Izibakala kakhulu umdla malunga ngamakhowa. fungi umhlaba abathandwayo

Enye kunazo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni fungi. Izazinzulu ngaphambili wathi kubo ubukumkani izityalo, yaye ngenxa yoko, mycology - ukufunda nomngundo - ixesha elide yaba yinxalenye icandelo Botany, hayi biology. Ngoku kufumaniseke ukuba amakhowa siphakathi embindini phakathi kwezityalo nezilwanyana, kunye nabaphandi namhlanje malunga ne-100 lamawaka eziphilayo.

Yintoni mushroom?

Ngexesha izifundo abafundi malunga anika kuvamise Bathi ingxelo ukuba luqulathe ilizwe part - umzimba iziqhamo, komhlaba - mycelium okanye eyahlukileyo, mycelium, leyo Ukhuthaza emhlabeni okanye enye zeendawana ngohlobo ezingcakacileyo kakhulu, nje microns ezimbalwa kwayo pautinchatyh zamafu. Nganye kwiindawana, leyo kwi mycelium ezingenakubalwa, ebizwa hyphae.

umzimba Fruiting ingaphila imihla elishumi; kwaye kukho amashumi mycelium kunye kumakhulu eminyaka, enyamezela lokoma okanye iqabaka kakhulu.

Baninzi hyphae kwenyeindawo ethile behla baye iibhola, leyo ukwandisa ngokuthe ngcembe, yaye iiseli zabo, ukuzolula, ukwakha umzimba iziqhamo oselula (into esiyibiza a mushroom), nto leyo waphula ngokusebenzisa zeendawana kunye ikhula. Ukusuka kule ndawo singakwazi bayihloniphe aqokelele ibhaskithi.

Kwenzeka ukuba, ngundo ngendlela ethile kwaye ithathelwe ingqalelo izidalwa inkulu eziphilayo emhlabeni. E North America, umzekelo, kukho zizala amakhulu enkulu kweehekthare. Kwaye ubunzima wabo mkhulu ubunzima iminenga ezisixhenxe!

Ngokuzala nomngundo

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga amakhowa nga kuhlanganiswa ukusuka iimpawu ukwanda kwabo. umzimba mushroom, apho thina khon 'ukuze ingadliwa - kuyinto nje umzimba lweenkomo wakhe, ukuhamba mbewu ukuvumela ukuba ukuphuhlisa mycelium entsha.

Ngokuzenzekelayo, nkqu naliphi na igumbi bangabhaqa imingxunya, ukuthatha i isampuli umoya kulo.

fungi zemveli, ezifana amakhowa, ulilahle, umzekelo, imbewu yezigidi 40 ngundo-beetle - 100 million. Kodwa kwande kule ndlela, i ngundo-slicker Lowo ngaphezu kwe-7 ezigidi zavuleka ekulungele ukuzala. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ophuma isantya kumatshini - 90 km / h, yaneka phezu indawo enkulu kwe 2 m.

Kokuhluma, soft ukwenza mushroom ikepusi umzimba bamhlabileyo kungekuphela nje umhlaba kodwa asphalt, ikhonkrithi, marble okanye isinyithi. Kwaye apho ke ayikwazi ukukhula, ngokuthe ngcembe umqobo siyitshabalalise mycelium.

Amakhowa angakha wena imozulu

Ndizama ukunixelela zonke malunga amakhowa, singasathethi ke ukuba ezi zidalwa bangatshintsha iimeko zemozulu ngokwabo. Emva kokuba inxalenye kumphezulu ngokuqhelekileyo kudlulela spores ngundo zezenzi, ngamanye amazwi, zihamba kunye nomoya umlambo. Ukuba akukho umoya uza elililo, amakhowa afana shiitake mushroom Pleurotus okanye abaphandi baye bafumanisa imveliso umphunga, bevuthela intshukumo umoya ngokohlobo imisinga පිළිතුරු iimpendulo kwaye uyakwazi ukususa ezinye spores mgama.

