Yintoni i "ikude"? Inkcazelo kunye nomsebenzi laseRashiya UAV entsha

Emangalisiwe, "yintoni na moya?", Abaninzi phantse ngokuqinisekileyo uyakwazi impendulo. Ezi zixhobo zikwabizwa ngokuba drones yaye yanwenwa kutshanje kuphela. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuba siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha.

Yintoni ikude?

Ukuba nqubo phantse akusoloko kusenzeka ukuba alungise okanye endaweni lwezabasebenzi trudnovospolnimy abanezakhono kakhulu ezizodwa kakhulu. Kungenxa yoko le nto abantu kunjalo kushishino ngenzondelelo ihamba phambili, iziphumo kwixesha elizayo ungenza abantu ukusebenza ekhuselekileyo. Umzekelo robots, omnye leyo eyaba yesixhobo ekhethekileyo nemiba ngemiba yezemfundo. Ngoko ke, yintoni na ikude? Ngokuqhelekileyo eyaziwa ngokuba yaqonda moya ilawulwa, kodwa kukho ukuqonda ngokubanzi kwikota. Drones musa ngokuyimfuneko ukubhabha, kodwa uphawu yabo eqhelekileyo ngulo ujolise ngokuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi ethile ngaphandle koncedo lwabantu okanye ungenelelo yayo encinci. Akumangalisi ke, i-UAV eqale isetyenziswa kuphela emkhosini.

Imbali ukuvela kunye nophuhliso

Umbhali ingcamango izixhobo ezilawulwa ukude yaba, ngokungamangalisiyo phofu, Nikola Tesla. Ngowe-1899, wababonisa kwakhiwa yokuqhuba isikhephe. izimvo zakhe baqhubeka ngowe-1910, i American oselula, Charles Kettering, iceba ukwakha i-moya eyayiza yokwenza umsebenzi kunye uncedo intshukumo. Ngelishwa, singatsho ukuba akuphumelelanga.

Ekukholelwa ukuba UAV yokuqala yaphuhliswa UK ukulungiselela iinjongo zomkhosi ngo-1933. Kuba oku kusetyenziswa kunjalo wambuyisela biplane,, yamacebo kathathu moya abagqibe ngempumelelo omnye kuphela. Kwixesha elizayo, umatshini saya siba ngcono, kwakukho iindlela ezintsha ulawulo nolawulo lwabo. Uphando kunye nophuhliso umsebenzi waqhubeka ngexesha Second World War nasemva kwayo. Ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi iziphumo ophumelelayo kubizwa ngokuba ukuvela 'V1' adumileyo kunye "V2". izinto ezifanayo kwenzeka USSR.

Ukongeza iinjongo kuphela emkhosini, UAVs ziye kusetyenziselwa ukuqeqesha amajoni elizayo. Kodwa ke iingalo ugqatso akemi ngxi, yaye amagunya emikhulu ziye zaqhubeka ukuphuhlisa isixhobo ukuba unako notshaba. Ngaxa lithile, nkqu USSR waba yinkokheli ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso ye UAVs. Kodwa ke United States laya phambili, ngokuba imfazwe kunye Vietnam ukulahlekelwa moya yayo yayimikhulu kakhulu - beza drones sindisa.

Nangona emkhosini "indalo" ekuqaleni, le UAV eyafunyanwayo kunye nenjongo yawo emkhosini. Kwisikhundla sakhe esitsha, bavuka igama elifutshane kunye ngemihla - drones, eyaba nokuba kwande ngaphezu basisishunqulelo. Hi ndlela leyi, oko kunxulumene ngqo nemisebenzi yabo, ngenxa yokuba e IsiNgesi lo moya - "inyosi enkulu enoboya" okanye isenzi "buzz". Requalification wamnika kwaze ukongeza kuphuhliso lwabo, kuba drones radio waseburhulumenteni ezininzi amathuba. Kodwa yonke indawo kufuneka iimpawu zayo, ukuze robhothi nangoku ayikho ndawo. Ngoko ke, kubonakala ngathi, umbuzo wokuba ndithini ndimshiye le ikude. Ntoni na ke?

