Isakhiwo Social: Izinto ubume bentlalo. Eyona engundoqo imiba ubume bentlalo

Indlela ekufundweni yokuma koluntu kunye kwanangamacandelo alo kufuneka bazazi iintsilelo ezithile lolwazi data. Ngoko ke, ngokutsho Bertrand Russell, ukufundisisa isakhiwo into ayoneli ulwazi ngokupheleleyo. Nokuba uhlahlelo olupheleleyo ngesakhiwo sisebenzisana kuphela umlinganiswa amalungu ngamnye lilonke uhlobo lobudlelane phakathi kwabo. Kwangaxeshanye, ekugqibeleni siya silibale uhlobo ukuzalana into kunye nezinye izinto, asiyiyo inxalenye yesakhiwo yayo. Isakhiwo kwezentlalo, iziqalelo isakhiwo lwentlalo - ezi ndidi akukho yokugqibela, iiyunithi ezisebenzayo self-uvala. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukusebenza yabo epheleleyo umiselwa unxibelelwano kunye nezinye izakhiwo yobukho bomntu.

nezimaphambili ezingundoqo

Ingcamango lwesakhiwo ngokwengqiqo ebanzi gama lithetha yindibaniselwano yeekhomponenti abakwazi oxhomekeke kunye nonxibelelwano phakathi kwabo ezakha isakhiwo yangaphakathi into.

Ngenxa yoko, ubume bentlalo ukhandwa zizo wayalela lokunxibelelana, amaqhina oqhagamshelwano zentlalo amaqela, amaziko kunye therebetween ubudlelwane, uluntu isixhobo lwangaphakathi (iqela loluntu). Ngenxa yoko, uluntu na iziko esisiseko kwisemantiki zichaze ingqiqo ka "isakhiwo ekuhlaleni".

Elements of ubume eluntwini kunye nohlobo ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo

Indlela emayenziwe ngayo into luphawulwa nokwakhiwa lweziqalelo, komyalelo kwilungiselelo zabo, ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo ngalunye enye. Unxibelelwano phakathi kwabo nga ilunge, ezingakhiyo, kunye cala. Kwimeko yokuqala ngayo ngumbuzo yokwandisa inqanaba nokucwangciswa nesakhiwo sedata ngokusebenzisa amakhonkco, okwesibini ukwehliswa umbutho, nangowesithathu - uqhagamshelo musa kuchaphazela umgangatho zombutho eso sakhiwo.

Imiba ephambili yokuma koluntu zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amakhulu amathathu:

• ngabanye;
• uluntu ekuhlaleni;
• kumaziko asekuhlaleni.

Uhlobo eziphilayo yomntu

Man, ingqalelo into enye ye zendalo, iintlobo ummeli Homo sapiens, uchazwa njengomntu ngamnye.

BG Ananiev ngokuchonga amaqela amabini zeepropati okuluphawu umntu - zaseprayimari nasesekondari.

iipropati Primary elibonisa phambi:

• iimpawu ubudala (ehambelana yobudala ethile);
• dimorphism ngokwesondo (identity ngokwesondo);
• ngabanye iimpawu eziphambili (iimpawu neurodynamic zobuchopho, wew ethile esebenza zifaka yobuchopho, iimpawu siseko).

Ithathwe ndawonye, iimpawu eziphambili umntu agqibe iimpawu zayo zamabanga aphakamileyo:

• Dynamics imisebenzi yezengqondo-ukusebenza komzimba;
• organic Isakhiwo.

Ngoko ke, kule meko ke liqumrhu ngokobugcisa ngamnye.

Uhlobo yoluntu ngamnye. Ingcamango ubuntu

Kwezinye iimeko, isigama umntu esetyenziselwa ukumela oko ngokuthi lwentlalo - ummeli noluntu. Ngaloo ndlela umongo walo yendalo nazo ngaphandle.

Kunjalo, xa kuyimfuneko ukuze abethelele zentlalo undoqo womntu, ingqiqo ngamnye indawo ingcamango "ubuntu". Ubuntu ichaza ngesifundo yonxulumano loluntu kunye nomsebenzi abazi. Kwezinye utoliko kolu luvo lisetyenziswa ukubhekisela kwinkqubo neempawu ngamnye, nto leyo amiliswe ngaphakathi kumsebenzi ngokuhlangeneyo kunye nonxibelelwano.

Kukho iinkcazelo ezininzi baziphathe ingqikelelo ubuntu kunye iqela elinye okanye omnye, kodwa bonke bephela ngundoqo zentlalo iimpawu zabantu, isithethi elementi yokuma koluntu. Nokuba kulo mzekelo, uhlobo bemvelo yomntu ebalulekileyo ngaphantsi uluntu - impikiswano efuna ingqalelo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ezi nkcukacha kwimeko ethile.

Ingcamango yomphakathi

Lo mqondo isethi izinzile zabantu, obubonakala ngokuba yincwadi evuliweyo iimeko ezifanayo kwaye zokuphila, kwakunye nomdla.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zoluntu zentlalo:

• izibalo;
• real.

Kwimeko yokuqala sithetha ngalo amaqela ngegama, isetyenziswa njenge udidi lwentlalo, elinesibini - ezisebenza a ngokwenene kuluntu. Ngenxa yoko, uluntu yokwenene yentlalo unokuba iintlobo-3:

• ubunzima;
• Iqela (amaqela amancinane / emikhulu).

Umzekelo, iinkcukacha zobhaliso, ezinjengolwazi lwendawo ezinikezelwa kubahlali isixeko ethile, ngaba umzekelo yomphakathi manani. Kwelinye icala, xa sithetha malunga nemiqathango ubukho omnye okanye olunye udidi abemi enyanisweni, singathetha ngayo kuluntu yokwenene yentlalo.