Iinkolelo ezinxulumene anika

Enoba wathetha inzululwazi amakhowa, kodwa umntu ixesha elide kunye nabo kubandakanya ezininzi iinkolelo namasiko. Umzekelo, ukuthatha amakhowa, awukwazi ukuthetha kakhulu okanye bafunge, okanye baya kuzifihla. Isityalo elikhulu amakhowa - ngumhlola mfiliba iintlekele elizayo.

Lo mfazi, ngubani ndabona amakhowa ephupheni ekunokulindelwa ukongeza usapho, yaye umntu - ukuthatha unonophelo impilo yabo ngokuba ukukhetha ngakumbi ubudlelwane zawo amanenekazi.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ezinye amakhowa, ukuhluma ukwenza izangqa egqibeleleyo. ENetherlands naseJamani, ezi amakhowa elingaphuthunywanga, ngenxa yokuba aba "ring iintsomi" zithathwa ukuba abe kwindawo ndisangqengqile, kwaye eSkotlani - indawo ebonisa butyebi ndisangqengqile kungcwatywa.

Zodwa mushrooms amhlophe

Ethetha amakhowa, ngundo emhlophe ngoyaba. Kwakhe eRashiya kudala ingqalelo uju kunye nokumkani phakathi uhlobo yakhe. Ukuba awunalo kwaukulikhankanya incasa yakhe ngevumba, leyo, ngokuzenzekelayo, igcinwe kude emva omiswe, nangoku ujika ukuba ngundo emhlophe - isipho esimangalisayo wendalo.

Oku wafumanisa zifo ukubulala tubercle inegciwane, kunye arhente antineoplastic. Abantu igazi, ngokunjalo nezifo ukudumba, ngundo emhlophe iluncedo kakhulu. Kwaye ngaphandle, yena Ukhalimela inkqubo impiliso, normalizes umsebenzi lengqula, kuphucula imeko lezikhonkwane, iinwele nolusu, kwaye kunceda umzimba bokulungisa zizifo. Musa kangangokuba imithi yonke!

Malunga ukuma anika

Ungabona okuninzi malunga ngamakhowa. mushroom White, boletus, boletus kunye nezinye izinto "lokuzingela cwaka" - Kakade ke, asingabo bonke ubukumkani mushroom.

Kukho emahlathini kwaye zininzi amakhowa, iimilo engaqhelekanga kunye nemibala. Umzekelo, mushroom-rogatik ukuba orange umbala oqaqambileyo obu- nekorale-ezifana okanye clathrus ruber, emuncu amhlophe, iqanda-ezifana, kwaye uzuza ekugqibeleni umzimba yinxalenye trellis eziqaqambileyo ibhola ebomvu.

Hi ndlela leyi, olu ngundo woba fungi-imibala. Ezi amakhowa baninzi ngakumbi amahlathi. Kukho kukho indalo ezikhethekileyo ngokupheleleyo efana, umzekelo, iglasi, ngathi mushroom ukusuka eIndiya, okanye obomvu, bexhobile, kunye nemisipha yekhowa kunye Java. Kwaye ezimangalisayo kakhulu kukhuselekile ukucingela diktiafor mushroom campanulate ezikhula emahlathini yoMzantsi Merika. Ekhula kwiiyure nje ezimbini emva koko ugxotha phantsi ikepusi openwork isigqubuthelo yakhe ezimhlophe ziqina umlenze njengekhephu-ezimhlophe nangokuhlwa uba umbala oluhlaza eyimfihlakalo. Abahlali balapha, phakathi kwezinye izinto, bayibiza "Lady phantsi isigqubuthelo."

Amakhowa Amazing iplanethi "izinyo ukopha" yaye "asterisk zodongwe '

Ukuze siqonde indlela ezi eziphilayo engaqhelekanga, siya ukuchaza mushroom ehlabathini kakhulu umdla.

