Isiza elikhutheleyo enzyme: isakhiwo, izakhiwo. Ngubani wafumanisa site ebonakalayo enzyme? Yintoni ibizwa ngokuba isiza ebonakalayo enzyme?

Sonke sivile enqanda, kodwa akulindelekanga ukuba ngamnye kuthi ngocoselelo uyazi kakuhle kangakanani na amalungiselelo ezi izinto, yaye kutheni zifuneka. Eli nqaku liza kunceda ukuqonda isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi enqanda (enzayim) ngokubanzi, kunye namaziko asebenzayo babo ethile.

zophando ngezembali

Ngowe-1833, isazi semichiza French Anselme Payen ukuchonga nokuchaza iimpawu amylase enzyme.

Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, Louis Pasteur, ukufunda ukuguqulwa iswekile zibe Igwele utywala ebandakanya, wacebisa ukuba le nkqubo kubangelwa iikhemikhali ezakha igwele.

Ekupheleni kwale komzimba ngenkulungwane XIX Villi Kyune kuqala elitsha elithi "enzyme".

German Eduard Buchner ngo-1897 ezichongiweyo nechazwe zymase - ezintsonkothileyo enzyme ukuba catalyzes ukuguqulwa sucrose ibe ethanol reaction. Yendalo zymase yayimininzi kakhulu igwele.

Akwaziwa nini wawavulayo site ebonakalayo enzyme. Le lokufumanisa wothulelw kaNobel yemichiza Edaurdu Buchner, sebhayoloji American uYakobi Sumner kunye nezinye izazinzulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle abayisebenzayo ukufunda catalysis enzymatic.

ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga enqanda

Khumbula ukuba enzyme - izinto leeprothini endalo, nto leyo yenza imisebenzi eziphilayo ehlanganisa ekudibaneni kwemichiza. I-enzyme iye iinxalenye ezo musa ukuthatha ngqo inxaxheba kuyo, nokuqukuqela indlela lunika iziko elikhutheleyo enzyme.

Nazi ezinye iimpawu enqanda:

1) Efficiency. A imali encinci iza ezaneleyo ukuze kukhawuleziswe umchiza zisabela amaxesha 10 ^6.

2) Okukodwa. Enye enzyme ayikho iza iphela nayiphi na impendulo kwiseli. Kuba enzyme yabonisa Okukodwa amanyathelo: enzyme ngalinye catalyzes enye okanye kuphela eziliqela ukusabela efanayo kunye substrates (i-feed reactant), kodwa ezinye wezenzi lweekhemikhali apha uhlobo olufanayo, i-enzayim inokuba nganto. Ukudibana ne-substrates efanelekileyo kunye ukukhawulezisa okuphambili indlela lunika iziko elikhutheleyo enzyme.

3) Kuyacaca Umsebenzi. Umsebenzi enzyme iseli esoloko itshintsha ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu.

4) Ukugxila enqanda athile kwi iseli ayikho rhoqo kwaye zisenokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko yangaphandle. enzyme ezinjalo eziphilayo ekuthiwa inducible.

ngezigaba enqanda

Kubume bayo, i-enzayim lungohlulwa lube alula nanzima. Simple Ayifaki zeentsalela acid acid, zintsonkothe iqela non-protein kwezinto. ngokuba coenzymes Complex.

Xa uhlobo enzyme catalysed reactions zihlukaniswe:

1) Oxidoreductases (catalyze ngayo redox).

2) Transferases (zidluliselwe kumaqela eyahlukileyo-athom).

3) Lyases (iibhondi kulunamathelisa imichiza).

4) Lipase (ifom uqhagamshelo kwi abasabela ngenxa amandla ATP).

5) Isomerases (uchuvstvuyut ngayo interconversion of isomers).

6) Hydrolases (catalyze ekudibaneni kwemichiza ngu ukwetyisa ngemixokelelwane).

isakhiwo enzyme

Enzyme - esimbaxa isakhiwo-ntathu, apho ubukhulu becala ziyilwe acid iintsalela acid. Kwakhona kukho iqela zokufakelwa - yolunye non-protein indalo, ezinxulumene ne kumsi acid acid.

Enzyme - iiproteni ikakhulu globular ukuba zinokudityaniswa kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo. Njengezinye izinto proteinaceous, enzyme sisipirithi ngokwandisa ubushushu okanye ukungakhuseleki kwabanye iikhemikhali. Ngexesha nokuguqulwa ngokutshintsha ubume transcriptase ephakamileyo kwaye iimpawu kwiziko esebenzayo le enzymes. Ngenxa yoko, umsebenzi enzyme kunciphisa kakhulu.

zeendawana Catalyzed ngokuqhelekileyo incinane kakhulu enzyme ngokwayo. I-enzayim ilula iqulathe amathandathu iintsalela acid acid, kwaye iziko layo esebenzayo - ezimbini kuphela.

