Izakhi zofuzo ezingezantsi

Intsingiselo yemfuza

Ngokufunyanwa kweziseko ze-genetics, inzululwazi iye yafumana isiseko esikhulu sezifundo ezintsha ze-substrat of evolution-code of genetic. Kukuyo ukuba ulwazi malunga nazo zonke iinguqulelo ezidlulileyo nezizayo eziza kuphuhliswa kwendalo.

Umlinganiselo wokuzalwa kunye nokuhlukahluka kukuvumela ukuba ulondoloze kuphela iimpawu ezingcono, kwaye endaweni yokungaphumeleli ukufumana ezintsha, ukuphucula isakhiwo kunye negalelo ekunqobeni ukhetho lwendalo.

Iingcamango ezisisiseko ze-genetics

Kwi-genetics yanamhlanje, i-theory ye-chromosomal heritage is adopted, ngokubhekiselele kuyo i-substrate engundoqo ye-morphological is a-chromosome-isakhiwo esivela kwi-DNA (chromatin) esineenkomfa, apho ifundwa khona ulwazi ngexesha le-protein.

I-Genetics isekelwe kwiingcamango ezininzi: i-gene (ummandla we-DNA ukubhaliselwa impawu ethile), i- genotype kunye ne-phenotype (iqoqo lezinto eziphilayo kunye neempawu zomzimba), iigetet (iseli zesini kunye ne-single chromosome set), kunye ne-zygotes (iiseli ze-diploid).

I-Genethi, ngokubhekiselele, iyahlula ibe yinto ephezulu (A) kunye nokugqithisa (a) ngokuxhomekeka kwi-predominance enye inye phezu kwesinye, i-allelic (A ne-a) kunye neengqimba ezingezantsi (A no-B). Iingqungquthela zifumaneka kwiindawo ezifanayo zama-chromosomes kwaye zifakela enye into. Izakhi zofuzo ezingezantsi zonke zichasene nazo: zifumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nempawu ezahlukileyo. Nangona kunjalo, nangona kunjalo, izakhi zofuzo ezingezona ezantsi zikwazi ukusebenzisana kunye, zivelise iimpawu ezintsha. Kwizinto ezinobunjani bezinto eziphilayo, i-organisms iyakwazi ukwahlula kwi-homo-and heterozygous: kwimeko yokuqala, iigeni zifana (AA, aa), kwezinye iindawo ezahlukeneyo (Aa).

Indlela kunye neendlela zokusebenzisana kwemfuza

Iifom zokusebenzisana kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwabo zifunde i-American geneticist TH Morgan. Iziphumo zophando lwakhe waluchaza kwi- chromosome theory of heredity. Ngokutsho kwakhe, iizakhi ezifakwe kwi-chromosome enye zizuzwe njengefa. Ezi zakhi zofuzo zibizwa ngokuba zixhunyiwe kwaye zifake oko kuthiwa. Amaqela okuBamba. Ngaloo ndlela, kula maqela, kukho ukuhlaziywa kwamajeni ngokutshintshana kwe-chromosomes ngeendawo ezahlukeneyo phakathi kwabo. Ngexesha elifanayo, kunengqiqo kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukuba izakhi zofuzo zifumaneka emva kwangoko emva komnye azixhomekeke kulwahlulo kwinkqubo yokudlulela kunye nefa kunye kunye.

Ukuba kukho umgama phakathi kweengqikithi, khona-ke inokwenzeka ukuhlukana-le nto ibonwa ngokuba yi-"intsebenziswano engaphelelanga yamagciwane." Ukuba sithetha ngalokhu ngokubanzi, ngoko ukusebenzisana kwama-genetic e-genlic kwenzeka kwizicwangciso ezintathu ezilula: ukulawula okupheleleyo kunye nemveliso yendlela ebalulekileyo, ukulawula okungaphelelanga ukufumana isiqhelo esiphakathi, kunye nelifa lezo zibini zombini. Izakhi zofuzo ezingezantsi zonke zizuzwe njengeliqilima: ngokwemiqathango yokuqhelaniswa, i-polymorphism okanye i-epistasis. Kule meko, zombini iimpawu ziya kuzuza ilifa, kodwa ngee-degrees ezahlukeneyo.