Intsingiselo luvo ukuba umzimba. Ubume e-nervous system

Kuzo zonke iinkqubo luvo emzimbeni ukuba yeyona ibalulekileyo. Oko kuxhomekeke kuyo umsebenzi ezinxityelelanisiweyo onke amalungu ezinye, ancedisana iiseli. Eyona ukubaluleka e-nervous system umzimba ukuba ngeendleko zayo esebenza ngokubanzi. Ukongeza, oko ilawula abafowunelwa umzimba kunye nokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle.

Le ndoda ngokuncama kwale nkqubo uyakwazi ukucinga, ukuhlalutya iziganeko. Intsingiselo enzulu-luvo emzimbeni kakhulu ebaluleke ngakumbi: ukuba ulawula yonke into, kuquka iinkqubo yokuphefumla, igazi, ulambile, unxaniwe, oko ikwanoxanduva zonke ikhaliphe zethu, kuquka kakhulu kwakudala. Ukuze siqonde ukubaluleka kwayo ukuze imizimba yethu kunye nawe, ufanele wazi (ubuncinane kwinqanaba elisisiseko) isakhiwo sayo.

Ukuba kukho inxalenye yenkqubo luvo?

It ukhandwa izihlunu luvo, eliquka luvo kunye neeseli satellite (astrocytes). Makhe sithi gqaba uchaze injongo yabo:

• Neuron - iyunithi engundoqo esebenzayo kwithishyu luvo. Ezi seli banoxanduva yokucinga, nazo zonke ezinye imisebenzi kwinkqubo yonke.
• Iiseli Hewana asebenza kunye nomsebenzi inkxaso trophic. Okwangoku, kukholelwa ukuba ngaba nabo badlala indima ebalulekileyo indlela kwinkumbulo yexesha elide, nangona lo mbono kufuneka icaciswe.

Siza kuqhubeka ukuba baxoxe isakhiwo kunye nentsingiselo luvo.

Ubume neuron

Le iseli inoxanduva phantse yonke into eyenzekayo emzimbeni, ubunjwe emzimbeni waso. Zahlula-hlulwe iindidi ezimbini: axons kunye luvo. Eyokuqala kuzo kumkiwe iiseli ikopi enye, elide. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-luvo ngobukhulu ezahlukeneyo bengengabo abadumileyo kakhulu, kakhulu branched. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngalinye iseli luvo inokuba ezininzi. Ngokutsho amaza luvo luvo esiya ebuhlanti.

Umzobo wesi ubude enkulu ezahlukeneyo, phantse akukho amasebe. Kuyo la ephuma emzimbeni yeseli luvo. Ubude yale nkqubo lingaba ngaphezu amashumi eziliqela cm. Ngokutsho kuyo, iziganeko kudluliselwa ngokusebenzisa ugesi, phantse ngephanyazo.

A kuphambuko encinane. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ixabiso ngesakhiwo umsebenzi e-nervous system zintsonkothile kwaye akhe izinto ezininzi ezisebenzayo iinkqubo ingakumbi ezintsonkothileyo zengqo- ezithile ezithe zenzeka enzulwini kwenkqubo luvo, abaphengululi eqala nje ukuba ndiyaqikelela.

Axons camera esuka fat-ezifana kweziyobisi, nto leyo ukhonza yokwambathisa. It Iinkqubo ezi ntyatyambo ibe emhlophe eqinileyo -luvo. Umzimba neuron kunye luvo akukho sabaleka nayo. Ukwanda kwezi zinto zibizwa ngokuba umcimbi hina.

Siyaqhubeka ukufunda isakhiwo kunye nentsingiselo luvo. Kufuneka kucace ingcamango yokuba luvo ubukhulu becala ngokwahlukeneyo, isebe le hlobo akukho iiseli. Siza kuqhubeka ukuthetha ngokubaluleka e-nervous system. Isicwangciso jikelele e-nervous system akunakwenzeka ukuba nomfanekiso nokuba malunga, ukuba andazi malunga isakhiwo neuron, iiyunithi yayo esebenza.

Yintoni iiseli zemithambo-luvo?

