Injongo yokukhutshwa kwe-USSR. Iminyaka yokuphuhlisa, ikhosi yayo, iziphumo

Intsebenziswano yezobuNzululwazi yangena kwimbali yelizwe njengenkqubo yokudala imboni yanamhlanje kunye nokwakhiwa koluntu oluxhotywe ngezobugcisa. Ngaphandle kweminyaka yemfazwe kunye nexesha lokuvuselelwa kwezoqoqosho emva kwemfazwe, lihlanganisa ixesha elide ukususela ekupheleni kwemashumi amabini ukuya kwiminyaka engamashumi ama-60 ubudala, kodwa umthwalo walo owona mgxobhozo wawela kwisicwangciso sokuqala seminyaka emihlanu.

Isidingo somsebenzi wesimanje

Injongo yokukhupha i-industrialization yayikukunqoba ukulandelwa okubangelwa yi-NEP yokukwazi ukubonelela ngeyona nto imfuneko yezixhobo zobugcisa kuqoqosho lwesizwe. Ukuba kukho inkqubela ethile kwiinkalo ezinjenge-shishini elincinane, urhweba kunye neenkonzo, ngoko kwakungeke kwenzeke ukuphuhlisa ishishini elinzima elisekelwe kumashishini abucala. Izizathu zentsebenziswano zibandakanya isidingo sokwakha i-complex-military industry.

Isicwangciso seSihlanu Sokuqala

Ukucombulula le mi sebenzi, phantsi kolawulo lukaStalin, isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu yokuphuhliswa koqoqosho lwelizwe (1928-1932) samkelwa, samkelwa ngo-Ephreli 1929 kwintlanganiso yenkomfa yenkampani elandelayo. Imisebenzi eyabelwe abaqeshwa kuwo onke amashishini, kwiimeko ezininzi, zidlulile owona msebenzi owenziwe ngabadlali. Nangona kunjalo, eli xwebhu lunegunya lomyalelo owenziwe ngexesha lemfazwe, kwaye yayingaxhomekeke kwingxoxo.

Ngokwecebo lokuqala leminyaka emihlanu, kwacetywa ukwandisa umkhiqizo weemveliso zeprama ngo-185%, kwaye kwishishini elomeleleyo lokuphumeza ukuveliswa kwemveliso ngo-225%. Ukuqinisekisa ezi zikhombisi, kwacetywa ukuphumeza ukunyuka kwemveliso yabasebenzi ngama-115%. Ukuphunyezwa ngokuphumelelayo kwesicwangciso, ngokwezakhono, kufuneka kubangele ukwanda komyinge oqhelekileyo kwicandelo lokuvelisa ngo-70%, kunye neengeniso zabasebenzi bezolimo ziyanda ngama-68%. Ukuze unikeze urhulumente ukutya okwaneleyo, icebo libonelele ukubandakanyeka kwama-20% wabasimili kwiifama ezihlangeneyo.

Iingqungquthela zezoshishino, eziveliswa yimfesane

Sekudlulileyo ekuphunyezweni kwezicwangciso, amaxesha okwakhiwa kwamashishini amakhulu amakhulu amashishini ayencitshiswa kakhulu, kwaye imveliso yemveliso yezolimo yanda. Oku kwenziwa ngaphandle kwezobugcisa. Ukubala kwakubaluleke kakhulu kusekelwe kwintlalontle yendalo yonke, ikhutshwe ngumkhankaso wepropaganda omkhulu. Esinye sezibhengezo zale minyaka yayisibizo sokuzalisa isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu kwiminyaka emine.

Iimpawu zentsebenzo yezoqoqosho zolo nyaka zazibandakanya ukwakhiwa kwezonyango. Kuyaziwa ukuba xa imigqaliselo yesicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu iyancitshiswa, imisebenzi ehleliweyo iphantse phinda kabini, kwaye ukwanda kwonyaka kwimveliso kufinyelele ku-30%. Ngoko ke, izicwangciso zokubambisana nazo zandisiwe. Ukugqithisa okunjalo ngokungenakuphikelela kwanikezela ingxabano, apho amanye amasebe awazange ahlale kunye nabanye, ngamanye amaxesha athile kubo. Oku kwakunqanda naluphi na amathuba okuphuhliswa koqoqosho loqoqosho.

Isiphumo sendlela eminyaka emihlanu

Ngethuba lokuqala kwiplani yesicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu, iinjongo zentsebenziswano ngokugcwele azizange zifezekiswe. Kwimashishini amaninzi, izibonakaliso zangempela kwiintlobo ezininzi azizange zifinyelele kwimigomo ebekelwe yona. Oku kwakuchukumisa ngokukodwa ukukhutshwa kwezibonelelo zamandla, kunye nokuveliswa kwesimbi kunye nentsimbi yokuphosa. Kodwa, nangona kunjalo, inkqubela phambili eyenziwe ekudalweni kwinkqubo yemikhosi yemikhosi kunye nezibonelelo ezihamba kunye nazo.

