Iphi na amahlathi? Umhlaba wezilwanyana zamahlathi ashushu. Imozulu yehlathi elishushu

Amahlathi aseTropiki "yimiphunga" yeplanethi yethu, ubutyebi obuxabisekileyo, "i-pharmacy enkulu eMhlabeni". Kwiminyaka emininzi kwakukholelwa ukuba bavelisa ubuninzi be-oksijeni, kodwa kwakungekho njalo, kodwa isimo sezulu esinyakazelayo senza ukuba kufumaneke ukucoca umoya kunye nokuhlanjululwa kokungcola. Kulo mmandla, ezininzi izityalo zonyango zikhula, ezifumene isicelo kwisicuku kunye neyonyango. Nawaphi na amahlathi ashushu akhula, kukho ininzi ininzi yeentaka, izidlo, izidalwa ze-artiodactyls, izidalwa ezinama-amphibious, zonke zihamba ngendlela enye, abahambahambayo abanomdla kunye nabaninzi.

Ukusasazwa kwamahlathi ashushu

Ngokukhawuleza kuyacaca apho amahlathi ashushu akhula khona, ukuba sichaza ukuba kubonakala ngathi "bajikeleza" iplanethi kwi-Equator. Zifumaneke kwi-equatorial enomanzi, ezomileyo ezomileyo, ezinobunzima be-subequatorial belt, ezimele umgca ocacileyo ziphazamiseke kuphela ezintabeni nasezilwandle. Ngokuxhomekeka kobushushu bomoya kunye nomlinganiselo wemphala, utshintsho lwezityalo. Imimandla eneemvula ihlanganiswe neziqhamo eziqhokazi, iindawo ezikhulayo zibonakaliswa yizityalo ezinqabileyo, ezilandelwa yimithi yase-savannah. Bobabini eMzantsi Melika naseAfrika ngasentshonalanga kunomsoco, kwimimandla yasempumalanga kunye neentlanga eziphakathi.

Amanqanaba ehlathi

Inkcazo yemvula yamanzi iya kuqondakala xa ulwahlula. Kukho amanqanaba amane aphezulu. Eyona nto iphakamileyo imithi ehlala eluhlaza ukuya kuma-70 m phezulu, i-caps zabo eziluhlaza ziphezulu kuphela, kodwa ezivela ngaphantsi ziyi-trunk. Ezi ziqhwala ezingenazo iindlebe zinyamezela iindwangu, ukuhla kwamanzi okushisa, ukugubungela iindawo eziseleyo kwimozulu. Imikhosi ephambili apha iimpondo, amaqabunga, iilwane. Oku kulandelayo i-canopy yehlathi, equkethe imitha engama-45 yemitha. Inqanaba lezithsaba libhekwa njengezona zininzi ezahlukeneyo, apha zihlala malunga ne-25% yazo zonke iintlobo zezinambuzane. Izazinzulu ziyavuma ukuba i-40% yeentlobo zezo zityalo kwilizwe lilapha kweli nqanaba, nangona ingazange ifundwe ngokupheleleyo.

Emva koko kufika umgangatho ophakathi, obizwa ngokuba yi-understory, apha zihlala iinyoka, iintaka, iilzards, inani leenambuzane likhulu. Kulo mgca we-litter ehlathini yizinto ezihlala zizilwanyana kunye nezityalo ezibolayo. Uluhlu olunjalo luyinto ebonakalayo kwiindawo ezitshizileyo. Apha, umzekelo, i-jungle - amahlathi eMzantsi Melika-ahlulwe ngamanqanaba amathathu kuphela. Intlahlela yokuqala, izityalo eziphantsi, iiferns, intonga yesibini, izihlahla eziphantsi, imithi emifula, imithi yesithathu yemitha-40.

Ukusuka apho amahlathi ashushu akhula khona, iintlobo zeentlobo zezilwanyana nezilwanyana ziyaxhomekeka kuzo. Ngokomzekelo, ama-mangrove asasazwa kwimigangatho ye-equatorial kunye namatrophu kwimimandla yamacandelo omdaka wolwandle. Apha ukhule izityalo eziqhele ukuzenza ngaphandle kwe-oksijini kwaye uzive ukhulu koluhlaza. Iingcambu zabo zakha indawo ehle kakhulu yokuhlala kwi-oyster, i-crustaceans, iintlobo zeentengiso zeentlanzi. Kwiintaba zeentaba kwindawo yohlengahlengwa kweempazamo zikhula ngamahlathi angama-mossy okanye ama-foggy, afakwe kwiqondo eliphantsi lokushisa ebusuku.

Kwiindawo ezomileyo, i-savanna kunye namahlathi emvula, kubomile. Izityalo apha zihlala zihlaza, kodwa i-xeromorphic and undersized. Kwimimandla yeebhanti ze-equatorial kunye nezolimo ezitshintshayo zemozulu, ihlathi eliguquguqukayo lihluma, libonakaliswe ziincinci ezincinci kunye nenani elincinci lama-lianas kunye ne-epiphytes. Zifumaneka eMzantsi Melika, e-Afrika, eSri Lanka, eIndiya nase-Indochina.

