Ubukumkani eYerusalem; isiseko kunye nobomi ebukumkanini

Yinto akukho mfihlelo kuMbindi Mpuma kungoku yenye yengingqi ukhathazekile zehlabathi, yaye ukusuka apho kwizisongelo kwimpucuko yaseYurophu. Kukholelwa ukuba iingcambu la kufuneka wafuna enzulwini iinkulungwane, kuba kukho intlokoma Zomnqamlezo. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukuze ukuqonda oonobangela eMpuma kunye West, kwakunye ukufumana iindlela ngokuhlalisana zoxolo, abanye abaphandi sincoma sihlolisisa ngenyameko imbali. Umzekelo, inzala uBukumkani eYerusalem, County of Edessa kunye namazwe angabamelwane, apho amaKristu owayevela eYurophu kunye nenzala yabo ekugqibeleni bafunda ukuphila ngoxolo nabantu Muslim bendawo.

prehistory

Kingdom of eYerusalem wabonakala phezu kwimephu yehlabathi ngo-1099 ngenxa yokuba abanjwe Crusaders esixekweni apho uMsindisi emnqamlezweni. Bakuba befikile kummandla kwi ubizo uPope Urban II, apho isicelo ukukhusela amaKristu baseTurkey wajika baseByzantium uMlawuli uAlexius kuqala. Oku kwakhokelwa Idabi Manzikert. lahluleka yaseByzantium yakhokelela ekulahlekelweni Armenia kunye nenxalenye esempuma Asia Minor, apho, ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, yaba ekuqaleni kwesiphelo obu bukhosi bukhulu. Ukongeza, kukho amarhe malunga inkohlakalo bobabini Cartoon kunye US nxamnye namaKristu Palestinian.

Ukukhusela amanye akazange sizathu kuphela yanyanzela upopu basikelele amajoni kwi yenkolo. Inyaniso kukuba ngeli xesha enkulu eYurophu ukuseka ukuzinza, kunye amawaka kartel abaqeqeshwe kakuhle abaseleyo ngaphandle umsebenzi, nto leyo ikhokelele ukungqubana abaxhobileyo kwi zihlandlo kakhulu mbalwa. Ithumela ukuba kuMbindi Mpuma walungiselela ihlabathi, waza wabanika ithemba lokukhula koqoqosho kwixesha elizayo (ngenxa neembasa).

Ekuqaleni, ukukhululwa iYerusalem wayengekho izicwangciso Crusaders. Noko ke, kamva ke watshintsha, yaye ngoJulayi 15, 1099 umzi yathinjwa kwaye limisiwe yi ....

isisekelo

Inkokeli ekuzibonakaliseni i ayehla waba Gotfrid Bulonsky, ngubani yeziKronike aphakathi babhala zonke ezintle le knight, iziyalezo abangamaKristu athembekileyo. Wasimisa ubukumkani baseYerusalem, zizigwili kunye Zizi bamcela ukuba abe yirhuluneli yokuqala karhulumente omtsha. Ukuhlala unyanisekile imigaqo yalo, uGodfrey wala isithsaba, ecacisa oko yokuba abanakunxiba asukuba uMsindisi enxibe isithsaba sameva. Into kuphela wavuma - ukuthatha isihloko "Wayekhusela ingcwaba oyiNgcwele."

Wobukumkani yokumkani yokuqala zobukumkani eYerusalem

Gotfrid Bulonsky wafa ngo-1100, kungasali inzala eyindoda. Umntakwabo Baldwin nangoko sithsaba waza waba ngumlawuli eYerusalem, kodwa akazange inxaxheba ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni, kokukhululwa kwakhe, njengoko wayexakekile kunye kuthinjwe oozilawuli zamaKristu Armenian eTarso, Tel Bashir, Ravendana kunye Edessa. Ngaphezu koko, kule yokugqibela isixeko akarhulumente yena kwamkelwa umlawuli Toros, wathatha intombi yakhe. Wenza imbali njengoko ukumkanikazi yokuqala eYerusalem Armenian Arda. Noko ke, kamva yabulala uyise womkaMoses waza waqalisa kwisiphaluka sakhe ka Edessa, Baldwin umtshato kunokuba ekungenwe nengqumbo Pope.

