Isakhiwo asidi acid. Inkcazo kunye nokubekwa asidi acid

Phakathi iintlobo ezininzi kwezinto zendalo acid ube yindawo ekhethekileyo. Kungenxa ixabiso zabo ezizodwa kokubini eziphilayo kunye nobume organic. Inyaniso kukuba ukususela acid luqulathe iimolekyuli ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo kweziyi, ezo sisiseko nganye uhlobo eziphilayo emhlabeni. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba isayensi ukunikela ingqalelo kakhulu ekufundweni kwimiba efana isakhiwo acid acid, iimpawu, imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa. ixabiso elikhulu ezi zihlanganisi amayeza, apho zisetyenziswa amalungiselelo amayeza. Kuba abo bantu abathi bazibandakanya kakhulu impilo yabo kwaye kungakhokelela ngendlela usebenze kwindawo yawo ebomini, monomers protein uhlobo lokutya (ebizwa ngokuba yi-isondlo ezemidlalo). Ezinye iintlobo asetyenziswe chemistry eziphilayo zokwenziwa njengoko feedstock ekwenziweni imicu zokwenziwa - enanth kunye nenayiloni. Njengoko ubona, i-asidi acid idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu zombini kwindalo kunye eluntwini, ukuze ujonge ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

Iimpawu ubume be-asidi acid

Zithako yale eklasini izinto amphoteric organic, okt kukho amaqela amabini ezisebenzayo, kwaye ke ngoko kubonisa iipropati ezimbini. Ngokukodwa, kwi molekyuli radicals hydrocarbyl langoku eqhotyoshelwe ku H. ₂ amaqela acid kunye namaqela carboxylic COOH. Le ekudibaneni kwemichiza kunye nezinye izinto ezisebenza isiseko acid acid, indlela asidi. Isomers of iikhompawundi ezifana lubonakala ngenxa utshintsho okanye uqwalaselo komhlaba ngamathambo carbon, okanye acid isikhundla, kunye nokwahlulwa acid kumiselwa isekelwe phezu iimpawu zolwakhiwo kunye neempawu ze-hydrocarbon olukhulu. Kungathatha ngohlobo chain ngqo okanye branched kwaye ziqulathe izakhiwo elibujikele.

umsebenzi wokubonisa asidi aminocarboxylic

Zonke monomers of polypeptides neentlobo zazo 20 ababekho kumzimba izityalo, izilwanyana kunye nabantu, ukuba L-amino asidi. Inkoliso yabo ibe carbon atom yezi zinto, ukuze angabuyeli gama kokutshintsha ngamaza ukukhanya umqadi ukuya ekhohlo. Ezimbini isoleucine monomer kunye threonine - kufuneka athom ezimbini carbon kwaye aminoacetic acid (glycine) - akukho. ulwahlulo umsebenzi kokugcina acid ngokubanzi asetyenziswe ngamachiza ezinto eziphilayo nasekufundweni inkqubo wokuguqulela protein biosynthesis. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo D-form acid asidi soze yinxalenye ngemixokelelwane polypeptide of iiproteni, kodwa zikhona inwebu iintsholongwane kunye neemveliso pathways of nomngundo, actinomycetes, oko kukuthi, eneneni, zifumaneka antibiotics zendalo ezifana gramicidin. Ngamachiza ezinto eyaziwa kakuhle kweziyobisi kunye D-form isakhiwo lweendawo ezifana citrulline, homoserine, ornithine, kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ngayo weseli ukutya.

Yintoni zwitterions?

Kwakhona, monomers ukuba iiproteni iqanjwa amaqela ezisebenzayo amine kunye asidi carboxylic. Amasuntswana -NH ₂ no COOH ukusebenzisana kunye ngaphakathi zinemoletyhule, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba ityuwa ngaphakathi, ebizwa kwaku- vuvabyi (zwitterion). Oku kuchaza ubume lwangaphakathi acid kubuchule babo eliphezulu ukusebenzisana izinyibilikisi polar, ezifana namanzi. Ukubakho amasuntswana ebizwayo isisombululo ibangela conductivity zabo.

asidi Yintoni α-amino

Ukuba iqela acid kulo molecule kwi-atom carbon yokuqala, ukubala ukusuka carboxyl kwindawo indawo, ezifana acid acid bobabo iklasi amino α-acid. Asezikhundleni indawo ephambili kule iilebhile, ngokuba kwaba monomers lakha zonke iimolekyuli protein eziphilayo esebenzayo, umz, ezifana enzayim, ihemoglobin, actin, collagen kunye ezifana. D. Isakhiwo yale yeklasi acid nako kuqwalaselwa umzekelo glycine, ngokufanayo leyo sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi practice neurologic njengoba kulungiselelwa elithozamisayo ukuba unyango iifom wobulali ndidandatheka kunye neurasthenia.

Igama International kwalo acid acid - α-glycine, ine- woqondo L-imilo kwaye proteinogenic, into ephathelele kwinkqubo translation kwaye iyinxenye yohambelwano macromolecules protein.

Iiproteni kunye nendima yabo nethe of monomers

Kunzima ukucinga kwindlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenza kumzimba ka ezanyisayo, kuquka umntu, ngaphandle iihomoni, eliquka iimolekyuli protein. Ubume eekhemikhali acid ngaphakathi kubo, qinisekisa endingowakhe kwabo α-iifom. Umz, triiodothyronine kunye thyroxine eveliswe yi le ndlala lengqula. Bona ukulawula ukutya kunye zaso ukuba kuhlelwe ukusuka α-acid acid tyrosine. Iiproteni ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo afumaneka njengoko monomers ezinkulu-20 kunye nezakhi zawo. Le prothrombin, olawula coagulation igazi, kuba carboxyglutamic acid ezikhoyo myosin (protein kwezihlunu) methyllysine elibhaqiweyo, i-enzayim peroxidase - selenocysteine.

ixabiso lesondlo iiprothini kunye monomers zabo

Ukuqwalasela ubume acid kunye nokuhlelwa babo, uya kujolisa ukushiyana zisekelwe ukukwazi okanye ukungakwazi monomers protein kuhlelwe eziseleni. Alanine, proline, tyrosine kunye nezinye khompawundi kwasekwa indlela exchange zeplastiki, kunye tryptophan, kunye nezinye ii-asidi asixhenxe acid kufuneka ukungena emzimbeni wethu kuphela ngokutya.

Enye inkomba ukutya oluchanekileyo noluzinzileyo umgangatho abantu ekutyeni ukutya protein. Kufuneka ube ubuncinane isahlulo sesine isixa ukutya ezifunyenwe emzimbeni ngosuku. Kubaluleke ngokukodwa ukuba iiproteni equlethwe valine layo ekwakhiweni, isoleucine, kunye nezinye ii-asidi kubalulekile acid. Kulo mzekelo, iiprotheni kuthiwa epheleleyo. Bengena umzimba womntu ekutyeni zezityalo, okanye okune fungi.

Monomers ngokwabo iiproteni kubalulekile ayikwazi kuhlanganiswa kwiiseli mammalian. Xa siqwalasela ubume molecule asidi acid, ezo ezibalulekileyo, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba bengabakho kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, valine kunye leucine zizinto aliphatic series, tryptophan - ukuya acid ibhedolaki threonine - ukuya hydroxyamino.