iintlobo

Njengomgaqo, drones azilingani ngobukhulu kunye neempawu kolawulo. Kukho iindidi 4 ngokungqinelana kwiimpawu lokuqala:

1. Micro. Devices eli qela inobunzima ukuya kilograms-10. Ayakwazi ukuba yokusabela rhoqo kangangeyure kwintaba ephakame 1 sekhilomitha.
2. Mini. 10-50 kg, unciphiso ukuphakama - 3-5 khilomitha, ubude moya - iiyure eziliqela. izixhobo lula kolu didi kwakhona isicelo yoluntu, ngoko - akukho.
3. I-avareji. Ubunzima ngetoni ukuya ku-1, ubude moya - Iiyure 10-12, ukuphakama ubuninzi - 9-10 leekhilomitha.
4. Enzima. Kwada kwayimini flight kwintaba ephakame yeekhilomitha 20.

zingahlukaniswa phezu nkcukacha yokusebenza zazo zezi zilandelayo:

• engakhokelwa;
• esizilawulayo;
• -control.

device gumbini

uyilo UAV Standard inika i-satellite yokukhangela, kwakunye gyroscope kunye accelerometer. Ukongeza, ifowuni ubotshiwe ukuba imodyuli ehlelwe. Zokubhala ubuchule ezisebenzisa iilwimi-kwinqanaba eliphezulu: C, C ++, Modula-2, oberon SA okanye Ada95.

Ukuba, ke, uze ugcine nokuthumela ngolwazi ukuze umqhubi, isakhiwo sibandakanya inemodyuli memory , kunye samaza. Naziphi na ezinye izixhobo ifakiweyo, kuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni. Xa drones ezilawulwayo nazo ziyafumaneka ukuba umyalelo receiver kunye samaza lwe data telemetry.

ukuqashwa

Iinjongo apho ungasetyenziswa irobhothi ephaphazelayo, isethi enkulu. Ngaphandle emkhosini sele kuchaziwe, ukuba abandakanyeke ufoto lwasemoyeni, esweni ukhuseleko. Industries, babe isixhobo yabo izixhobo ezinjalo, kukho inani elikhulu: .. Agriculture, okuloba, ukhuseleko ehlathini, mapping, amandla, yokwakheka komhlaba, ukwakhiwa, amajelo eendaba, njl Sele, abaphuhlisi afuna iindlela indlela ukubonelela ngoncedo delivery yaqonda yempahla ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukuze amise oluthembekileyo unxibelelwano neendawo ezikude, ngaleyo ndlela unciphise iindleko amafutha kunye nokukhusela okusingqongileyo. Ngokufutshane, iingxaki kwi kumenzi kakhulu mhle nemfuno eminye imisebenzi sele apho, yaye ukuphendula ngcebiso okwangoku. Ngoko ke isakhono omkhulu.

ukufota

Kufuneka athi ikuba entsha iye yakhula ngenxa ukusasazwa ngokubanzi UAV. Kumalunga nokuthatha imifanekiso engile, ezisetyenziswa ukufikelela ngeyona kunzima. Flying ikude ikhamera elincinane ikuvumela ukuba kujonga izinto eziqhelekileyo kwindawo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo imbono nokubabona ngendlela entsha. Kunye nabasebenzi kakhulu nempumelelo inxaxheba rhoqo kukhuphisana ezizodwa phantsi kokhuselo lwe phephancwadi anempembelelo, umzekelo, National Geografic.

multicopter

Kukho udidi moya, adla ziqwalaselwe zodwa ngenxa yokungafani kwisakhiwo. Enyanisweni, moya quadrocopter hayi eyahlukileyo kangaka UAVs eziqhelekileyo, ukuba kuphela linani elikhulu iinkqubo Screw - kulo mzekelo ezine. Yiyo le isakhiwo othandwa kakhulu phakathi drones ezithwala. Noko ke, kukho inkxalabo enkulu ukhuseleko moya zabo, ukususela wokuqhuba ngesiquphe ibhetri ukusuka kubude 0.5-1 ngekhilomitha, nokuba ngobulungisa isixhobo ezilula kunokubangela ukwenzakala abantu, ngoko ke kucetyiswa kuphela Kwathi izifundo ezizodwa kwi ulawulo UAV, kodwa ukuba ukuthobela imithetho ezikhethekileyo.