Noko ke, ekubeni sezopolitiko ngobuchule, Baldwin kuqala eyandisiweyo uBukumkani eYerusalem, bathimba izixeko ezininzi izibuko, waza waba inkosi Antiyokwe Tripoli County. Kwakhona kuye kukho ukwanda kwamanani abemi inkolo yamaKatolika.

Baldwin wafa ngo-1118, abashiya nto ziindlalifa.

Ookumkani zoBukumkani eYerusalem phambi kokuba Impi Second

ezihlangwini engenabantwana of Baldwin Yokuqala, ngokudlulisela umzalwana wakhe, ngubani na eFransi, umzala wakhe - Count of Edessa de Bourg. It sandisa gosudartva umda. Ngokukodwa, de Bourque likwazile ukwenza akhonze le umlawuli ubulawuli-Antiyokwe - minor Bohemund II, umzukulwana uKumkani waseFransi, yaye ngowe-1124, unyaka yokuthatyathwa Tire.

Kudala phambi kokuba umbusi etroneni, ukuze ukomeleza indawo yayo kulo mmandla, Baldwin de Bourg watshata intombi yenkulu Armenian Gabriel - (. Bona Zhan Rishar, "i-Latin uBukumkani iYerusalem", inxalenye yokuqala) Morphou. Wanika nomyeni wakhe neentombi ezintathu. I omdala kubo - Melisende - yaba wesithathu omnye ukumkani edume kakhulu eYerusalem. Ngaphambi kokuba afe, uyise uthathe onke amanyathelo unyana-in-er - Fulk of Anjou - ayikwazanga makangamali niwele itrone kubantwana bakhe emtshatweni wakhe wokuqala. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ngexesha ubomi Baldwin II isaziso sokuqala umzukulwana wakhe, ogama emva kwakhe, nentombi co-abalawuli.

Emva Fulk ukubulala kuzingela Melisende eyaba buqu liliso ubukumkani kwaye zibekwe njengoko patroness yebandla kunye ezobugcisa.

Ukuba umntu omdala, unyana wakhe omkhulu, Baldwin wesithathu yagqiba ukuba lifikile ixesha lokuba enze ve ukuba ayehla Kingdom of eYerusalem phantsi kwegunya lakhe. Wangena ukruthakruthwano kunye nomama wakhe, owayebaleke umninawa wakhe Amaury. Ngenxa songenelelo labefundisi, unyana Melisende phantsi kolawulo lomzi Nablus, kodwa waqhubeka inxaxheba kwimisebenzi oonozakuzaku ukuba kuxhamle yobukumkani.

Impi Second

Emva kokuwa Edessa ngo-1144-m Melisende wathumela ileta eya Pope ecela uncedo inkululeko okwilizwe. It ungashiywanga ngengozi, kwaye abangooBhishophu isaziso kwasungulwa yesiBini Impi. Ngowe-1148 of butho yaseYurophu, ikhokelwa ngu-French uKumkani uLouis i seSixhenxe, umfazi wakhe Eleanor of Aquitaine, kwaye waseJamani uMlawuli Conrad, bafika kwi-Latin ebukumkanini waseYerusalem. Ukuba eyi-18 ubudala, i-Baldwin oselula wesithathu wabonisa umgwebo ngokwaneleyo, ukuxhasa indawo unina kunye phoyisa wakhe, ababekholelwa ukuba sifanele kuhlasela Aleppo ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuphinda-ukuphakamisa iflegi uBukumkani eYerusalem Edessa. kwiikumkani Kodwa wafika waba nezinye izicwangciso. Bahlalele ukumbamba eDamasko, nangona ukuba ayehla ubukumkani iYerusalem iye waba umzi-imo nolwalamano oluhle zokubonisana. Ngenxa yoko, nathi waphumelela 'iindwendwe' ukusuka eYurophu, apho kamva kuneziphumo ezinkulu kuMbindi Mpuma kumaKristu.