Hydnellum zalixhola okanye "izinyo Ukopha". Lo mkhuhlane emangalisayo kunokubonwa emahlathini coniferous of Central Europe kunye nonxweme kumntla-ntshona we-Pacific Ocean. ulwelo Bright ebomvu, yena chonga, aze ngokwenene ikhangeleka ngathi nethontsi legazi. Ukongeza, ukuba unalo incasa kukrakra kakhulu, yaye oku uyothuka izilwanyana nabantu.

"Inkwenkwezi zodongwe '. Le Umngundo ubizwa ngokuba needyasi ezihlala kuzo zonke ezinezinga zehlabathi. Iyamangalisa ukuba uyakwazi ukutshintsha inkangeleko yabo, ngenkankulu wabonakala ngaphandle komhlaba. Imisebe "inkwenkwezi" kancane bent phantsi kunye nomzimba iziqhamo ungqukuva iphakamile kwaye "amahlumelo 'yimbewu emoyeni. I AmaNdiya bakholelwa ukuba fungi bakwazi ukuqikelela iziganeko elizayo yasezulwini.

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga amakhowa ezhovike kunye Plasmodium

Hericium erinaceus umdla kakhulu, nto leyo ayikhangeleki njenge mushroom yemveli. Kunoko, oku kufana Ingca yolwandle, oluphumayo ngandlela wabonakala phezu mthi, emi apho, ngokuzenzekelayo, uthanda ukukhula ezhovik. zilungiswe ngokufanelekileyo, ngundo okunencasa kakhulu, kodwa ukongeza, ukuba uyakwazi ukwehlisa igazi inqanaba iswekile yomntu kwaye uyakwazi ukukhusela umzimba nxamnye neziphumo ezinetyhefu.

Ukuqwalasela i-Plasmodium ungafunda kwaye ezinye iinyani ezinika umdla. Malunga amakhowa abakwazi ukucinga ukuba Ungayihambisa, kwaye ibonakala, kwaye oku abakwaziyo ukuyenza. Plasmodium, Kakade ke, kungekhona sprinter, kodwa kwiintsuku ezimbalwa nga ekhwela ethandwa phakathi isiphunzi. Eshee! Ihamba, okanye mandithi uqengqa le nto yendalo kwindawo phakathi Russia kwaye oluyeleleneyo kakhulu a jellyfish.

Mkhuhlane ankrelekrele ukhula ngokukhawuleza

Likhangeleka ezihonjiswe umdla kakhulu imivumbo eqaqambileyo Trametes versicolor - yimbono eqhelekileyo zehlabathi amakhowa, ephila becala komboko emithi efile. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba ubuncwane olu ngundo kuyenza nezifo kwaye kungaba luncedo olukhulu unyango somhlaza, kwaye amayeza yaseTshayina isetyenziselwa kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi.

Kwaye nantsi enye umdla malunga amakhowa: endleleni, ezi zinto ziphilayo ilanga. Bona vitamin D, kunye umbala iminqwazi babo kwiinkalo ezininzi kuxhomekeke kwelanga indlela kwi yazo.

I Guinness Book of Records zidweliswe mushroom-Veselka, nto leyo imizuzu 2 ikhula 1 cm bavela usemhlabeni, ikhangeleka ngathi iqanda nombala, ngemini elandelayo -. Kuyinto iambrela kwi kwizele obhityileyo, kwaye ngomhla wesithathu inxalenye kwakufa ngulo mngundo inyamalala.

Kwendawo fungi apho nje ke musa ubomi!

Amakhowa amazing kwaye yokuba mbi iimeko kungenakwenzeka. Bayaphumelela ngaphakathi mammalian, yaye iya phezulu emoyeni, kwintaba ephakame malunga nama-30 km. Abaphandi babe lwazi umdla malunga neenkowane: ukuba kwenzeka ukumelana nazo zonke iintlobo sesichengeni kwaye nokuphuhlisa nkqu sulphuric acid.

