigoso ngabandayo zibonisa ngokubanzi wayelingana eluncedo abekelwe. Kodwa qaphela ukuba kwimeko apho eluncedo abekelwe ye yorhwebo X kabini ixabiso, kodwa abathengisi - kathathu. Umxhasi uya ukuthenga impahla evela, nokuba ngaphandle kokujonga ukuba kuyabiza.

Oku kuya kubangela ukuba ukwabiwa kwibhajethi iyonke, t. To. Ixabiso iimpahla kufuneka avuke. izinga ezihlelelekileyo of eluncedo kule meko kuphunyezwa yi "kwesiphumo rationalism" abathengi abafuna ukufumana uncedo lukhulu ukuthenga. Umthengi kwande rhoqo avavanye nemeko ekuyiyo ngoku emarikeni ukuphinda ulwalathiso yenkcitho.

iimeko ethile eluncedo ebekiwe

Xa ezoqoqosho ukwahlula iimpahla eziqhelekileyo ekuthiwa-, iimveliso ababambeleyo yaye abe ngumphelelisi impahla. Lokuqala - inxenye iimveliso substitutable (amanzi kunye neziqhamo compote), le yesibini - endaweni ngokupheleleyo enye kwenye ( "Coca-Cola" yaye "Pepsi-Cola") kunye nabanye - neemveliso zokuncedisa amanye (yosiba usiba ukuphina kuyo) ngamnye.

Ngokuba zonke iimeko ezichazwe, izinga inzuzo encane endaweni uyimfihlo (kuphela) kunjalo. Ngoko ke, jikelele, igophe kunye kwithambeka ezingakhiyo ekuqaleni khaxa ukuya nezamazembe, ngoko endaweni igrafu uba umgca othe ngqo ezidibanayo nangeempahla ezibukhali zesinyithi. Le ojonge kulo mgca ngqo kuxhomekeke ixabiso iimpahla, ngelixa iqondo wephiko le curve ixhomekeke ithuba kufakwe enye into enye.

imveliso Iimeko kunye nezinga kufakwe

Njengoko kwicandelo labucala, amashishini, abezoqoqosho bazama ukuba ukulandelela le eluncedo ezithengiweyo kunye nezibonelelo ziphele. Kulo mzekelo, i zibalwa izinga endaweni yobugcisa umda. Mu kuya kwa nshita iimpahla kwimarike umthengi, amashishini umkhondo utshintsho enye into yemveliso ukunyusa (ukuhla) kwezinye. Uthintelo izenzo umthamo output - kufuneka kuhlala injalo.

Isalathisi zixhaphakileyo - izinga abekelwe of ukufaka imali yabasebenzi. Ungatyala ekuvelisweni mali ezongezelelweyo, ngaphandle ukunikela ingqalelo utshintsho yabasebenzi. Kodwa ke kule meko ithi ukuba ngexesha elithile kuza kuncitshiswa imveliso, t. K. Ukuze sihlale kwigophe efanayo ukungakhathali, enye into kufuneka ukwandisa ukuze kubuyekezelwe ukwehla enye. Loo meko echasene kuveliswe imveliso abekelwe. Ngoko ke, iinkampani kufuneka ufumane uzinzo phakathi imiba kwimveliso.

izinga ezihlelelekileyo wokumelana yeemeko yemveliso - luphawu oluphambili kuba ukubala ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho kwamashishini.

Njani na eluncedo ebekiwe kanye izinga wokumelana?

Kakade ke, yonke inzuzo imveliso. Ume kwindawo ethile iyunithi nganye ezilandelelanayo kwempahla kwakhona kuzisa iingenelo ezongezelelweyo. Kodwa kwindawo ethile ukuba umthamo zokusela into enye ayisekho luncedo. Emva koko ke sithethe ngokufikelela eluncedo abekelwe kwempahla.

Ukuba sala ukungakhathali igophe enye ukuyisusa nakweliphina icala, ngoko ke sithethe imbuyekezo iimveliso eluncedo: ukusetyenziswa esezantsi kukhokelela omnye ekwandeni kokusetyenziswa lomnye; eliluncedo zizonke ayikatshintshi. eliluncedo eyongezelelweyo kuthathwa eluncedo litheni lwemveliso ngamnye. Ifomula ibhalwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Nksk = ngu- / px.

Iimpawu izinga ebekiwe zokutshintshaniswa

• Izinga Isalathisi litheni zokutshintshaniswa - lulwahlulo eziluncedo abekelwe yempahla ezimbini.

• Ixabiso onganambithekiyo izinga abekelwe zokutshintshaniswa kuthetha ukuba ukuhla yokuselelwa imveliso kubangela ngokuzenzekelayo ukwanda kokusetyenziswa komnye.

• Ireyithi Reserve zokutshintshaniswa kuqwalaselwa kuphela xa uhambisa anyuke esihla igophe yokungakhathali.

• Konke oku kungentla ithi "Sisebenzela" kuphela kwiimeko ngokubanzi (ngokuyinxenye iimveliso interchangeable); ngokuba zonke iinketho zabucala, le uphawu akayi kuqwalaselwa.