Saya eDamasko kunye Conrad Baldwin iphunyelelwe nto kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba irhoxe. Indawo christian waphefumlela iintshaba zabo, kwaye ilahleko zamngxwelerha umonakalo omkhulu wokulwa nako zobukumkani eYerusalem. Ngoko ke, emva kokuba Louis kunye Conrad kunye nomkhosi wakhe wayishiya kuMbindi Mpuma, imeko apho iye okukhulu ngakumbi kunangaphambili.

Amaury kuqala

Baldwin Third okumenza bakwazi ukugqiba isgqibo kunye eDamasko, yaye iphumelele ngokuphumelela ngo-1158 kuLwandle lwaseGalili ukubuyisela iwonga owayesakuba lizwe. Oku kwenza ukumkani ukuba imngene nomtshana umlawuli yaseByzantium - Feodore Komnina. kweminyaka 4 kamva lo mlawuli wafa, mhlawumbi yityhefu, kungasali ziindlalifa.

Emva kokufa Baldwin uBukumkani Yesithathu waseYerusalem wakhokelelwa umzalwana wakhe, lowo wenyuka etroneni phantsi igama lokuqala Amory. Ngowe-1157, watshata Agnes De iCourtenay - intombi Count Edessy Zhoslena nabakhulu, umzukulwana ka Armenian ukumkani Kostandina Lokuqala. IBandla akafuni ukuba anisikelele lo mtshato, njengoko eyayiqhelekile abaselula kakhulu-utatomkhulu, kodwa waphikelela. Esi sibini waba nabantwana abathathu: uSybil, Baldwin kunye Alix. Noko ke, Agnes waba ukumkanikazi, kodwa inkoliso kwinkulungwane elandelayo, ookumkani zobukumkani eYerusalem inzala yayo ngqo.

Amaury waqondisa imigudu yayo ukuba zifake intsimi eYiputa nokwandisa impembelelo yawo kweli lizwe, ukuba laphumelela ngokuyinxenye. Kwangaxeshanye, Wahlanganisa umtshato yesibini kunye nomtshana umlawuli yaseByzantium, Maria, ukomeleza ulwalamano kunye nale karhulumente. Yena wamzalela intombi, Isabella.

Imeko kuMbindi Mpuma litshintshile kakhulu ukususela ngoJanuwari 1169, likaCaliph al-Adid wamisa vizier le Saladin ngoko kancinane-yaziwa. Ngowe-1170, i-yokugqibela kunye nomkhosi ahlasela uBukumkani iYerusalem nelizwe woyisa Eilat. Zonke izibheno ukuba ngookumkani Amalric yokuqala yaseYurophu basala ngaphandle impendulo. Ngowe-1974, yena self-eziyimfuneko kungqinga Banias, nto leyo edla ngokuba isitshixo esangweni leYerusalem. Ukungakwenzi ukuphumeza impumelelo wangenwa yicesina, wabuyela ikomkhulu lakhe, apho wafela khona. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, yena Babanika umzi ka Nablus, umfazi wakhe uMariya kunye nentombi yabo Isabella jikelele kwaye awammisayo wayindlalifa nonyana Baldwin, ngelo xesha wayeneminyaka eli-13 kuphela ubudala.

Abalawuli zoBukumkani eYerusalem; inzala ka Amaury Lokuqala

Ezihlangwini zikayise, wesine Baldwin oselula ngokupheleleyo phantsi kwempembelelo unina, Agnes de iCourtenay. Kungekudala yaphathwa iqhenqa, yaye esi sifo yaba unobangela wokufa kwakhe yokuqala (eneminyaka eyi-24). Noko ke, ekubeni ndala, yaye de kwasekufeni kwakhe ukumkani entsha, nangona yokugula, kwafuneka azibonakalise umlawuli sisilumko.