Musa ukucinga ukuba onke luvo ziyafana. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, zahluke kakhulu enye kwenye ifomu kunye nemisebenzi. abese ayidlulisele ezibuthathaka ukusuka izitho engqondweni. imizimba yazo ibekwe ganglia ezinkulu umzimba. By the ukuthetha ngendlela, i-njalo kuxokwa-amaqela amakhulu luvo ngaphandle ingqondo kunye umnqonqo. uhlobo Motor, ngokuchaseneyo, edlulisela iminqweno yobuchopho kwizihlunu kunye nezibilini.

luvo eyodwa banoxanduva unxibelelwano kunye nokudluliselwa kolwazi phakathi iiseli ngokoluvo kunye motor. iinkqubo zazo elifutshane kakhulu, idlala indima "maleko" alibandakanyi ngaphaya ebuchotsheni. Ngaloo ndlela, ingqondo ifumana ulwazi kuzo zonke iinkqubo kunye amalungu omzimba.

Ngoko ke, ukuba azihlanganisele okwexeshana. Yintoni intsingiselo esisiseko ye-nervous system na umzimba? sizibale:

• It ifumana imiyalezo evela izitho, ivumba nokuphatha receptor.
• Ngo-luvo wavelisa uhlalutyo ingcaciso efunyenweyo.
• Iqumrhu mawahlaziyeke (ingalo, umzekelo) ezihambelana ubume ngesondo.
• Umzimba ukuphendula ngokufanelekileyo ukubacaphukisa imiba yokusingqongileyo.

Eyenza yobuchopho ize idluliselwe kuye hayi kuphela kwiinkqubo ngamnye zemithambo-luvo, kodwa kwi luvo ezikhethekileyo.

Yintoni na izanya zakho?

Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, siye rhoqo baliva ilizwi, kodwa intsingiselo yawo bokwenyaniso ngandlel 'andicingi. Kodwa luvo kunye nendima yayo umzimba mkhulu kangangokuba ufanele wazi ngayo!

Luvo ababiziweyo kwexesha zemali iinkqubo elide zemithambo-luvo, ezithi wambu yayisoma special zokhuselo. Ukuba le "ngokubhijela" iinkqubo ze luvo iimoto, imizwa ngokwabo kuthiwa motor. Njengoko umthetho, kwi-luvo komboko ziqulathe zombini luvo kunye axons. Kulo mzekelo zibizwa mixed. Ahluke ukuba angadlulisela zizimvo luvo kumacala omabini.

Amalungu e-nervous system

Ngaba lwahlulo ezimbini: zangaphakathi neuropathy. I-Central ICandelo ibandakanya ingqondo kunye umnqonqo olukhuselwe amathambo, yaba lukakayi, kwikholam spinal. Ngokunjalo, xa kwimida ibandakanya ganglia kunye luvo ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo zemithambo-luvo.

Ukuba yinxalenye yenkqubo ndixhalabele ukuba olawula ukusebenza zezihlunu skeletal, ebizwa somatic. Ngenxa yoko, i-luvo umzimba, kule meko ke kubaluleke kakhulu; kuba i "somatic" ikuvumela ukuba iingalo kunye nemilenze yakhe. Ngokuba izibilini onoxanduva isebe iinkqubo elizimeleyo. ukusebenza kwalo akukho phantsi ukuthanda abazi yomntu. Ngamafutshane, kunqabile ukuba luyazi indlela yokulawula inkqubo ukwetyisa, isantya okanye ukukhawulezisa ngayo.

Ngenxa yoko, ukubaluleka luvo ekumiseleni imisebenzi umzimba enkulu kunene: ukuba ulawula nkqu iinkqubo abantu abaninzi ngisho nokuwabona. Kakade ke, ukuba umzimba lwabo bonke ekunene kwaye yonke into ukusebenza kwimo "obuqhelekileyo".

Kweli candelo kukho "iiyunithi zezakhiwo 'ezinkulu ezimbini: i novelwano kunye nenkqubo parasympathetic luvo. Phantse onke amalungu lwangaphakathi innervated yi komboko luvo ngayo kuye. Iziphumo umzimba kula masebe iphambene esahlukileyo.