imizekelo ebangel 'umdla UAVs

Phakathi iingcinga kunye izicelo practical luncedo, kukho indawo zokudlala kunye nokuzonwabisa. Ngoko ke, kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo, omnye umenzi enkulu savelisa Parrot moya moya, esebenza njenge ikloko ye alam ethembekileyo. Xa kwafika ixesha yokuvusa, wabaleka wemka okanye kubaleka kude umkhosi, kwaye ukuyicima uyakwazi ukuyibamba kuphela, nto leyo ebangela kubenzima kakhulu lo msebenzi emva bubuthongo. Ngoko ke ukuba esi sixhobo kunokuba luncedo kodwa ukonwabisa nje kuphela, ebuka fancy ngokwaneleyo.

Enye artist Dutch, umzekelo, weza ingcamango imbeko ikati yakhe, wafa phantsi amavili emotweni, ukwenza quadrocopter yokuqala. Esi silwanyana wamzalela ngexesha ubomi igama imbeko omnye wabazalwana Wright, yaye emva kokufa ngezikhonkwane kwakhe Zinjengonomgogwana zinamathele, kunye nesakhiwo yonke ithiwe thaca kwi-uluntu xa umboniso taka ngo-2012. Reaction iye yaxutywa, kodwa abantu isiganeko eyenziwe ububanzi. Ke ukuba lo moya quadrocopter ikati - mhlawumbi hayi eyona nto iyiyo, apho kusoloko kukho ithuba ukuza into olulolwabo.

ukufumaneka

Uthintelo ekuthengisweni imifuziselo ezafa azikho, nangona ukuthenga ulupwa moya, Kakade ke, akulula ukuba uphumelele, ngoko abo bafuna ukuba ukuthatha iifoto nevidiyo ukusuka kubude, iintaka eziqhelekileyo, bukela imeko lezendlela, okanye usebenzise ezinye imisebenzi zezi zixhobo, bangasebenzisa ngesihle. Abanye bathandi bakhetha ukwenza izandla zabo, ingakumbi xa unayo ulwazi olufanelekileyo. Ukwakha irobhothi luphaphazela ikhamera - hayi umsebenzi onjalo nzima iingcibi, kwimeko kakhulu iyafumaneka, kulunge kuthi yonke imihla, amanani imodeli kakhulu yedemokhrasi - ixabiso umlinganiselo ngeenxa $ 300. Kukho iisampulu zitshiphu enokuthi ngokoqobo ukungena esandleni yabantu.

abaphikisi

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba udidi isixhobo "UAV / moya" iye zande kutshanje, iye ndafumana isininzi sabantu phulo ukuba isithintelo okanye ukuvalwa ezi zixhobo. Bathi isimo sabo ukuba UAV, kwagcwala umzi, ukudala kuphela ingxolo engaphezulu, kodwa unako ukuvelisa iifoto nevidiyo ngeefestile lwezakhiwo, ngaloo ndlela emfihlweni. Nangona abachasi babonisa becala kokwaneliseka phakathi US, kodwa nentlanganiso malunga nemithetho elawula imisebenzi drones akufuneki kuqhutywa. Nakuba kunjalo, imfuno idala ubonelelo - ezinye abavelisi sele bethengisa izixhobo ezibonakalisa ubukho moya kumgama oyi ethile. Icebo woluvo lunomahluko ukusuka ezintakeni yohlobo intshukumo kwaye likhupha isandi okhethekileyo, kakuhle, indlela ukumelana ongamenywanga "undwendwe", ugqiba ukuba inkosi ngokwakhe.

abenzi

Ukuba sithethe kudidi "yokulwa moya", inkokeli jikelele kule intsimi, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ngoku kuya kuthiwa unguSirayeli. Yena, ke, ngumntu ophambili, zodidi, ngokutsho ezinye iingqikelelo, malunga nama-40% kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe. Amazwe isabelo esikhulu kwisakhiwo wamajoni mveliso, ezifana ne-US kunye Russia, waqukumbela izivumelwano arhente Israeli zophuhliso ngokuhlangeneyo siyawazi.