Ekubeni kwakucaca ukuba lo mfana akayi kuba nako ukuphuma inzala, udade wabo Sibylla utshate Guillaume de Monferrato. Ngenxa yoko, iye yaba usisizalwane uKumkani waseFransi noMlawuli oyiNgcwele bonke uBukhosi baseRoma. Umtshato zange kube kudala, njengoko umyeni wafa kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuba betshatile, engamboni kwazalwa unyana wakhe Baldwin.

Ngelo xesha, ukumkani eneqhenqa woyisa umkhosi Salah al-Din kweli dabi Monzhizare. Ukususela ngelo xesha, ukungqubana kwemihla bakhe iingalo amaSilamsi zange ayeke de kube sekuphelisweni uxolo 1180. Emva koko ngabahlolokazi uSybil wayetshate Gi De Lusignan. Noko ke, le intsha-in-mthetho ezilahlekileyo indawo kumkani, ngubani wagqiba ukwenza zabo indlalifa usana unyana wodade - Baldwin de Monferrato.

Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1185, emva kokufa kayisekazi, lo mfana waba ngukumkani, kodwa walawula unyaka kuphela. Eli lizwe ke yaba umnini abangabaxhamli indoda yesibini ngunina - Gi De Luzinyan, owasinikayo esidlangalaleni uSybil isithsaba, ndihambe ndikhetha kuyo intloko yakhe. Ngaloo ndlela, ngaphandle ebukumkanini Balduina De Monferrato, Ardennes Anjou-ephethwe yi kwimo Crusaders isahlulo sakhe emhlabeni ongcwele ngo 1090 ngeminyaka 1185 (Richard, "i-Latin uBukumkani iYerusalem", inxalenye yokuqala).

Ukusiwa isixeko

Ebudeni bolawulo Gi De Lusignan sasiyintlekele, nto leyo eyakhokelela ilizwe ukuyisonga. Yonke le nto yaqala kunye Battle of Hattin ngo-1187, xa ubukumkani nempi woyiswa abendlu Salah ad-Din. Ngokwakhe Gi De Luzinyan yathinjwa, yaye ngo-1187 noSybil edumileyo knight-ayehla Balian de Ibelin kwanyanzeleka ukuba alungiselele ukuziphendulela waseYerusalem. Le amabutho ukungalingani, kwaye kwacaca ukuba amaKristu wawungqinga usengozini kukutshabalalisa. Balian de Ibelin wazibonakalisa ngonozakuzaku abanezakhono, ukufeza ekuyekweni aloo mzi ngokwemimiselo wanobungangamsha. Emva kokushiya iYerusalem, Sibylla wabhala ileta al-Din Salah nesicelo ukukhulula iqabane kwaye baphinde bahlangane naye ngo 1188.

Ayehla isimo eYerusalem ngenkulungwane ye-13

Ngehlobo lowe-1190 noSybil intombi yakhe wafa ngexesha bhubhane isibetho. Nangona umyeni wakhe Gi De Luzinyan waqhubeka ukuqwalasela yena ukumkani oya kulawula lizwe waba Isabella - intombi ka Amaury kuqala emtshatweni wakhe wesibini. Uye umtshato nomfazi wakhe wokuqala kwaye utshate Conrad of Montferrat. I lokugqibela zafumana isiqinisekiso sakhe, kodwa akazange abe nexesha ekufuneka akathweswa sithsaba, njengoko owabulawa assasin ezimbini. kweentsuku 8 kuphela kamva, Isabella, intombi yakhe okhulelweyo, uMariya, watshata Henry ka-Champagne, uphulaphule icebiso uRichard the Lionheart. Umtshato yaphela emva kokufa iqabane ngozi. Emva koko waphinda Isabella wayetshate umzalwana Gi De Lusignan, elaziwa ngokuba Amaury II.

Ukumkani ukumkanikazi wafa phantse ngaxeshanye ngo-1205, kusolwa ukuba ityhefu intlanzi sisidala.