Kuba yomphakathi ezinkulu bagqiba ekubeni athi ngokusesikweni wawunga nabanye abantu ngamnye, kodwa amanyene iseti ethile ngokusekelwe ezinye iimpawu zokuziphatha.

Ulwahlulo yamaqela ezentlalo

A iqela elithile eluntwini, bagqiba ekubeni bathi zizo lokunxibelelana nabanye abantu ngamnye abaziva ulwalamano lwabo baza baqonda ngabanye beliqela ethile.

uluntu ekuhlaleni Group abandakanya amaqela ezinkulu nezincinane. Imizekelo yangaphambili zezi zilandelayo:

• uluntu uhlanga (amaqela eentlanga, izizwe, iintlanga, izizwe);
• Socio-yabantu (ubudala kunye neempawu sex);
• ezentlalo indawo (siphila ixesha elide kwindawo efanayo ukuba ngendlela efanayo noko ubomi ngokunxulumene nesebe ngalinye);
• Iiklasi zentlalo / maleko (elime) lenkampani (imisebenzi eqhelekileyo kwezentlalo ngokunxulumene kwicandelo loluntu yabasebenzi, iimpawu zentlalo ngokubanzi).

Icandelo yoluntu kunye imigca iklasi isekelwe phezu kwingongoma nganye ubudlelwane kubunini iqela le indlela zemveliso, kwakunye nohlobo kwisabelo benefits. Iiklasi ahluka ngeempawu zentlalo noqoqosho kunye nasengqondweni, nofundiso ixabiso, "ikhowudi 'yabo yokuziphatha.

Classification ngu Ingxenye (iyaxela zentlalo) lwenziwa ngokwesiseko lweempawu zokuphila kunye namalungu zokusebenza oluntu. Ingxenye na esiphakathi (inguqu) amaqela asekuhlaleni zahlukile sasingachazwa ngokunxulumene ethile neendlela zokuvelisa (ngokwahlukileyo eklasini).

amaqela asekuhlaleni eziziiprayimari neziziisekondari

Amaqela ephambili eqhelekileyo ekubhekiswa abantu ngamanani elincinane labantu abanesi intsebenziswano ngqo kunye namanye, ngokungqinelana ne iimpawu ngamnye nxaxheba kwi incoko. Loo elementi ubume kwezentlalo intsapho kakhulu. Kananjalo apha ziquka kwiiklabhu, amaqela ezemidlalo, njl .. kuphantse ngaphakathi bands ezinjalo sesikweni ngokubanzi, ukusa kumlinganiselo othile banye. Amaqela Primary asebenze unxibelelwano phakathi ngamnye kunye noluntu, nto leyo ichaza ulwalamano phakathi yokuma koluntu.

Elements of isakhiwo zentlalo, secondary iqela loluntu azakubalulwa isixa esikhulu, ngaphandle primary, yaye ngakumbi esesikweni, intsebenziswano amakhulu phakathi nxaxheba. Le ephambili kula maqela ngamalungu eqela ukuba enze imisebenzi ethile zikarhulumente kuphunyezwe iinjongo ezinxulumene kunokwenzeka. Njengoko kuba iimpawu ngamnye nxaxheba, baya kubomi bomntwana. loo maqela ziquka, umzekelo, abasebenzi abasebenza.

kumaziko asekuhlaleni

Esinye seziqalelo zethu ezibalulekileyo yokuma koluntu liziko loluntu. Kuba le ndawo ziquka esitalini, iintlobo ephuhliswe ngokwembali lombutho umsebenzi ehlanganyelwayo ngabanye. Ezi angaquka, enyanisweni, iziko likarhulumente, imfundo, usapho, njl Umsebenzi naliphi na iziko lwentlalo -. Ukuphunyezwa iimfuno ezithile zentlalo yoluntu. Kwimeko ukuba oku kuya ezingabalulekanga, Institute liyayeka ukusebenza okanye uhlala nje isiko. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha yiSoviet ye-Russian kwi lweziko yonqulo unenzondelelo iinguqu ezibalulekileyo, yaye phantse wayeka ukusebenza njengeziko loluntu ngokupheleleyo-enobugcisa. Ngelo xesha langoku, ephaphama isimo sakhe ngokupheleleyo kunye nokusebenza ngokukhululekileyo, kunye namanye amaziko asekuhlaleni.

Ezi ndidi zilandelayo zamaziko zentlalo:

• nkqubo;
• ezoqoqosho;
• imfundo;
• inkolo;
• usapho.

Onke amaziko yentlalo imiba yokuma koluntu babe ideology zabo, inkqubo lwemithetho nemimiselo, kwakunye nenkqubo ye loluntu yolawulo phezu kwale mithetho.

Nangona ezinye ukufana, iziko loluntu kunye neqela loluntu njengoba izibonelelo ezisisiseko isakhiwo aziphosakelanga amagama afanayo, nangona kusenokuba ukuchaza uluntu efanayo zentlalo zabantu. iziko yentlalo ejolise ukuyilwa uhlobo oluthile ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu ngeendleko eyeyona yeziko. Usebenzisa abantu efanayo imigangatho data, leyo, enza amaqela asekuhlaleni. Kulo mzekelo, umsebenzi kwiziko loluntu ngalinye ejoliswe amaqela asekuhlaleni ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, nokumisela indlela yokuziphatha efanelekileyo yamaziko eluntwini.

Ngenxa yoko, ubume ekuhlaleni, izinto isakhiwo ekuhlaleni kuchaziwe kwinkqubo obuchopho, ukususela kwinqanaba abantu kumaqela emikhulu. Indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa kuphela yobudlelwane nje ekuhlaleni, kodwa uphawu sesikweni yamaqela reference.