Imozulu yehlathi elishushu

Kwihlathi lezityalo ezifudumayo, ukufudumala kwemoya kuphuma kwi-20 ° C ukuya kuma-35 ° C, imvula iphantse ibe yimihla ngemihla, ngoko ukunyuka kugcinwe kuma-80%, kwaye kwezinye iindawo zifikelela kuma-100%. Kwiindawo eziphantsi komhlaba azikho ikhefu elichazwayo, ixesha lokushisa libonakaliswa ngokuzinza. Kwiintlambo zeentaba, apho kubonakala khona ukugquma, kuyashisa emini, kwaye ebusuku kubakho ukupholisa okubukhali ku-0 ° C. Imozulu yamahlathi ashushu ahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwibhande. Kwiindawo ezitshisayo, ukushisa okuphezulu kunye nomswakama ophantsi, i-equator inamanzi amaninzi kwaye iyashisa kakhulu, kwaye kwi-belly subequatorial, imozulu ixhomekeka kwi-sunflower.

Trees Trees

Imithi yamahlathi ashushu ahluke kakhulu kwimithi yesibhakabhaka sezulu. Ubungqalileyo bokuphuhliswa kwabo kubangelwa yimozulu, ngenxa yokuba akukho xesha lonyaka kwi-equator, imvula isondele phantse, kwaye ukushisa komoya ku-25-35 ° C. Ukuba iRussia iigorantshi zikhula ngaphezu kweenkulungwane eziliqela, ngoko kukho iminyaka eyi-10-15. Uhlobo ngalunye lomthi luya kushiya ngexesha elichanekileyo, lingaba zinyanga ezintandathu, nganye iminyaka 2-3. I-Blossom, kwakhona, xa befuna, abaninzi abameli beentyatyambo bavuyiswa ngeentyantyambo emva kweshumi. Imithi yimihlathi emikhulu yesikhumba, inamandla okwaneleyo ukujamelana nokuhlamba okunamandla. Kwiindawo ezitshiyayo kuneentlobo ezingaphezu kwe-600 ze-bamboo, umthi wecokoleti, i-cola tree , i-marang, i-jackfruit, isithelo sesonka, umango, njl.

Izihluma ezingaphandle

Ingxabano ngumbuzo wokuba kukho uhlaka lwe-shrub emahlathini aseTropiki. Kwiindawo eziphantsi komhlaba kunye neendawo ezinokufudumala, kunjalo, kodwa kwi-equatorial - no. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kukho abameli beengqimba, kodwa bambalwa kakhulu kwaye abayi kudala iqondo labo. Kunye nabo bakhula i-phanerophytes enengcambu, egcina i-trunk ukusuka kwenye ukuya kwiminyaka emininzi, kunye nemithi eqingqiweyo. Oku kubandakanya abameli beentsapho ze-scitamin, marat, neebhanana. Uninzi lweengqimba zikwahlukileyo, amaqabunga aphezulu, kodwa athambileyo.

Iifom zehlathi elitshizileyo

Nawaphi na amahlathi ashushu akhula, amaqela amabini atshabalala: ukuthanda umthunzi kunye nesithunzi-ukunyamezela. Ixesha langaphambili likhetha ukukhula kwiindawo ezininzi ezixubileyo, ngelixa ezi zilandelayo ziyakwazi ukuphuhlisa ngokuqhelekileyo phantsi kombhobho ovaliweyo wehlathi. Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba nangomhla emva kwemini, kuba imisebe yelanga ayinakugqithisa izithsaba zemithi emininzi. Izityalo ezihlaza kwiindawo ezitshisayo azizininzi kakhulu, phakathi kwazo iiferns, izityalo kunye ne-selaginella. Kwiifutshane ezincinci, kufuneka sifake i-phanerophytes, iziqu ezingatshintshi iminyaka emininzi. Kwakhona, musa ukulibala malunga nezityalo zokutyala: i-epiphytes, i- lianas, i-parasites, i-staslers.