Kwaye ngo 2002 e iChernobyl samandla enyukliya isityalo kwi-reactor kutshatyalaliswa, oosonzululwazi bafumanisa amakhowa ukuba imitha kwakufuneka ukuba ukukhula kwakunye ukukhanya izityalo. Isakhiwo ezi zinto ziphilayo ezimangalisayo ubandakanya isixa elingu-bala lintsundu, ukwimo enye ekhusela ulusu yethu yelanga.

Umdla malunga anika - ezizingelayo

Kukho kwakhona amakhowa ezizingelayo, preying izinambuzane ezincinane. Bathi incangathi ikhulise-phezulu okanye ezinye izixhobo ze kuzingela. Umzekelo, ngundo angayiphosa imbewu leyo anamathele umzimba kwingoma kwaye uqale ukukhula kuwo. Ixhoba, Kakade ke, wafa.

Nazo zonke iintlobo amakhowa Cordyceps engenangqondo kodwa ayikwazanga bana phandle. Yena, ngengozi, banokude izinambuzane ibe zombies. Njengoko esenza oku, izazinzulu andazi, kodwa iimbovane, kwinkqubo nokuphefumla apho imbewu ye hit ngundo, "ngokuthobeka" uya indawo ekulungeleyo uphuhliso oluqhubekayo sisidleleli ababehlala kuyo. UMbovane ifumana isityalo eso kwaye kuthathwa kuyo yi kwimakhishithi ukuya lobushushu elifanelekileyo nokufuma uze iluma kuyo kwicala elingasemva sheet. Mkhuhlane iyambulala imbovane, zokuntshulisa kulo, asizimele ngalo emva entloko, lilo spores umbulali entsha.

Amakhowa ngokuncedisa ekucoceni i planethi

Siyazi malunga ukudliwa, amakhowa ze amarhamncwa, nomngundo, amakhalane, kodwa asimele silibale ukuba bakwazi ukunika uncedo angathethekiyo kunye nokukwazi kwabo amangalisayo yaya kuphambukela apho sibulawa nezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Ngoko ke, lo hambo University Yale efumaneka emahlathini Ecuador, uhlobo olutsha ngundo (Pestalotiopsis microspora). Ezi eziphilayo zitya lyu, uze ukwenze oko ngaphandle oksijini. Lithembisa themba elizayo ndahlukane kukho umbandela nto zathotywa, yokulihlambela kakhulu umhlaba.

Xa fungi baye sex!

Kakade ke, inzululwazi ibango ukwazi yonke into ngamakhowa. Zonke ngoku ke abaphandi yokufumanisa in mycology. Ngokomzekelo, izazinzulu ziye zachongwa isakhi elinoxanduva ngundo besive imazi okanye oyindoda. Yena, ngengozi, ukuba kulandelelwano DNA elifutshane ezifana zofuzo ngesondo ebantwini.

Amakhowa benawo ukuba kufumaniseke ukuba imodeli efanelekileyo kakhulu isifundo lweeyantlukwano sex kwinqanaba yemfuza.

Amakhowa emdala kakhulu Dinosaurs

Xa mycologists babe nolwazi emangalisayo ngokupheleleyo malunga amakhowa: njengoko kanti ke, noko kumiwa Umhlaba kwiminyaka million 400 eyadlulayo! Kubonakala ukuba sele bebadala kunawe dinosaur. Yeyona abemi abaninzi yamandulo emhlabeni, owayehlala kunye yefeni ingxilimbela yaye, ngokungafaniyo yokugqibela, musa usike uze utshintshe kwaye ukulungisa, ukugcina ukubonakala kwayo namhlanje.

Kwaye thina, kuyabonakala ukuba, funda ngazo izinto ezininzi ezinomdla kakhulu. Malunga amakhowa kude incinane gqitha into eyaziwayo, kodwa kucacile ukuba ezi eziphilayo zezona isifundo enenkcukacha nangenyameko.