Isigaba sesibini sophuhliso

Ngomnyaka we-1934, isicwangciso seSicwangciso seNqununu sesiThili sesiThili samkelwe. Injongo yokukhuphiswa kwelizwe ngeli xesha kwakukusekwa umsebenzi wezoshishino ezakhiwe kule minyaka emihlanu edluleyo, kunye nokuphelisa iziphumo zeengxabano eziye zavela kumashishini ngenxa yokusekwa kwamazinga aphakamileyo aphuhliswayo.

Xa ukucwangcisa isicwangciso, iimpembelelo zeminyaka edluleyo ziqwalaselwe ngokubanzi. Ngomthamo omkhulu, ukuxhaswa kwemali kwacetywayo, kwaye ingqwalasela enkulu yahlawulwa kwiingxaki ezinxulumene nemfundo yesibini kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo. Isigqibo sabo sasimfuneko ukubonelela ngoqoqosho lwelizwe ngenani elaneleyo leengcali.

Iiprogram zepropaganda phakathi kwezicwangciso zeminyaka emihlanu

Sekudlulileyo kule minyaka, iziphumo zentsebenziswano yelizwe azizange zitshintshe. Kwizixeko, kwaye kwimiba yasemaphandleni, ukubonelela kuye kwaphucuka ngokuphawulekayo. Isidingo sabemi sempahla yabathengi sasinelisekile . Umlinganiselo wale mpu melelo wawuxhaswa kakhulu ngumkhankaso wokukhukula owenziwa kwilizwe, ukunika zonke iinkonzo kwiCawa yamaKhomanisi kuphela kunye nenkokheli yayo uStalin.

Nangona kukho yonke iminyaka yokukhupha, ukuqaliswa kwetheknoloji ephakamileyo kwande kakhulu, kwiindawo ezininzi zomsebenzi wezandla zomsebenzi okwakusasazo, kwaye apho iindlela zeeproganda zingenakuphumelelwa kwezobuchwepheshe. Umzekelo wolu lukholo olubizwa ngokuba yiStakhanovite, oluveliswe kule minyaka . Umncintiswano wokusebenza kwirekhodi kubangele ukuba abantu ababethayo, ababenomsebenzi wokulungiselela, ukufumana izibhengezo kunye neebhonasi, kwaye abanye bawandise imigangatho, bebiza ngexesha elifanayo ukuba balingane neyona nto ibalulekileyo.

Iziphumo zeplani zokuqala zeminyaka emihlanu

Ngomnyaka we-1937, uStalin wamemezela ukuba injongo yokuphuhlisa iphunyezwe ngokusisiseko, kwaye intlalo yoluntu yakhiwa. Ukwehluleka okukhulu kwimveliso kwachazwa kuphela yintlanzi yeentshaba zabantu, olwabangela ukwesaba okukhulu. Xa isicwangciso sesibini seminyaka emihlanu sagqitywa ngonyaka, ngoko, njengemiphumo ebaluleke kakhulu, kukho ubungqina bonyuka kwintsimbi yeenki kwixesha elinesiqingatha, isinyithi - kathathu, kunye neenqwelo-moya.

Ukuba kuma-1920 ilizwe lalingumgangatho wecala, ngoko ekupheleni kweCandelo lesiBini lesiNyaka-mali yaba yinkampani-yezolimo. Phakathi kwezi zigaba zibini ziyiminyaka yoxanduva lwe-titanic lwabantu bonke. Kwiminyaka emva kwemfazwe, i-USSR yaba namandla amakhulu kumashishini. Kuyavunywa ukuba ukukhutshwa kwezentlalo zentlalo kugqityiwe ekuqaleni kwee-60. Ngaloo xesha, ininzi labantu belizwe lahlala kwiidolophu kwaye libandakanya ukuveliswa kwemveliso.

Ngethuba leminyaka yokukhungatha, amashishini amasha avele, njengemoto, isakhiwo sezindiza, amashishini akhemikhali namagesi. Kodwa into ebalulekileyo kukuba i-state yayifunde ukuvelisa yonke into eyayifunayo kwiimfuno zayo. Ukuba ngaphambi kokuba isixhobo sokuveliswa kwemveliso ethile sithunyelwe phesheya, ngoku ke isidingo salo sinikezelwa ngoshishino lwaso.