Inyukliya embalini

Ingqalo novalo yenkulungwane XX waye esisityebi kwiziganeko ezibalulekileyo kweyobunzululwazi. Wamiswa yi ezifunyaniswe mkhulu kummandla physics yenyukliya kwaye wayefuna ukuba abantu amathuba amakhulu nokuqeshwa ngevangeli komthombo entsha enamandla wamandla. Kodwa yezobupolitika yehlabathi imeko ngexesha elimiselwe indlela yembali. Imizamo izazinzulu kumazwe aliqela ukwalathisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla enyukliya kwikhondo enoxolo yaba lilize, ekubeni ephambili wafakwa ubabalo wokusungula uhlobo olutsha lwe izixhobo.

Eyokuqala ekuphuhlisweni izixhobo zenyukliya wabetha eUnited States. Siye saqulunqwa kweli phulo kunye ikhowudi igama "Manhattan Project." Kuwa ezintathu zadalwa ngeli phulo, esalinikwayo amagama "uBathathu Emnye", "Fat Man" yaye "Inkwenkwana". Bomb "uBathathu Emnye," kupakwe ebudeni uvavanyo zenyukliya, "Fat Man" ilahliwe kwi Nagasaki kunye Hiroshima dubulo atom ifumene ukusuka 'amatakane ".

Ibali uya ukuba ngo-Agasti 1945, kanye ezintathu iiveki emva kuvavanyo lokuqala iibhombu atom, US uHarry Truman yayalela kuqhuma iHiroshima Nagasaki. Ngako oko, kwabakho-dubulo atom phezu Hiroshima, yaye kwiintsuku ezintathu kamva, ukuqhushumba yesibini ilahliwe kwi Nagasaki ngo Agasti 6 kulo nyaka. urhulumente american babekholelwa ukuba ngokwenza njalo faka kuphelisa imfazwe phakathi eUnited States naseJapan.

yesiqalo Nuclear kwabangela imiphumo kolosalnye. Emva kokuba iziqhushumbisi yaye dubulo saseHiroshima kwafa wababala abantu malunga ikhulu elinamanci amane amawaka. Nagasaki kuyalahleka abantu malunga asibhozo amawaka. Japan waba nyanzelekile ukuba anikezele. Ngoko ke, August 15 ngesixhobo uzinikele watyikitywa ngurhulumente Japanese. Nakule yehlabathi Inyukliya bevuthela emizini ezimbini Japanese, waba mnye dubulo kuphela, ijolise kanye ngqo yokubhuqwa kwentombi yabantu.

Ukususela ekuqaleni lokuvula kwinkalo ye physics enyukliya zigxininise izicelo ezisebenzayo ukulungiselela iinjongo uxolo, ngophando kweli cala kwaqhubeka. Sele 1949, eSoviet Union, oososayensi baqalisa ukukhulisa amaphulo zamandla enyukliya. Ngemihla Meyi 1950 waqala ukwakha zezityalo samandla enyukliya yokuqala yehlabathi kufuphi kwilali Obninsk, ummandla ukulungela ukusebenza, njengoko sele ziqalisiwe kwiminyaka emine. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, kwinqanaba lokuqala zesityalo samandla enyukliye yesibini yiSoviet kwingingqi Tomsk e Seversk yaziswa. Kulo nyaka baqalisa ukwakha isikhululo Beloyarsk kwi Urals kwisixeko Zarechny, Sverdlovsk kwiNgingqi. Emva kweminyaka emithandathu, isigaba sokuqala isikhululo ezifakwa ukusebenza, kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuqala Beloyarki wathunywa kwibhloko yokuqala zesityalo samandla enyukliya kufuphi nesixeko Novovoronezh. Xa ngamandla onke, isikhululo efunyenwe emva kokugunyaziswa yesibini ibakala ngo-1969. Unyaka 1973 yabalasela bekusungulwa iLeningrad amandla enyukliya.

Ukwakhiwa isityalo edume amandla enyukliya kumantla Ukraine, kufuphi nesixeko eChernobyl, lwaqhutywa ngo-1978 kwaye yaphela xa bekusungulwa unit yesine ngo-1983. Ukusebenza kwalo wesakhiwo iprojekthi ayiphumelelanga ukuya koko yiSoviet Union. Le ngozi Chernobyl wayengekho yedwa. NgoSeptemba 1982, ngexesha sokuphuculwa ibloko yokuqala ingozi reactor kwisikhululo, ehamba ngokukhululwa emoyeni lwe irhasi-engumphunga umxube eqhumayo. Ngenxa yoko, ukukhululwa ebalulekileyo mmandla yachaphazeleka, nangona abasemagunyeni kuchazwe ngokusemthethweni ukuba okusingqongileyo ayiphazamiseki.

A indima ebaluleke kakhulu bayahlelwa iChernobyl ingozi isityalo samandla senyukliya idlalwa, esenzeka ngowe-1986. Inyukliya e eChernobyl waduma iiyure 00 imizuzu-23 Apreli 26 ngexesha uvavanyo lwe turbogenerator elandelayo. I-dubulo zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo reactor, uphahla holo turbine i ziwile, kwakukho izitulo kwe mathathu lomlilo. Xa yesi-5 ekuseni yonke imililo sele ziphelisiwe. Le ngozi walandelwa ezikhutshwayo enamandla eqhumayo. Ngexesha kuqhuma wabulala amalungu amabini zesikhululo, ngaphezu kwekhulu abantu zathunyelwa eMoscow. Ngenxa kwengozi, ngaphezu kwesinye elinamanci mathathu abasebenzi iChernobyl amandla enyukliya abasebenzi kunye likaxakeka bafumana isifo radiation.

Ngokubanzi, i-data jikelele ye-dubulo lwenyukliya eChernobyl abangu 28, yaye malunga namakhulu amathandathu abantu bewiselwe ithamo radiation ebalulekileyo, uninzi amalungu zeziganeko elimfiliba zibonwa unanamhla.