Kukho enzyme site zokuphosa acid ezo nto zimelwe, kwaye iqela eziphilayo zokufakelwa, okanye (rhoqo) ezingaphiliyo imvelaphi - cofactor.

Ingcamango kwisiza esebenzayo

Kuphela inxalenye encinane enzyme ababandakanyeka ngqo ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Le nxalenye enzyme ebizwa ngokuba isiza esebenzayo. Isiza elikhutheleyo enzyme - lipid, kukho iintsalela acid acid ezimbalwa okanye iqela zokufakelwa, lona lubopha izinto ukuya zeendawana kwaye catalyzes basabela. Le iintsalela acid acid lwesiza esebenzayo liphethwe naziphi acid - polar, nonpolar, ityala, enuka uncharged.

Iziko olusebenzayo enzyme (oku lipid, acid kunye nezinye izinto abanako zakudibana wezenzi) - yeyona ndawo ibaluleke kakhulu enzyme, ngaphandle kwezi izinto ingabubuyatha.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwemolekyuli enzyme na isiza esebenzayo omnye kuphela, ukubopha omnye okanye ngaphezulu wezenzi efanayo. Le iintsalela acid acid kweziko esebenzayo kwakhiwa hydrogen, iibhondi hydrophobic okanye covalent, ukwakha ezintsonkothileyo enzyme-zeendawana.

Ubume beziko esebenzayo

Isiza esebenzayo enqanda, ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo i epokothweni okanye slot. Esi sakhiwo kweziko ebonakalayo enzyme kufuneka zihambelane geometrically kwaye electrostatically ke zeendawana, ekubeni utshintsho kubume neliphezulu enzyme angayitshintsha indawo esebenzayo.

Kunyanzeleke kunye zokuphosa iziko - iindawo iziko ebonakalayo enzyme. Ngokucacileyo, le site esibophelelayo "iitshekhi" zeendawana ehambelanayo, kwaye ezinxulumene nayo, kwaye iziko zokuphosa libandakanyeka ngqo kwi basabela.

Ukubambana kweziko esebenzayo le zeendawana

Ukuze achaze indlela site esebenzayo ye-enzyme ezinxulumene kunye reagent othile, iingcamango ezininzi ziye esicetywayo. Eyona uthandwayo kubo - theory Fisher womntakayise, yinto ingcamango 'lock kunye key ". Fisher wacebisa ukuba kukho enzayimi Lifanele zeendawana ngamnye iipropati yaso emzimbeni imichiza. Emva kokuba ukuyilwa naziphi na iinguqulelo lungenzeki enzyme-zeendawana complex.

Omnye umphengululi American - Daniel Koshland - wongeze Fisher Ingqikelelo ingcamango ukuba isiza ebonakalayo enzyme uyakwazi ukutshintsha Ukumila zawo yonke imihla okungalungelaniyo i zeendawana ethile.

Le kinetics yokusabela enzymatic

Iimpawu enzymatic reaction ukufunda kwicandelo labucala ngamachiza - kinetics enzyme. Oku izifundo zenzululwazi ethile abasabela nokuqwalaselwa ezahlukeneyo enqanda kunye substrates, ukuxhomekeka yereyithi reaction kwi lobushushu ngaphakathi kwiseli kunye neempawu site esebenzayo enqanda kuxhomekeka parameters emzimbeni eekhemikhali eliphakathi.

kinetics enzyme usebenza ingqiqo ezifana rate reaction, amandla kusebenze, kusebenze isithintelo, umsebenzi eziphilayo, umsebenzi ethile kunye nabanye. Cinga eminye la magama.

Ukuba kwakukho wasabela zebhayoloji, wezenzi eziyimfuneko ukudlulisela amandla ethile. Le amandla kuthiwa amandla lusebenze.

Kongezwe enzyme ukuya reactants ukunciphisa amandla lusebenze. Ezinye izinto asabele ngawo ngaphandle nxaxheba enqanda, kuba amandla lokuvula iphezulu kakhulu. Le lizama asabela akuthethi shift kongezwe enzyme.

Izinga asabela - isixa imveliso reaction malala yanyamalala ngexesha unit.

Ukuxhomekeka le Velocity reaction kwi zeendawana xi nobungakanani dimensionless emzimbeni luphawu - Michaelis njalo.

Umsebenzi Ezinto - inani iimolekyuli zeendawana ukuba zitshintshele komnye molecule enzyme nganye kwexesha unit.