Bona ilandelwa yi intombi enkulu Queen Maria de Monferrato. Watshata Zhana De Brienne waza wafa emva kokubeleka. intombi yakhe Yolanda ebekwe, kodwa ilizwe yayilawulwa uyise. Wathi xa eneminyaka eyi 13 yena wayetshatile kumlawuli oyiNgcwele bonke uBukhosi baseRoma. Njengekhazi Frederick II wafumana isihloko ukumkani waseYerusalem kwaye bathembisa ukuba bazibandakanye yenkolo. E Palermo, ukumkanikazi wazala intombi kunye nonyana, Conrad. Ngowe-1228, emva kokufa kwakhe, Frederick mikhombe kwiLizwe oyiNgcwele, leyo ebekwe. Apho ke wafumana nto ilunge ngaphezu ukuqala i imfazwe Templars, ezama ukuba zifake Acre, apho usolusapho khona. Noko ke, ekubeni * uKhesare watshintsha ingqondo yakhe waza wagqiba ukuba bathabathe nabo izixhobo, eshiya abantu lamaKristu zobukumkani iYerusalem ngokoqobo.

Phambi yaphunyuka ihlazo lasentsithelweni eYurophu, wayalela ulawulo karhulumente Balanu eTsidon.

tshintsha isihloko

Point kwimbali ayehla kulawula isahlulo sakhe emhlabeni ongcwele wabeka Khorezmians lokufakwa ubukumkani 1244. Noko ke, ukutyhubela iinkulungwane embalwa elandelayo, ezinye ubukhosi yeengcungcu baseYurophu baye ilifa isihloko kumkani eYerusalem. Ngowe-1268 wokucinywa kwayo. Ukuze endaweni kuye kwamiselwa isihloko ukumkani waseYerusalem naseSipro. imoto yakhe yokuqala yaba eyesithathu Hugo - unyana ka Isabella de Lusignan. Walitshintsha Umfuziselo waseSipro, wongezelela iisimboli zobukumkani eYerusalem. inzala yakhe Waqhubeka kwisihloko de 1393. Emva kokuba yatshintsha ukususela Jacques waba ngowokuqala kwaye nangoku ukumkani Armenia.

Intlalo yabantu abaqhelekileyo kwi lamaKristu ithi isahlulo sakhe emhlabeni ongcwele

Isizukulwana esitsha wazalelwa ePalestina, wakugqala kwilizwe labo kunye sengqondo esibi ukuba Omnqamlezo, kutshanje evela eYurophu. Abantu abaninzi bazi iilwimi zasekuhlaleni nditshatile ukuba abafazi abangamaKristu ezinye iicawa ukufumana izalamane ngubani inkxaso kwiimeko ezinzima. Kulo mzekelo, ukuba nabanumzana emizini, abantu balapha - ikakhulu Muslim - Sizibandakanye kwezolimo. Lo mkhosi baqashwa kuphela Franks, yaye amaKristu Eastern sanyanzeleka ukuba akubonelele kuyo ngokutya.

Kwezobugcisa, uncwadi kunye multimedia iimveliso

Umsebenzi ithandwayo zobukumkani iYerusalem le film Ridli Skotta "Ubukumkani bamazulu", ebalisa ibali longquzulwano kunye Salah al-Din kunye emuva eYerusalem. Ezinye iziganeko kwimbali ayehla ithi zazibonakala imidlalo yekhompyutha. Hi xikombiso, ku Creed Official kaThixo. Hi ndlela leyi, ngoku iyafumaneka kunye omtsha fashion ezingatyiwa-mhlwa 6.1. UBukumkani eYerusalem (ilizwi, injini, iintlobo umhlaba kunye nemozulu ezihlaziyiweyo) apho thaca kakhulu zinjalo, kwaye ummandla ngamnye yeziveliso zayo zendalo.

Ngoku uyazi Ulolawula ithi loo Omnqamlezo njengoko uBukumkani eYerusalem, County of Edessa nakwa-Antiyokwe, yaye ziziphi iziganeko kwenzeka kuMbindi Mpuma emva Impi lokuQala ngelahleko kumaKristu kolawulo mmandla.