Omnye umdlali enkulu emakethe Iran. Ngokutsho kweengcali, uphuhliso lwakutsha nje abenzi balapho bayakwazi ngokupheleleyo ukuba akhuphisane iimveliso yakwaSirayeli. Inani elaneleyo iimodeli ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye inama umkhosi Argentine.

uphuhliso

Ukulwa drones elizayo ayikho uyathandabuza - nakuyiphi na imeko baya kusetyenziswa. Njengoko izixhobo emkhosini, ithemba ukwazi okungakumbi. Ngokutsho ulwazi esidlangalaleni iqulunqwe ngamaziko EU, ngo-2020, imfuno mthengi UAVs ziya kusiwa shishini ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 45% iya kuvela arhente zikarhulumente, 25% - womlilo, 13% - ezolimo kunye namahlathi,-10% kufuna amandla, 6% - ncomo kumphezulu womhlaba, kwaye i-1% - unxibelelwano kunye losasazo.

Noko ke, ngoku ofisi ezininzi kuyilo ucinge ngendlela drones lungalungiselelwa ukunikezelwa. Kufuneka kwanele ukusombulula inani elikhulu iingxaki: ingxaki linawo amandla awoneleyo kwaye nobomi bebhetri ukuya umba zokulahla indalo. Kodwa ngokubanzi, le ndawo weerobhoti kungaphezu ithemba.

in Russia

ERashiya, uphuhliso amaxesha ezindala eSoviet baba osemthethweni ngenxa yezizathu okanye omnye sele ezilahlekileyo, ukuze eneneni kushishino kwafuneka bafunde ukusuka ekuqaleni. Ngo-2009 yena wawongwa imvumelwano kunye inkampani ethile ukwenzela ukuthenga i-UAV, kodwa kamva ndagqiba kwelokuba ukuphuhlisa drones zabo eRashiya. Ukulungiselela le njongo iSebe lezoKhuselo labiwe engange billion 5, kodwa utyalo-mali ayikhange zalandela isiphumo efunekayo - nje isixhobo akemi inkqubo yovavanyo.

Ngo-2010, "Transas" inkampani iphumelele kwethenda R & D of UAVs, ingakumbi ekubeni sele waba amava meko. iziganeko Eminye ezinxulumene kwimpumelelo yophuhliso - ukuya ontununtunu ezithile isidanga. Ngo-2012, oko kwazeka malunga nokuzaliswa ngempumelelo soviwo ebizwa ngokuba "Orlan-10". Emva kokuthabatha inxaxheba imithambo eziliqela isampuli efunyenwe amanqaku aphezulu kunye nohlaziyo elungileyo emkhosini, kodwa esi sixhobo senzelwe kuphela elifutshane uluhlu, ukuze uphuhliso luqhutywa kumacala eziliqela ukuya drones Russian Kananjalo kufuneka kuqeshwa ukothuka kunye ngempumelelo ukukhusela imida malunga nobungozi.

Ngowe-2014 kwafuneka ukuba ivavanywe eliphakathi uluhlu UAV, kwakunye AMAGQABAZA ▸ ubunzima andize iitoni ezili-10 ukuya 20. Kwakhona, abaphulaphuli waboniswa kwesimo esimbaxa "obefuna", ezafumana inani izimvo, kodwa ezamkelwa ethembisa kakhulu. Kwakhona ingxelo kwimodeli kwimveliso, "inqaba" kwenye kwamashishini ye-Russian Federation ngokudibeneyo noSirayeli.

Phezu kwazo zonke iingxaki, ishishini kufuneka abe makhulu, kodwa ngelishwa, le drones Russian nekungenakwenzeka ukuba kwixesha elizayo "umoya yesibini" ngohlobo soguqulo ukuya imisebenzi yoluntu. abenzi ezinkulu koomatshini zobuninzi jikelele kwaye akukabikho emehlweni.