Isithsaba esikhulu kunazo zonke ehlabathini esaziwa ngayo?

Ukuze unqume ukuba yiphi isinyithi esona sikhulu kunazo zonke ehlabathini, kufuneka uqwalasele abadlali abakhulu belihloko, okuyi-osmium ne-iridium. Amacandelo amabini amdaka etafileni yexesha elifanelekileyo ahlala, ngokulandelanayo, iindawo phantsi kweenombolo 76 no-77. Ubuninzi bezinyithi, ngokusekelwe kwiipropati zabo, i-22.6 grams nganye kwisentimitha nganye.

Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni isithsaba esona siqingqileyo, unokuqhathanisa ukuyeka okuqhelekileyo kunye nesigxina esenziwe kuso nasiphi na isifaki kwisihloko esithi "Isona esona sithinteka kakhulu kwihlabathi". Ngoko, ukuzisa umlinganiselo wokulinganisela, udinga iiplagi eziqhelekileyo ezingaphezu kwekhulu, ngelixa ziza kulungelelanisa enye eyenziwe nge-osmium okanye i-iridium.

Zona zombini izinyithi zafunyanwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Ukufunyanwa kwabo kubangelwa yenzululwazi uS.Tennant, owathi ngo-1804 wenza uhlalutyo lwemvula efunyenwe ngokuphatha i-platinum nuggets kunye ne "royal vodka" (enye inxalenye ye nitric kunye neengxenye ezintathu ze- hydrochloric acid). Kwiqhekeza elingaphantsi kwesifundo, waphinde wachonga izixhobo ezimbini zeekhemikhali, ezazikhethela i-osmium ne-iridium. I Iridium ifumana igama layo kwigama lesiGrike elibhekisela kumvula. Oku kubangelwa ukuba i-salts yale nto iguqula umbala kuye kuxhomekeke kwiimeko.

Uphando lwaqhutyelwa ngumtyholi waseRussia uK. Klaus, owathi, ukususela ngo-1841, wafumana inkxaso-mali yokuphanda kwiindawo ezinokusetyenziswa kweplatinum yasekuhlaleni ukwenzela ukuba ufumane ezinye iinxalenye zesitye. Injongo ayizange iphunyezwe, kodwa kwinkqubo yokusebenza, isayensi yenza isigqibo sokuqhutyelwa ngokucokisekileyo kwimiba ehleliyo.

Isizathu sokuba kunzima ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni isona esona siqingqileyo saloo mibini yinto yokuba ukuhluka kobuninzi buninzi begram. Le meko iqhutyiswa yinto yokuba akukho zakhiwo zendalo ezendalo.

Bakhupha isithsaba esona sithinteka kakhulu kwiiiggets, ezibandakanya i-ruthenium, osmium, iplatinum, i-palladium ne-iridium ngokwayo. Isiphumo esiphumelayo sisisimbo se-powdery esingasungulwa kumaqondo aphezulu kakhulu. Ngelo xesha, i-iridium yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi "platinum iron", echaza ezinye zeepropati zayo, phakathi kwazo zonke izifo ezikhuselekileyo ezikhuselekileyo ekusebenziseni imixube yazo. Ngokomzekelo, ukusebenzisana ne "royal vodka" akukhokelela kuyo nayiphi na imiphumo. I-Iridium idibanisa kuphela kwezinye iindidi ze-alkaline, umzekelo, kwi-disulfate ye-potassium.

Kutheni usebenzise isinyithi esona sikhulu? Yenza iibhola ezifanelekile kumsebenzi webhubhoratri, kunye nolwimi olukhethekileyo olusetyenziselwa ukwenza ingqungquthela yeglasi. Inokufumaneka kwakhona kwiipenki zemithombo ebiza kakhulu kunye nezikhonkwane zeepenji zebhola. Ukongezelela, ngenxa yeendleko eziphantsi, i-iridium isetyenziswe kwimboni yezimoto, apho isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ekuveleni i-spark plugs. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ikhandlela ezifunyenwe zindleko eziphezulu, kodwa ukuvelisa kwazo zizilungele ngokwazo, ngenxa yoko zifumana izixhobo ezinokuthi zithembeke kwaye zithembeke.

Ixabiso lamanje lale nsimbi enzima kakhulu ingama-dollar angama-35 kwi-gram ye-iridium.