Umzekelo, ukuncitshiswa novelwano uphucula izihlunu striated kwentliziyo, kunye parasimpatika - imenza inkqubo, oko kubangela ukwetyisa. Ngoko ke, indima e-nervous system parasympathetic emzimbeni kubaluleke ngakumbi. Lunoxanduva yokuphefumla kunye nezinye iinkqubo ebalulekileyo.

reflex

Yaye yintoni na intsingiselo luvo ku abasabela olungenamiqathango ngokupheleleyo abantu kunye nezilwanyana ezinye kwinwebu-bume? Vele ubeke, njani umsebenzi reflex?

Njengokuba kubhaliwe yaziwa, unoxanduva le nqubo, leyo siyazi njengoko "arc reflex". Le indlela ehanjwa amaza luvo kwi mzuzu xa umzimba yazi ukuba ukukhuthazwa reflex. Luquka macandelo alandelayo: receptor makhwiniba, ezinye uxanduva ngokuba isabelo reflex-luvo, indlela ehanjwa umqondiso, ngokunjalo nomzimba ukusebenza.

Yiloo kubaluleke kangakanani luvo ebomini bomntu. Xa kukho into kwaphulwa, ukuba umntu ogulayo inokuba feat yokwenene ozimeleyo shoelaces wokubopha. Iyamangalisa indlela kancinane abaninzi bacinga ngokubaluleka inyama luvo!

On ukuzolula ye arc reflex

arc nganye iqala kunye nezamkeli nemizwa. Ngamnye kubo ubona kuphela iintlobo ezithile isivuseleli. Ii-unoxanduva inguqu kokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle ube amaza luvo. Amaza ukuhambisa izihlunu skeletal, sibonisa amathuba iinkqubo ezithile ezibalulekileyo kwaye benze umsebenzi ebalulekileyo ngokulinganayo, kuphela zombane indalo. Nge miyalezo neuron ethe idluliselwe kwindlela luvo.

Qaphela ukuba phantse zonke jike reflex iqanjwa luvo intercalated.

Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba indlela idolo-jerk - inkqubo zingqondweni ngokupheleleyo ukuba, xa ivuthwe kuhlala ingatshintshanga ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa ke akunjalo. Isibakala sokuba uphawu ukusuka receptor, inkqubo luvo ayithethi nje ukwamkela, kodwa uchitha ukuhlaziya yakhe nokuvavanya ukusebenza basabela njani. Ngamafutshane nje, kungenxa yokuba abantu ngoqeqesho ayilungiswanga izenzo zabo hayi kuphela automatism reflex, kodwa kwenza kube ephelele.

Kwaye ngoku makhe sithethe, yintoni na intsingiselo nervous system ngokomxholo leengxoxo umnqonqo. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba kuphela ukuba ukudluliselwa neemvakalelo yobuchopho ukuya kumasebe ngezantsi. Imposiso gross, ukususela indima umzimba kubaluleke kakhulu ngakumbi.

Ubume umnqonqo

Ekubeni umnqonqo kwi lomsele spinal. Limited kunye ezikhuselweyo nemingxuma zendalo - amathambo cranial, kwakunye yi kumhlathi vertebral. Senkolelo (yokwakheka), umda phakathi umnqonqo nobuchopho xhaxhe phakathi ithambo Occipital kunye sabheka.

Xa abantu, it has uhlobo intambo emhlophe, netoti esimalunga 1 sentimitha. Ijelo ngokwayo izaliswe utywala, ulwelo fluid. Kumphezulu mzimba vee ezimbini nzulu longitudinal, leyo alabe libe kumacala ngasekunene nangasekhohlo. Ukuba ingqondo wagawulwa kubini, ungabona kakhulu iphethini entle ongathi ibhabhathane.

umzimba wakhe ukhandwa luvo (eyodwa kunye motor). Njengokuba sele sitshilo, into emhlophe esigquma kuzo macala onke, yinto iinkqubo elide zemithambo-luvo. Bona uqhebeke ecaleni spinal intambo ngaphezulu nasezansti xa ifomu uplink nemijelo downlink.

Ntoni umnqonqo?