Iintaka zeeTropics

Kwiindawo ezihlambulukileyo, amahlathi amnandi, aqaqambileyo, aphilileyo, iintlobo zeentaka eziqhelekanga zihlala. Yonke inxalenye yehlabathi inokuqhayisa ngolunye uhlobo lweentaka zeentaka. Ngokomzekelo, kwiindawo ezitshizi zaseAsia zihlala ngezandla, ngokubonakala kwazo zifana neengxenye, zimbalwa kakhulu. Zibaleka ngokukhawuleza, ngoko ke, xa kwenzeka ingozi, abazicimi, kodwa bayabaleka njengoko benamandla. Emahlathini nawo ahlala ezinkukhu ezitshizelayo, ama-pheasants, ii-peacocks zasebukhosini. Kwiindawo ezitshisayo zaseMerika, unako ukudibana ne-tinama - inyoni ephaphazelayo eneemilenze ezimfutshane kodwa ezinamandla kakhulu. Ewe, ungathini ukuba ukhumbule iiproti ezikhanyayo, ezihlekisayo kunye nezithethayo, ngaphandle kwazo ezo ziTropiki kunye nezoTropiko azikho ezitshatayo. Ukongezelela, kwi-equator kukho iimoto ezinamajuba, ama-trogons, i-woodpeckers, i- flycatchers, iintaka ze-rhino. Emahlathini ama-Amazon kukho i-hummingbirds, tanagry, iindoda eziqhayisa, ukuhlawula kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Izilwanyana

Izilwanyana zamahlathi ezitshatyalalisayo zikhangeleka kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobutyebi beentlobo. Inani elikhulu limelelwe liqela leenkwenkwezi, ezihlala eziphakamileyo kwimithi kunye neengqungquthela ezingenakwenzeka. Okubalulekileyo kunabo ngabammeli, abagijimayo nabameli be-arachnid bentsapho. Igrankoobraznye incinci kakhulu, ayifinyelele ngaphaya kwe-15 cm ubude, banokuziqhayisa ngomsila omde, abafakwe kuwo ngamagatsha, kunye neenkwenkwezi ezinqabileyo zinezimo eziguquguqukayo nezinde.

Kodwa ihlabathi lezilwanyana emvula yamanzi ayinqunywanga kwiinkwenkwe zodwa, zikhona iindawo zokudlala, iinhlanzi. Phakathi kwezilwanyana ezilwanyana zihlala zimeli zamagagu - iigagu, i-jaguarundi, i-ocelots, i-panthers, ukusuka kwintsapho yezinja ze-canine-shrubby. Kukho kwakhona i-ungulates - i-tapirs, isipinachi yesondo. Amahlathi emvula atyebileyo kwiigorants - possums, marsupials, iilands, agouti.

Amphibians aseTropiki

Iindidi ezininzi ze-amphibians kunye nezilwanyana ezihlambulukileyo nazo ziyimpawu zemahlathi ashushu. Iifoto zeenyoka zangaphandle, amaxoxo, ama-crocodiles, i-chameleons, iilzards asabonwa njengento engekho. Ama-Amphibians atholakala kuzo zonke iindawo zehlabathi, kodwa ezininzi zazo zigcinwa emahlathini asebushushu obushushu, kuba ziyakhangwa ngumfudumalo kunye nobumanzi. Kwi-equator, abahlali nje ngamanzi kuphela, kodwa nakwiimithi, kwii-axils zamagqabi, emigodini. Kwiindawo ezitshisayo, kukho i-salamanders, iinyoka ezininzi ezinobuthi, i-anacondas yamanzi kunye ne-boa constrainors ziye zasasazeka.

Intsutyambo

Kuxhomekeke kwiziphi izilwanyana ezihlala kwihlathi lemvula, sinokucinga ukuba inambuzane apha ayinakuqhaqha, ingaqhelekanga kwaye iyingozi. Ezi zidalwa ezincinci zithandwa kwiindawo ezitshisayo ngokufudumala, ukufudumala okuphezulu kunye nokutya ezahlukeneyo-iindawo ezihlala zizilwanyana, izityalo ezininzi. Kwi-equator unako ukuhlangabezana neenyosi kunye neengqumbo eziqhelekileyo kuthi, kodwa apha zihluka ngobukhulu obukhulu kunye nombala okhanyayo. Phakathi kwabo kukho abameli abaneemilenze emide, amaphiko aluhlaza kunye nomzimba omkhulu, banako ukukhohlisa izilwanyana ezinkulu kunye nezicabungulu. Kwiindawo ezininzi ezihlambulukileyo kukho izigulane ezivuvulayo - ezi ziintlobo zeentumbane. Izintuthwane ezitrophu zikhusela izityalo ngokutya izilwanyana ezinamagqabi.

Iibhontshisi azidlali indima ebalulekileyo ebomini bemvula, kodwa bonke abahambahamba baya kuhlonywa ngokuhlukahluka kwazo kunye nokuhlukahluka. Ezi zinambuzane ziyiyohlobiso yendalo yale ndawo ekhohliweyo kaThixo. Kakade, asikwazi ukulibala malunga namaqabunga e-tropical, kuphela eMzantsi Melika kuneentlobo ezingaphezu kwe-700 zezi zilwanyana ezintle. Izilwanyana kunye nezityalo zamahlathi ashushu zihlabathi elikhethekileyo abantu abangazi. Abaphandi qho ngonyaka benza indlela yabo ejulile kwiimfumba ukuze baveze isigqubuthelo seemfihlelo ezigcinwa kulo mmandla, ukufumana abameli abatsha beeflora kunye nezilwanyana.