It imisebenzi ezimbini eziphambili ababelwe: ikhaliphe kunye nendima iindlela umqhubi. Ngenxa umsebenzi reflex, sinawo ithuba ukwenza iintshukumo ezininzi. Zonke eyi- izihlunu skeletal zomzimba (ngaphandle izihlunu entloko) ngendlela enye okanye omnye edibene jike reflex, leyo ixhomekeke ngqo kwi umsebenzi umnqonqo.

Ngamanye amazwi, indima e-nervous system kwi imisebenzi ebalulekileyo umzimba zezi ubhetyebhetye kakhulu; ekumiseleni kweenkqubo omzimba ngokufuthi inxaxheba ngamanye amasebe ayo, abaninzi khumbula kunqabe kakhulu.

Asazi ungayibaxi! Emva kokuba umnqonqo kwinkampani with "intloko ugxa 'yakhe elawula ukusebenza oluchanekileyo inani elingu-amalungu: inkqubo yokucola nentliziyo, inkqubo wokuchama kunye zokuzala. Ngenxa mba ezimhlophe ngaxesha nye, wasinika ngokupheleleyo-sigaba impendulo yabo kwizinto ngaphandle kunye nezo ziphuma ngaphakathi.

Okubalulekileyo! Musa ukulibala ukuba umnqonqo nangoku subordinated entloko ngeenxa zonke. Kukho iimeko apho ngenxa yokwenzakala, ingozi okanye isigulo yomntu waphula ngokupheleleyo uqhagamshelwano phakathi ingqondo kunye umnqonqo. Okokuqala, kwiimeko ezinjalo kuyo isebenza kakuhle ngokupheleleyo. Yiloo nto kanye phantse zonke ikhaliphe, apho ibekwe ngezantsi kummandla, unyamalale ngokupheleleyo.

Abantu abanjalo, okungcono, ukuze izandla zakhe, kancinane ajike intloko yakhe, kodwa inxalenye yonke asezantsi umzimba ke izimele ngokupheleleyo kwaye inazo naziphi na uhlobo waba novelwano.

ubuchopho

Kuyo ebekwe kwi ukakayi. Yahlulwe la macandelo alandelayo: i Oblongata Medulla, kwiCerebellum, ibhulorho, isebe eliphakathi nezasesekondari, kunye ikhweyitha. Njengokuba kunjalo ezidlulileyo, kukho into emhlophe hina. White inxulumanisa zombini iindawo ingqondo kunye nomqolo isebe lakhe. Ngenxa kule imisebenzi esembindini yonke luvo inkqubo xa iyonke.

Mu kuya kwa nshita umnqonqo, kukho umcimbi grey esiya umphezulu umzimba, ukwakha ixolo yayo, uthinte.

Medulla Oblongata kuba eneneni kufuneka nokuqhubekeka ikhadi spinal sokudityaniswa ezi amalungu e-nervous system kunye. Unoxanduva yokuphefumla, ukwetyisa kunye neminye imisebenzi zingqondweni, kodwa ngenxa yokwenzakala yakhe liyabulala ubomi.

Meaning of the components ngamnye

KwiCerebellum ulawula imisebenzi motor. Le ubuchopho i "indawo yokuhamba" ngenxa jike ezininzi reflex. Medulla, Pons kunye nefomu obuphakathi uhlobo buti onxulumanisa phakathi kumasebe ahlukeneyo kwaye enze imisebenzi emininzi reflex. Cora - mncinane kunye nesebe ibalulekileyo. Kungenxa kuyo, sicinga, cinga, igcine iinkumbulo zakho. Igumbi neuron igcwele ilahleko epheleleyo ungubani.

Kukho iimeko xa abantu ihlale ixesha elide kwimo sebefile, antywiliselwa, emva kwengozi ingakumbi eyoyikekayo, wabonakala ephila ngenxa bazamile olunzulu kunye inhliziyo. Loo nto nje urhulumente ololu hlobo ubiziwe ubomi nzima kakhulu. luvo Cortical kufa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, emva ejika umntu ibe "imifuno". Akanako ukuthi ukuba akukho inkumbulo ubomi edlulileyo (ngaphandle ezinqabileyo), oko abangakwaziyo ukuzinakekela.

Yiloo kubaluleke kangakanani luvo kwi eziphilayo.